Cited by 755Psychotherapy Techniques and ApplicationsAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

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A Clinical Psychotherapy Trial for Adolescent Depression Comparing Cognitive, Family, and Supportive Therapy

Brent, David A.·1997·Archives of General Psychiatry

DOI 10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830210125017

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Previous studies in nonclinical samples have shown psychosocial treatments to be efficacious in the treatment of adolescent depression, but few psychotherapy treatment studies have been conducted in clinically referred, depressed adolescents. METHODS: One hundred seven adolescent patients with DSM-III-R major depressive disorder (MDD) were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: individual cognitive behavior therapy, systemic behavior family therapy (SBFT), or individual nondirective supportive therapy (NST). Treatments were 12 to 16 sessions provided in as many weeks. Intent-to-treat analyses were conducted using all follow-up data. RESULTS: Of the 107 patients enrolled in the study, 78 (72.9%) completed the study, 4 (3.7%) never initiated treatment, 10 (9.3%) had exclusionary criteria that were undetected at entry, 8 (7.5%) dropped out, and 7 (6.5%) were removed for clinical reasons. Cognitive behavior therapy showed a lower rate of MDD at the end of treatment compared with NST (17.1% vs 42.4%; P = .02), and resulted in a higher rate of remission (64.7%, defined as absence of MDD and at least 3 consecutive Beck Depression Inventory scores < 9) than SBFT (37.9%; P = .03) or NST (39.4%; p = .04). Cognitive behavior therapy resulted in more rapid relief in interviewer-rated (vs both treatments, P = .03) and self-reported depression (vs SBFT, P = .02). All 3 treatments showed significant and similar reductions in suicidality and functional impairment. Parents' views of the credibility of cognitive behavior therapy improved compared with parents' views of both SBFT (P = .01) and NST (P = .05). CONCLUSIONS: Cognitive behavior therapy is more efficacious than SBFT or NST for adolescent MDD in clinical settings, resulting in more rapid and complete treatment response.

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“There is growing evidence that attrition rates from community-based child therapy, estimated between 40% and 60% (Armbruster & Kazdin, 1994; Gould, Shaffer, & Kaplan, 1985), are substantially higher than rates found in research trials (Brent et al., 1997; Kendall & Sugarman, 1997). Early dropout and sporadic involveme…”
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“Six of the 12 studies used semistructured clinical interviews to identify subjects as having DSM major depressive disorder or dysthymia (Brent et al., 1997; Clarke et al., 1999, 2002; Lewinsohn et al., 1990; Vostanis et al., 1996; Wood et al., 1996).”
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“In perhaps the most clinically representative study in this literature, Brent et al. (1997) found CBT superior to either systematic behavioral family therapy or nondirective supportive therapy for depressed and suicidal adolescents in an outpatient setting.”
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“Kolko and colleagues ’ (2000) reanalysis of the Brent et al. (1997) ; Leitenberg, Yost, & Carroll-Wilson, 1986).”
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“eral psychotherapy is only weakly related to outcome,(42) and that CB therapy in particular is superior to attentioncontrol or alternative interventions such as nondirective supportive therapy, relaxation therapy, or usual care conditions for depressed adolescents.(43,44) The primary outcome for this prevention trial…”
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“…social or environmental factors such as isolation, anger, and stress; cognitive distortions that accompany depression, particularly hopelessness, which may also be an indicator of treatment dropout (Brent et al., 1997); and inappropriate coping styles (e.g., impulsivity or catastrophizing).”
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BackgroundResult
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Self-citation
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BackgroundMethod
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Influential
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Background
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“interactions Brent et al. (1997) 107 13–18 year old depressed adolescents”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Research on experiential psychotherapies
Elliott, R., Greenberg, L. S., & Lietaer, G. (2004) · Strathprints: The University of Strathclyde institutional repository (University of Strathclyde) · Cited by 242
Psychosocial treatments for adolescent depression
Lewinsohn, P. M. (1999) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(98)00055-5 · Cited by 237
Meta-analysis: 13-year follow-up of psychotherapy effects on youth depression
Eckshtain, D., Kuppens, S., Ugueto, A., Ng, M. Y., Vaughn-Coaxum, R., Corteselli, K., & Weisz, J. R. (2020) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2019.04.002 · Cited by 224
“…Symptomatic internally displaced youths in waraffected northern Uganda 175 14.97 43 IPT-A; clientcentered intervention Waitlist 16.46 0.79 0.79 Brent et al. (1997)28 [Follow-up: Brent et al. (1998)29] Diagnosed recruited plus referred outpatient sample 56.85 15.6 24.3 CBT; nonbehavioral…”
BackgroundInfluential
Comorbidity as a predictor and moderator of treatment outcome in youth with anxiety, affective, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and oppositional/conduct disorders
Ollendick, T. H., Jarrett, M. A., Grills, A. E., Hovey, L. D., & Wolff, J. C. (2008) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2008.09.003 · Cited by 256
Recovery and Recurrence Following Treatment for Adolescent Major Depression
Curry, J. F., Silva, S. G., Rohde, P., Ginsburg, G. S., Kratochvil, C. J., Simons, A. D., Kirchner, J., MAY, D. E., Kennard, B. D., Mayes, T. L., et al. (2010) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.150 · Cited by 232
“Treatment studies usually report outcomes of response (clinically significant improvement) and remission (no or very few remaining symptoms).(10,11) Three clinical trials have also reported rates of recovery (maintenance of remission for an exAuthor Affiliations are listed at”
Background
Mechanisms of action in youth psychotherapy
Weersing, V. R., & Weisz, J. R. (2002) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00002 · Cited by 224
“In the original Brent RCT, CBT for depressed adolescents was compared to family and nondirective interventions (Brent et al., 1997).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
How effective are treatments for child and adolescent depression?
Michael, K. D., & Crowley, S. L. (2002) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(01)00089-7 · Cited by 225
Psychological Comorbidity and Stress Reactivity in Children and Adolescents With Recurrent Abdominal Pain and Anxiety Disorders
Dorn, L. D., CAMPO, J. C., Thato, S., Dahl, R. E., Lewin, D. S., Chandra, R., & LORENZO, C. D. (2003) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200301000-00012 · Cited by 221
“, 1996) and scientifically tested treatments (Brent et al., 1997; Emslie et al., 1997; Walkup et al., 2001) suggests that efforts to improve the identification and treatment of comorbid psychiatric disorders in children with frequent complaints of pain by methods such as screening and improving the ability of primary…”
Background
Youth Depression in the Family Context: Familial Risk Factors and Models of Treatment
Sander, J. B., & McCarty, C. A. (2005) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-005-6666-3 · Cited by 222
“Brent et al. (1997) conducted a study”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Applying the criteria for empirically supported treatments to studies of psychosocial interventions for child and adolescent depression
Kaslow, N. J., & Thompson, M. P. (1998) · Journal of Clinical Child Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp2702_2 · Cited by 219
Cognitive–behavioral therapy versus usual clinical care for youth depression: An initial test of transportability to community clinics and clinicians.
Weisz, J. R., Southam‐Gerow, M. A., Gordis, E. B., Connor-Smith, J. K., Chu, B. C., Langer, D. A., McLeod, B. D., Jensen‐Doss, A., Updegraff, A. S. G., & Weiss, B. (2009) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013877 · Cited by 216
“For example, CBT therapists in a randomized control trial (RCT) by Brent et al. (1997) were required (a) to have 6 months of intensive training on the specific CBT treatment manual, (b) to “treat two cases in adherence to the treatment model before becoming a therapist for the study” (p.”
Method
Attachment-Based Family Therapy for Depressed Adolescents: Programmatic Treatment Development
Diamond, G., Siqueland, L., & Diamond, G. M. (2003) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1023/a:1023782510786 · Cited by 211
“Six of these studies used some form of Cognitive– Behavioral Therapy (CBT; Brent et al., 1997; Clarke et al., 1995; Lewinsohn, Clark, Hops, & Andrews, 1990; Lewinsohn, Clark, Rhode, Hops, & Seeley, 1996; Reynolds & Coats, 1986; Rosselló & Bernal, 1999).”
Method
A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Escitalopram in the Treatment of Pediatric Depression
Wagner, K. D., Jonas, J. M., Findling, R. L., Ventura, D., & Saikali, K. G. (2006) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000192250.38400.9e · Cited by 210
“(Brent et al., 1997).”
The past and future of cognitive therapy.
Beck, A. T. (1997) · PubMed Central · Cited by 205
COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL COPING SKILLS AND PSYCHOEDUCATION THERAPIES FOR ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE
Kaminer, Y., Burleson, J., & Goldberger, R. (2002) · Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-200211000-00003 · Cited by 198
“Coping skills training techniques have also been found effective with youth conduct disorders (Kazdin, 1995) and depression (Brent et al., 1997) and may be beneficially applied 1 Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-…”
BackgroundInfluential
Repetition of deliberate self-harm by adolescents: the role of psychological factors
Hawton, K. E., KINGSBURY, S., Steinhardt, K., James, A. C., & Fagg, J. (1999) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1006/jado.1999.0228 · Cited by 201
“The recently reported success of cognitive behaviour therapy in a treatment study of depressed adolescents (Kroll et al., 1996; Brent et al., 1997) suggests that this is likely to be an effective approach in this group.”
Background
The 18-month impact of an emergency room intervention for adolescent female suicide attempters.
Rotheram‐Borus, M. J., Piacentini, J. C., Cantwell, C., Belin, T. R., & Song, J. (2000) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.68.6.1081 · Cited by 201
“Although few studies have examined the efficacy of treatments for adolescent suicidality, a handful of recent reports have demonstrated the benefit of structured psychotherapeutic interventions for adolescent depression (Brent et al., 1997; Harrington, Whittaker, & Shoebridge, 1998).”
Background
Clinical Practice Guideline for the Assessment and Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Major and Persistent Depressive Disorders
Walter, H. J., Abright, A. R., Bukstein, O. G., Diamond, J., Keable, H., Ripperger-Suhler, J. A., & Rockhill, C. (2022) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2022.10.001 · Cited by 221
Developmental factors in the treatment on adolescents.
Weisz, J. R., & Hawley, K. M. (2002) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.70.1.21 · Cited by 202
Cognitive and family therapies for adolescent depression: Treatment specificity, mediation, and moderation.
Kolko, D. J., Brent, D. A., BAUGHER, M., Bridge, J. A., & Birmaher, B. B. (2000) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.68.4.603 · Cited by 195
Self-citation
Psychological therapies versus antidepressant medication, alone and in combination for depression in children and adolescents
Cox, G., Callahan, P., Churchill, R. C., Hunot, V., Merry, S., Parker, A. G., & Hetrick, S. E. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008324.pub3 · Cited by 218
Long-term effects from a randomized trial of two public health preventive interventions for parental depression.
Beardslee, W. R., Wright, E. J., Gladstone, T. R. G., & Forbes, P. (2007) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/0893-3200.21.4.703 · Cited by 258
The Effects of Parent Participation on Child Psychotherapy Outcome: A Meta-Analytic Review
Dowell, K. A., & Ogles, B. M. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374410903532585 · Cited by 229
Effects of befriending on depressive symptoms and distress: systematic review and meta-analysis
Mead, N., Lester, H., Chew-Graham, C., Gask, L., & Bower, P. (2010) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.109.064089 · Cited by 189
Remission and Recovery in the Treatment for Adolescents With Depression Study (TADS): Acute and Long-Term Outcomes
Kennard, B. D., Silva, S. G., Tonev, S. T., Rohde, P., Hughes, J. L., Vitiello, B., Kratochvil, C. J., Curry, J. F., Emslie, G. J., Reinecke, M. A., et al. (2009) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e31819176f9 · Cited by 187
Reward-related brain function as a predictor of treatment response in adolescents with major depressive disorder
Forbes, E. E., Olino, T. M., Ryan, N. D., Birmaher, B., Axelson, D., Moyles, D. L., & Dahl, R. E. (2010) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/cabn.10.1.107 · Cited by 178
“Although the present study’s sample size was relatively small Brent et al. (1997).”
Cognitive-behavioral therapy for adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease and subsyndromal depression
SZIGETHY, E., KENNEY, E., CARPENTER, J., HARDY, D. M., FAIRCLOUGH, D., BOUSVAROS, A., KELJO, D., WEISZ, J., BEARDSLEE, W. R., NOLL, R., et al. (2007) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e3180f6341f · Cited by 183
“Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) has considerable empirical support in treating depression in otherwise healthy adolescents (Brent et al., 1997; Weersing et al., 2006; Weisz et al., 1997).”
Background
Brief cognitive-behavioral depression prevention program for high-risk adolescents outperforms two alternative interventions: a randomized efficacy trial
Stice, E., Rohde, P., Seeley, J. R., & Gau, J. M. (2008) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0012645 · Cited by 182
“, 1994; Nolen-Hoeksema, Girgus, & Seligman, 1992), and treatments targeting negative cognitions reduce depression (Brent et al., 1997; Reynolds & Coats, 1986; Rohde, Clarke, Mace, Jorgensen, & Seeley, 2004).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Systematic review of efficacy of cognitive behaviour therapies in childhood and adolescent depressive disorder
Harrington, R., Whittaker, J., Shoebridge, P., & Campbell, F. (1998) · British medical journal · doi:10.1136/bmj.316.7144.1559 · Cited by 200
A Comparison of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, Sertraline, and Their Combination for Adolescent Depression
Melvin, G. A., Tonge, B. J., King, N. J., Heyne, D. A., GORDON, M. S., & Klimkeit, E. (2006) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000233157.21925.71 · Cited by 178
“The findings of the present study are consistent with those of previous research demonstrating the efficacy of CBT (Brent et al., 1997; Lewinsohn et al., 1990) and sertraline (Wagner et al.”
Result
Efficacy and Effectiveness of Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy
Weisz, J. R., & Jensen, P. S. (1999) · Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1023/a:1022321812352 · Cited by 177
The Treatment for Adolescents With Depression Study (TADS)
MARCH, J., SILVA, S., & VITIELLO, B. (2006) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000237709.35637.c0 · Cited by 174
“The sample that is most like the TADS sample, the comparison of Brent et al. (1997) of CBT, behavioral family, and supportive therapy, in which CBT showed a more robust effect, was less functionally impaired than the TADS sample.”
Background
Recurrent pain, emotional distress, and health service use in childhood
Campo, J. V., COMER, D. M., Jansen-McWilliams, L., Gardner, W. P., & Kelleher, K. J. (2002) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1067/mpd.2002.125491 · Cited by 174
Family-Based Treatment Research: A 10-Year Update
Diamond, G., & Josephson, A. (2005) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000169010.96783.4e · Cited by 172
On the learning curve: the emerging evidence supporting cognitive–behavioral therapies for adolescent substance abuse
Waldron, H. B., & Kaminer, Y. (2004) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00857.x · Cited by 173
“…as conduct problems (Kendall & Wilcox 1980; Kendall et al. 1990; Kazdin 1995), depression (Clarke et al. 1992; Rohde et al. 1994; Wood et al. 1996; Brent et al. 1997; Birmaher et al. 2000) and anxiety (Kendall 1994; Kendall et al. 1997; Spence et al. 2000; Barrett et al. 2001) for adult substance…”
Background
Texas Children's Medication Algorithm Project: Update From Texas Consensus Conference Panel on Medication Treatment of Childhood Major Depressive Disorder
Hughes, C. W., Emslie, G. J., Crismon, M. L., Posner, K., Birmaher, B. B., Ryan, N. D., Jensen, P. S., Curry, J. F., Vitiello, B., Lopez, M. A., et al. (2007) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e31804a859b · Cited by 173
“cation and appears superior to supportive psychotherapy and systemic behavioral family therapy (Birmaher et al., 2000; Brent et al., 1997; Compton et al., 2004).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
An Overview of Controlled Studies of Adolescent Substance Abuse Treatment
Deas, D., & Thomas, S. E. (2001) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1080/105504901750227822 · Cited by 172
Course and outcome of bipolar spectrum disorder in children and adolescents: A review of the existing literature
Birmaher, B. B., & Axelson, D. (2006) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579406060500 · Cited by 172
“Moreover, the effects of psychotherapies such as family focused therapy ~Miklowitz et al., 1988; 2004!, cognitive behavior therapy ~Brent et al., 1997; Lam et al., 2003; Lam, Hayward, Watkins, Wright, & Sham, 2005!, multifamily psychoeducational group therapy ~Fristad, Goldberg-Arnold, & Gavazzi,…”
Background
Practice Parameter for the Assessment and Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Substance Use Disorders
(2007) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/foc.5.2.foc249 · Cited by 170
Treatment for Adolescents With Depression Study (TADS): Rationale, Design, and Methods
(2003) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000046839.90931.0d · Cited by 169
Predictors of Engagement in Adolescent Drug Abuse Treatment
Dakof, G. A., Tejeda, M. J., & Liddle, H. A. (2001) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200103000-00006 · Cited by 161
A randomized effectiveness trial of brief cognitive-behavioral therapy for depressed adolescents receiving antidepressant medication
Clarke, G., Debar, L., Lynch, F., Powell, J., Gale, J., O'Connor, E., Ludman, E., Bush, T., Lin, E. H. B., & Korff, M. V. (2005) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0890-8567(09)62194-8 · Cited by 215
Empirically tested psychotherapies for youth internalizing and externalizing problems and disorders
Weisz, J. R., Hawley, K. M., & Doss, A. J. (2004) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2004.05.006 · Cited by 166
“CBT 13 [162] 16 36 64% Caucasian No None Feeling Good [163] CBT for depression 27% African American 9% mixed ethnicity [46] 16 24 83% Caucasian 17% other No All Cognitive Behavior”
Background

Authors: Brent, D. A.
Corresponding author: Brent, David A.
ORCID: Brent, David A.
Venue: Archives of General Psychiatry
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Published: 1997-09-01
Volume: 54
Issue: 9
Pages: 877
ISSN: 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830210125017
OpenAlex: W1993925129
Cited by: 753
References: 58
Citations by year: 2025: 4 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 35
FWCI: 35.77
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5r01mh046500-07)
National Institute of Mental Health (MH 46500)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords: adolescent depression, major depressive disorder, cognitive behavioral therapy, supportive therapy, family therapy, treatment efficacy, remission, suicidality, functional disability, parental attitudes
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Age Factors, Attitude to Health, Depressive Disorder, Family Therapy, Female, Humans, Male, Person-Centered Psychotherapy, Parents, Patient Dropouts, Social Class, Suicide, Comorbidity, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Treatment Outcome

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A Clinical Psychotherapy Trial for Adolescent Depression Comparing Cognitive, Family, and Supportive Therapy

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