The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; 39 of the 40 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 31 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Individuals with early or intermediate stages of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) make up a large, growing segment of the elderly population. Evidence is sparse regarding modifiable factors that may decrease the risk of progression to the advanced forms of AMD. OBJECTIVE: To advise patients with a high risk for advanced forms of AMD about preventive measures through our evaluation of the relationship between dietary fat intake and the progression of early or intermediate AMD to the advanced stages of the disease associated with visual loss. DESIGN: A prospective cohort study with an average follow-up time of 4.6 years. SETTING: A hospital-based clinical retinal practice specializing in macular degeneration. Patients The 261 participants were aged 60 years and older and had some sign of nonexudative AMD and visual acuity of 20/200 or better in at least 1 eye. Main Outcome Measure Progression to advanced AMD, which was defined as having geographic atrophy or neovascular disease. RESULTS: Higher total fat intake increased the risk of progression to the advanced forms of AMD, with a relative risk (RR) of 2.90 (95% confidence interval, 1.15-7.32) for the highest fat-intake quartile relative to the lowest fat-intake quartile, after controlling for other factors (P trend =.01). Animal fat intake was associated with a 2-fold increased risk of progression (RR, 2.29 for the highest quartile compared with the lowest quartile; 95% confidence interval, 0.91-5.72), although the trend for increasing risk with higher animal fat intake was not significant (P=.09). Higher vegetable fat intake had a stronger relationship with increased risk of AMD progression with an RR of 3.82 (95% confidence interval, 1.58-9.28) for the highest quartile compared with the lowest quartile (P trend =.003). Saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, and transunsaturated fats increased the likelihood of progression (RR, 2.09 and P trend =.08; RR, 2.21 and P trend =.04; RR, 2.28 and P trend =.04; RR, 2.39 and P trend =.008, respectively). Higher fish intake was associated with a lower risk of AMD progression among subjects with lower linoleic acid intake. Processed baked goods, which are higher in some of these fats, increased the rate of AMD progression approximately 2-fold, and nuts were protective. CONCLUSIONS: Among individuals with the early or intermediate stages of AMD, total and specific types of fat intake, as well as some fat-containing food groups, modified the risk of progression to advanced AMD. Fish intake and nuts reduced risk. Since advanced AMD is associated with visual loss and reduced quality of life, these preventive measures deserve additional research and greater emphasis.
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40 Own result · 26 Not checked yet · 26 Own method · 12 Own interpretation · 1 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, and transunsaturated fats increased the likelihood of progression (RR, 2.09 and P trend=.08;RR, 2.21 and P trend=.04;RR, 2.28 and P trend=.04;RR, 2.39 and P trend = .008,respectively).”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Higher fish intake was associated with a lower risk of AMD progression among subjects with lower linoleic acid intake.”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, and transunsaturated fats increased the likelihood of progression (RR, 2.09 and P trend=.08;RR, 2.21 and P trend=.04;RR, 2.28 and P trend=.04;RR, 2.39 and P trend = .008,respectively).”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, and transunsaturated fats increased the likelihood of progression (RR, 2.09 and P trend=.08;RR, 2.21 and P trend=.04;RR, 2.28 and P trend=.04;RR, 2.39 and P trend = .008,respectively).”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, and transunsaturated fats increased the likelihood of progression (RR, 2.09 and P trend=.08;RR, 2.21 and P trend=.04;RR, 2.28 and P trend=.04;RR, 2.39 and P trend = .008,respectively).”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were 101 patients with AMD who progressed to advanced AMD.”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > RESULTS
plainn = 101- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“whereas results for vegetable fat were strengthened (RR, 3.17 for quartile 4 vs quartile 1; P trend=.006).”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conversely, no significant effect of fish intake was found for linoleic acid intake above the median (P=.58).”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Linoleic acid is the primary dietary source of omega-6 fatty acids.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For saturated fat, there was a trend for an increase in risk for higher intake, with a multivariate RR of 2.03 (95% CI,0.84-4.89)for the highest intake compared with the lowest intake, which was statistically significant (P trend=.07).”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > RESULTS
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, when subjects were stratified by linoleic acid, the major source of ω-6 fatty acids, fish intake decreased the risk of AMD progression when linoleic acid intake was below the median, with a multivariate RR of 0.36 (95% CI, 0.14-0.95)(P trend =.045).”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Linoleic acid is the primary dietary source of omega-6 fatty acids.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 23
- Probably not a substantial claim. 42
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Higher total fat intake increased the risk of progression to the advanced forms of AMD, with a relative risk (RR) of 2.90 (95% confidence interval, 1.15-7.32)for the highest fat-intake quartile relative to the lowest fat-intake quartile, after controlling for other factors (P trend=.01).”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 261 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Higher vegetable fat intake had a stronger relationship with increased risk of AMD progression with an RR of 3.82 (95% confidence interval, 1.58-9.28)for the highest quartile compared with the lowest quartile (P trend=.003).”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“increased risk of progression (RR, 2.29 for the highest quartile compared with the lowest quartile; 95% confidence interval, 0.91-5.72),although the trend for increasing risk with higher animal fat intake was not significant (P=.09).”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“High-fat dairy foods (RRs = 1.91) and meat (RRs = 2.09) tended to increase risk, although the overall trend was not statistically significant.”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > RESULTS
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For both, there was an increased rate of progression associated with the highest intake, and results were somewhat stronger and statistically significant for vegetable fat.”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > RESULTS
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For monounsaturated fat intake, the results were similar with an RR of 2.18 (95% CI, 0.90-5.26)for the highest intake compared with the lowest intake, which was significant (P trend=.04),with similar results after including the other nutrients (P trend=.04).”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For both, there was an increased rate of progression associated with the highest intake, and results were somewhat stronger and statistically significant for vegetable fat.”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > RESULTS
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“High-fat dairy foods (RRs = 1.91) and meat (RRs = 2.09) tended to increase risk, although the overall trend was not statistically significant.”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > RESULTS
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further adjustments for intake of zinc, vitamin C, and vitamin E slightly strengthened the association between AMD and total fat, with an RR of 2.90 for the highest quartile of total fat compared with the lowest (P trend=.01).”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was a nonsignificant, positive association between polyunsaturated fat intake and progression of AMD, which became stronger and significant (RR, 2.28; P=.04) after consideration of the other nutrients.”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specifically, higher intake of vegetable fat, and to a lesser extent animal fat, increased rates of progression.”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > COMMENT
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Participants' dietary reports at baseline reflect their habitual intake over the follow-up period during which AMD progression was ascertained.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, and transunsaturated fats were also related to progression.”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > COMMENT
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Participants' dietary reports at baseline reflect their habitual intake over the follow-up period during which AMD progression was ascertained.
In the paper
“Nutrient values were primarily derived from US Department of Agriculture sources.20”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > DIETARY DATA
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The interview was conducted in person and preceded the ophthalmologic examination.”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > INTERVIEWS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“however, more women were lost to follow-up (10%) compared with men (3%) (P=.03).”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > FOLLOW-UP STATUS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The FFQ, a modification of an extensively validated questionnaire, 18 contained a list of food items that were selected as the major sources of a variety of nutrients.”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > DIETARY DATA
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“For example, it is plausible that dietary fat, which is associated with atherosclerosis, [11][12] could affect ocular blood vessels or could be involved in oxidative processes that contribute to the development of the advanced stage of AMD characterized by atrophy or choroidal neovascularization.”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11][12]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The interviewer was unaware of the subjects' ocular status.”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > INTERVIEWS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Waist and hip measurements were recorded by participants at home using an established protocol, including instructions and a standard tape measure.21”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > MEASUREMENTS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Height, weight, and blood pressure were measured using standard protocols and equipment.”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > MEASUREMENTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants whose responses were not included in the analyses (n=8) did not differ significantly by age, sex, or education from those who were included.”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > STUDY POPULATION
plainn = 8- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, 47 participants were censored during follow-up because of death.”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > FOLLOW-UP STATUS
plainn = 47- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In fact, a few studies have demonstrated an association between dietary fat intake and the onset or diagnosis of AMD, [13][14][15][16] but others do not, 17 and the type of fat associated with AMD differs across studies.”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13][14][15][16]
- Not checked yetcites [17]
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This questionnaire, which we modified and adapted to facilitate its use among elderly subjects with eye disease, was found to be reliable in an age-related eye disease study population.19 Reproducibility correlation coefficients for fats, ranging from 0.59 to 0.73, were similar to results from other established diet questionnaires.19”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > DIETARY DATA
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We reviewed, coded, and entered the data from all questionnaires into the computer without knowledge of the ocular status of the participant.”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > DIETARY DATA
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We adjusted specific types of fat for intake of vitamins C and E, zinc, and total beta carotene intake with and without supplements.”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > DIETARY DATA
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All subjects were interviewed by a trained interviewer using a standardized risk factor questionnaire.”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > INTERVIEWS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nineteen individuals (7%) were lost to follow-up because of unwillingness to return for additional follow-up examinations.”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > FOLLOW-UP STATUS
plainn = 19- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The RRs from the latter models can be interpreted as approximate substitution effects of animal fat and vegetable fat for carbohydrates, holding total energy constant.”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > STATISTICAL ANALYSES
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In a separate analysis of total fat, substituting lutein and zeatanthin for total beta carotene, the results were not materially different.”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results were unchanged after the additional adjustment and are not presented in the tables.”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > STATISTICAL ANALYSES
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cases in which there was inconsistency of 2 or more AMD grades were reevaluated and adjudicated by one of us (J.M.S.).”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > OCULAR EXAMINATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF AMD
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The κ statistic for interrater reliability was 0.77 and the weighted κ score was 0.84.26”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > OCULAR EXAMINATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF AMD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26]
plainn = 222- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Rests on an assumption: The Wisconsin Fundus Photographic Reading Center uses a 4-point grading system to measure AMD.
- Rests on an assumption: Reading center grades 1 and 2 are similar to the study's grades 1 and 2.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Dietary fat might also increase oxidative damage in the macula, an area that is susceptible to oxidation owing to high oxygen tension and light exposure.”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > COMMENT
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Epidemiological findings continue to point to a possible cardiovascular risk profile among some persons with AMD, suggesting that the 2 conditions may be interrelated.10”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10]
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The Blue Mountains Eye Study reported odds ratios of 1.48 for monounsaturated fat for early age-related maculopathy.14”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“However, more recent results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 17 suggested no relationship between any type of fat intake and prevalence of early or late age-related maculopathy, although the number of advanced cases was small (n=51).”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17]
hedgedn = 51- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Findings are generally consistent with the results of our previous case-control study in which we compared the dietary habits of individuals with advanced, exudative disease with control subjects.15”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15]
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Long-chain ω-3 fatty acids, especially docosahexanoic acid found primarily in fish, have been associated with an inverse risk for cardiovascular disease in some studies.28”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28]
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Cross-sectional data from the Beaver Dam Study 13 and the Blue Mountains Eye Study 14 both reported significantly increased prevalence of age-related maculopathy with greater dietary fat intake, although these results were not consistent for specific types of fat.”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13]
- Not checked yetcites [14]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One mechanism could involve atherosclerosis of the blood vessels supplying the choroid and retina.”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > COMMENT
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Additionally, the Nurses' Health Study found a 35% lower risk of coronary heart disease and a 27% decrease in risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus among women who consumed nuts 5 or more times per week vs none.29,32”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29]
- Not checked yetcites [32]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“One of the bioactive compounds in nuts, resveratrol, has antioxidant, antithrombotic, and anti-inflammatory properties.33”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the prospective assessment of progression rates”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Furthermore, increased fat intake and obesity are known to be associated with inflammation, and inflammatory factors are known to be associated with cardiovascular disease and may possibly be associated with AMD. 10”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10]
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The Physicians' Health Study reported nearly a 50% reduction in risk for sudden cardiac death (RR, 0.53) (95% CI, 0.30-0.92)and a 30% lowered risk for total coronary heart disease death among men who consumed nuts 2 or more times per week.30”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In addition, nuts may lower total cholesterol levels and protect against coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis because they are dietary sources of vitamin E, copper, magnesium, and dietary fiber.34”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34]
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The potential beneficial effect of the nut food group on risk of AMD progression complements other literature reporting a protective role for nuts and cardiovascular disease [29][30][31] and type 2 diabetes mellitus.32”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29]
- Not checked yetcites [30]
- Not checked yetcites [31]
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unique features of this study include the evaluation of the progression of AMD, as opposed to its onset or diagnosis.”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Metabolic studies have shown that trans fats have adverse effects on blood lipid levels by increasing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol while decreasing high-density lipoprotein levels, 35 and this effect can be twice that of saturated fatty acids.”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Trans fats are also known to be associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease.36”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36]
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“assessment of AMD end points by standardized ophthalmologic examination and fundus photography”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One cannot rule out the possibility that some reporting of risk factors could have been related to the initial level of AMD at baseline.”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > COMMENT
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although some unmeasured and therefore uncontrolled factors might still be confounding the relationships seen, they would have to be highly associated with dietary fat intake and a strong risk factor for AMD progression to explain these results.”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > COMMENT
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is possible that the adverse effect of dietary fat found in our study may represent the deleterious effect of other aspects of high-fat diets rather than fat.”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > COMMENT
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“standardized data collection instruments, including interviews and direct measurements of height, weight, and blood pressure”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Identification of modifiable risk factors for AMD may improve our ability to identify and treat the approximately 8 million persons in the United States with signs of AMD who are at high risk of progressing to the more severe forms of the disease.”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > COMMENT
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Any random misclassification would tend to bias our associations toward an RR of 1.0 (no association).”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > COMMENT
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
No studies have evaluated the association between dietary fat intake and progression of AMD among individuals already diagnosed with early or intermediate stages.
“However, to our knowledge, no studies have evaluated the association between dietary fat intake and progression of AMD among individuals already diagnosed with the early or intermediate stages of the disease.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Evidence is sparse regarding modifiable factors that may decrease the risk of progression to advanced AMD.
“Evidence is sparse regarding modifiable factors that may decrease the risk of progression to the advanced forms of AMD.”
“However, despite these advances, evidence is sparse regarding other modifiable factors that could reduce the rate of conversion from early or intermediate disease to the advanced stages that cause irreversible visual loss.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Wisconsin Fundus Photographic Reading Center uses a 4-point grading system to measure AMD.
“The reading center uses a 4-point grading system to measure AMD; so we created an algorithm to convert their 4-point grade scale into our 5-grade scale for comparison.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Reading center grades 1 and 2 are similar to the study's grades 1 and 2.
“Reading center grades 1 and 2 did not require conversion because they were similar to our grades 1 and 2.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Linoleic acid is the primary dietary source of omega-6 fatty acids.
“linoleic acid, the major source of ω-6 fatty acids”
The paper relies on this without support.
Participants' dietary reports at baseline reflect their habitual intake over the follow-up period during which AMD progression was ascertained.
“since they were reported prior to the progression of AMD”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Both fat intake and obesity have been linked to increased risk of AMD (Mares-Perlman et al., 1995; Seddon et al., 2003)”
From Molecular pathology of age-related macular degeneration (2009) · cites this paper as Seddon et al., 2003
In the citing paper
“Diets high in antioxidants lutein and zeaxanthin (found mostly in green leafy vegetables) and in omega-3 fatty acids (primarily found in fish) have been linked to a decreased risk of neovascular AMD (48, 134).”
From Unraveling a Multifactorial Late-Onset Disease: From Genetic Susceptibility to Disease Mechanisms for Age-Related Macular Degeneration (2009) · cites this paper as [134]
In the citing paper
“Some case–control studies have found evidence of decreasing risk of neovascular age-related macular degeneration among individuals reporting the highest intake of omega-3 fatty acids and fish,105,106 especially if in conjunction with lower levels of intake of linoleic acid.107”
From Age-related macular degeneration (2008) · cites this paper as [107]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > STUDY POPULATION
“Subjects were aged 60 years and older, were primarily white (99.9%), and had at least 1 eye with a best corrected visual acuity of 20/200 or better and nonexudative AMD.”
§ Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association With Dietary Fat, Transunsaturated Fat, Nuts, and Fish Intake > STUDY POPULATION
“Of the 397 persons who were eligible for enrollment between July 1989 and May 1998, 366 (92%) were enrolled.”
Citations
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Weighted kappa: nominal scale agreement provision for scaled disagreement or partial credit
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Reproducibility and validity of a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire
WILLETT, W. C., SAMPSON, L., STAMPFER, M. J., ROSNER, B., BAIN, C., WITSCHI, J., HENNEKENS, C. H., & SPEIZER, F. E. (1985) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114086 · Cited by 4,274
Bioactive compounds in foods: their role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer
Kris‐Etherton, P. M., Hecker, K. D., Bonanome, A., Coval, S. M., Binkoski, A. E., Hilpert, K. F., Griel, A. E., & Etherton, T. D. (2002) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(01)00995-0 · Cited by 2,573
New Visual Acuity Charts for Clinical Research
Ferris, F. L., Kassoff, A., Bresnick, G. H., & Bailey, I. L. (1982) · American Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/0002-9394(82)90197-0 · Cited by 2,147
Prevalence of age-related maculopathy
Klein, R., Klein, B. E. K., & Linton, K. L. P. (1992) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(92)31871-8 · Cited by 1,845
Dietary Fat Intake and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Women
Hu, F. B., Stampfer, M. J., Manson, J. E., Rimm, E. B., Colditz, G. A., ROSNER, B. A., Hennekens, C. H., & Willett, W. C. (1997) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199711203372102 · Cited by 1,774
Mensink, R. P., & Katan, M. (1990) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199008163230703 · Cited by 1,425
Dietary carotenoids, vitamins A, C, and E, and advanced age-related macular degeneration
Seddon, J. M. (1994) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.1994.03520180037032 · Cited by 993 · cited 16×
“A major finding that has altered management of this condition is the reported beneficial effect of a vitamin/mineral supplement,(7) which supports our previous findings about the beneficial effects of dietary antioxidants on AMD.(8) In a randomized trial, the Age-Related Eye Disease Study,(7) individuals with the inte…”
InfluentialSelf-citationFish Consumption and Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death
Albert, C. M. (1998) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.279.1.23 · Cited by 990
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Sunness JS, Gonzalez-Baron J, Bressler NM, Hawkins B, Applegate CA. The development of choroidal neovascularization in eyes with the geographic atrophy form of age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology. 1999;106:910-919. [PubMed: 10328389]
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Simopoulos, A. P. (2008) · Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.3181/0711-mr-311 · Cited by 3,003
Age-related macular degeneration
Jager, R. D., Mieler, W. F., & Miller, J. W. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra0801537 · Cited by 1,379
Age-related macular degeneration
Fleckenstein, M., Keenan, T. D. L., Guymer, R. H., Chakravarthy, U., Schmitz-Valckenberg, S., Klaver, C. C. W., Wong, W. T., & Chew, E. Y. (2021) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/s41572-021-00265-2 · Cited by 1,093
The role of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in health and disease of the retina
SanGiovanni, J. P., & Chew, E. Y. (2004) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2004.06.002 · Cited by 905
The impact of oxidative stress and inflammation on RPE degeneration in non-neovascular AMD
Datta, S., Cano, M., Ebrahimi, K. B., Wang, L., & Handa, J. T. (2017) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.03.002 · Cited by 843
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Self-citationMolecular pathology of age-related macular degeneration
Ding, X., Patel, M., & Chan, C.-C. (2009) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2008.10.001 · Cited by 582
“Both fat intake and obesity have been linked to increased risk of AMD (Mares-Perlman et al., 1995; Seddon et al., 2003), and analyses have revealed protective effects from antioxidants, nuts, fish, and omega-3 polysaccharide unsaturated fatty acids (AREDS, 2001; Cho et al.”
BackgroundThe dynamic nature of Bruch's membrane
Booij, J. C., Baas, D. C., Beisekeeva, J., Gorgels, T. G. M. F., & Bergen, A. A. B. (2010) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2009.08.003 · Cited by 581
Age-related macular degeneration
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Self-citationThe Age-related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2)
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Self-citationRisk factors for progression of age‐related macular degeneration
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“Additionally, increased consumption of cholesterol, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, and saturated fats have been linked to the development of AMD (Mares-Perlman et al., 1995; Seddon et al., 2003).”
BackgroundAssociation Between C-Reactive Protein and Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Keenan, T. D. L., & Chew, E. Y. (2017) · International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences · doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2017.2210 · Cited by 378
Association between C-reactive protein and age-related macular degeneration
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Self-citationRisk factors and biomarkers of age-related macular degeneration
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Association of CFH Y402H and LOC387715 A69S with progression of age-related macular degeneration
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Self-citationThe Genetics of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Review of Progress to Date
Haddad, S., Chen, C. A., Santangelo, S. L., & Seddon, J. M. (2006) · Survey of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2006.05.001 · Cited by 299
Self-citationSeddon, J. M., Reynolds, R., Maller, J., Fagerness, J. A., Daly, M. J., & Rosner, B. (2009) · Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.08-3064 · Cited by 285
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Evaluation of the Clinical Age-Related Maculopathy Staging System
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Smoking and Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Review and Update
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Dietary Fatty Acids and the 10-Year Incidence of Age-Related Macular Degeneration
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Associations between Lutein, Zeaxanthin, and Age-Related Macular Degeneration: An Overview
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Nature and nurture- genes and environment- predict onset and progression of macular degeneration
Sobrin, L., & Seddon, J. M. (2014) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2013.12.004 · Cited by 183
Self-citationMediterranean Diet and Incidence of Advanced Age-Related Macular Degeneration
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Healthy Lifestyles Related to Subsequent Prevalence of Age-Related Macular Degeneration
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Effects of Fish n-3 PUFAs on Intestinal Microbiota and Immune System
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Self-citationDietary ω-3 Fatty Acid and Fish Intake and Incident Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Women
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Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants in Age-Related Macular Degeneration
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Serum Lipid Biomarkers and Hepatic Lipase Gene Associations with Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Reynolds, R. C., ROSNER, B. A., & Seddon, J. M. (2010) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.07.009 · Cited by 141
Self-citationFat Consumption and Its Association With Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Chong, E. W. T. (2009) · Archives of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/archophthalmol.2009.60 · Cited by 136
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Abdominal Obesity and Age-related Macular Degeneration
Adams, M. K. M., Simpson, J. A., Aung, K. Z., Makeyeva, G. A., Giles, G. G., English, D. R., Hopper, J. L., Guymer, R. H., Baird, P. N., & Robman, L. D. (2011) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwr005 · Cited by 123
Age‐Related Macular Degeneration
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Self-citationMacular Pigment and Percentage of Body Fat
Nolan, J. M., O’Donovan, Ó., Kavanagh, H., Stack, J., Harrison, M., Muldoon, A., Mellerio, J., & Beatty, S. (2004) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.04-0273 · Cited by 118
Review of Genetics in Age Related Macular Degeneration
Montezuma, S. R., Sobrin, L., & Seddon, J. M. (2007) · Seminars in Ophthalmology · doi:10.1080/08820530701745140 · Cited by 108
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The Epidemiology of Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Seddon, J. M., & Chen, C. A. (2004) · International Ophthalmology Clinics · doi:10.1097/00004397-200404440-00004 · Cited by 106
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Potential role of dietary n−3 fatty acids in the prevention of dementia and macular degeneration
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Review of nutrient actions on age-related macular degeneration
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Estimation of Systemic Complement C3 Activity in Age-Related Macular Degeneration
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Chiu, C., Milton, R. C., Klein, R., Gensler, G. R., & Taylor, A. (2007) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/86.4.1210 · Cited by 93
Lutein Leads to a Decrease of Factor D Secretion by Cultured Mature Human Adipocytes
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Plant-Based Diets: A Physician’s Guide
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Modifiable risk factors for age‐related macular degeneration
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Self-citationGene–environment interactions in ocular diseases
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Self-citationChoriocapillaris dropout in early age-related macular degeneration
Lutty, G. A., McLeod, D. S., Bhutto, I. A., Edwards, M. M., & Seddon, J. M. (2020) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2020.107939 · Cited by 81
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Risk Factors for Five-Year Incident Age-related Macular Degeneration: The Reykjavik Eye Study
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Lipids and Age-related Macular Degeneration
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“High intake of omega-6 fatty acids is hypothesized to negate the inverse associations for long-chain n3 fatty acids owing to competition for the same enzymes.(13,31,32) To explore this possibility, we stratified the analyses by the median intake level of LA, a major omega-6 fatty acid.”
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Self-citationWang, J. J., Buitendijk, G. H. S., Rochtchina, E., Lee, K. E., Klein, R., van Duijn, C. M., Flood, V. M., Meuer, S. M., Attia, J., Myers, C. E., et al. (2013) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.10.017 · Cited by 72
Metadata
- Authors
- Seddon, J. M.
- Affiliations
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary (US)
- Corresponding author
- Seddon, Johanna M.
- ORCID
- Seddon, Johanna M.
- Venue
- Archives of Ophthalmology
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2003-12-01
- Volume
- 121
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1728
- ISSN
- 0003-9950 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8443211
- OpenAlex
- W2099756978
- Cited by
- 384
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 19.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Archives of Ophthalmology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Foundation Fighting Blindness
- Research to Prevent Blindness
- Harvard University
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear
- Massachusetts Lions Eye Research Fund
- National Eye Institute (R01EY011309)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Retinal Imaging and Analysis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry (medical) › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
- Keywords
- age-related macular degeneration, disease progression, dietary fat intake, animal fats, vegetable fats, saturated fat, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fat, trans fatty acids, fish consumption, linoleic acid, geographic atrophy, neovascular AMD, vision loss, older adults, preventive nutrition, modifiable risk factors, nutrition counseling
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Animals, Energy Intake, Diet, Dietary Fats, Dietary Fats, Unsaturated, Female, Fish Products, Humans, Macular Degeneration, Male, Middle Aged, Nuts, Prospective Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Cohort Studies, Diet Records, Disease Progression
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A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-05 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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