Parenting Behaviors Associated With Risk for Offspring Personality Disorder During Adulthood
Abstract
CONTEXT: Research has suggested that some types of parental child-rearing behavior may be associated with risk for offspring personality disorder (PD), but the association of parenting with offspring PD has not been investigated comprehensively with prospective longitudinal data. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of parental child-rearing behavior with risk for offspring PD during adulthood. DESIGN: The Children in the Community study, a prospective longitudinal investigation. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: A community-based sample of 593 families interviewed during childhood (mean age, 6 years), adolescence (mean ages, 14 and 16 years), emerging adulthood (mean age, 22 years), and adulthood (mean age, 33 years) of the offspring. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders. RESULTS: Ten types of parenting behavior that were evident during the child-rearing years were associated with elevated offspring risk for PD during adulthood when childhood behavioral or emotional problems and parental psychiatric disorders were controlled statistically. Parental behavior in the home during the child-rearing years was associated with elevated risk for offspring PD at mean ages of 22 and 33 years. Risk for offspring PD at both assessments increased steadily as a function of the number of problematic parenting behaviors that were evident. Low parental affection or nurturing was associated with elevated risk for offspring antisocial (P = .003), avoidant (P = .01), borderline (P = .002), depressive (P = .02), paranoid (P = .002), schizoid (P = .046), and schizotypal (P<.001) PDs. Aversive parental behavior (eg, harsh punishment) was associated with elevated risk for offspring borderline (P = .001), paranoid (P = .004), passive-aggressive (P = .046), and schizotypal (P = .02) PDs. CONCLUSIONS: Parental behavior during the child-rearing years may be associated with risk for offspring PD that endures into adulthood. This risk may not be attributable to offspring behavioral and emotional problems or parental psychiatric disorder, and it may not diminish over time. Low parental nurturing and aversive parental behavior during child rearing may both be associated with elevated risk for offspring PDs.
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A major part of the vulnerability that evidence suggests is caused by early neglect is mediated by compromise of normal affect mirroring in neglectful psychosocial environments.
“we have suggested that a major part of the vulnerability that evidence suggests was caused by early neglect (Johnson, Cohen, Chen, Kasen, & Brook, 2006) is mediated by compromise of normal affect mirroring in neglectful psychosocial environments”
From A developmental, mentalization-based approach to the understanding and treatment of borderline personality disorder (2009) · cites this paper as Johnson, Cohen, Chen, Kasen, & Brook, 2006
Several studies show associations between childhood adversity and AVPD, such as emotional neglect, low parental affection, and sexual and emotional abuse.
“Several studies show associations between childhood adversity and AVPD, such as emotional neglect (Johnson et al. 2000), low parental affection (Johnson et al. 2006) and sexual and emotional abuse (Lobbestael et al. 2010).”
From Exploring Moderators and Mediators of the Outcome of Group Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Compared With Group Schema Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder and Comorbid Avoidant Personality Disorder. (2025) · cites this paper as Johnson et al. 2006
Avoidant personality disorder is associated with emotional neglect and abuse in the past.
“Research has shown that APD is associated with emotional neglect and abuse in the past [20, 21].”
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BackgroundShi, Z., Bureau, J., Easterbrooks, M. A., Zhao, X., & Lyons‐Ruth, K. (2012) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.20295 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Early life stress and later health outcomes—findings from the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study
Eriksson, M. D., Räikkönen, K., & Eriksson, J. G. (2013) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.22502 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Prevention and early intervention for borderline personality disorder
Chanen, A. M., McCutcheon, L., Jovev, M., Jackson, H. J., & McGorry, P. D. (2007) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2007.tb01330.x · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Kasen, S., Cohen, P., & Chen, H.-N. (2011) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behaviour · doi:10.1111/j.1943-278x.2011.00017.x · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationReinelt, E., Stopsack, M., Aldinger, M., Ulrich, I., Grabe, H. J., & Barnow, S. (2013) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000345857 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Hallquist, M. N., Hipwell, A. E., & Stepp, S. D. (2015) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000058 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“…associated with elevated risk for personality dysfunction, including harsh punishment, inconsistent discipline, neglect, low affection, and physical and sexual abuse (Johnson, Cohen, Brown, Smailes, & Bernstein, 1999; Johnson et al., 2006; Widom, Czaja, & Paris, 2009; cf. Bornovalova et al., 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialKongerslev, M., Chanen, A. M., & Simonsen, E. H. (2014) · Scandinavian Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology · doi:10.21307/sjcapp-2015-004 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“functioning and parenting, including low emotional closeness between parent and child, use of harsh punishment during childhood, maternal overcontrol, and parental psychopathology, have also been found to precede the later development of PD (53,65,146-148).”
BackgroundRelationship between childhood adversity and clinical and cognitive features in schizophrenia
McCabe, K., Maloney, E. A., Stain, H. J., Loughland, C. M., & Carr, V. J. (2012) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.01.023 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“Childhood adversity has been intensively studied in relation to personality disorders, especially borderline personality (Ball and Links, 2009), and population studies of childhood adversity show relationships to Cluster A (schizotypal, paranoid) and B (antisocial, histrionic, borderline) personalities in adults (John…”
BackgroundUnique influences of adolescent antecedents on adult borderline personality disorder features.
Stepp, S. D., Olino, T. M., Klein, D. N., Seeley, J. R., & Lewinsohn, P. M. (2013) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/per0000015 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“Consistent with previous empirical work, maladaptive family functioning, including low family cohesion, low maternal support, and high levels of maternal–child discord, were associated with later BPD symptoms (Fruzzetti et al., 2005; Johnson et al., 2006).”
Personality Disorders in Young Adult Survivors of Pediatric Burn Injury
THOMAS, C. R., Russell, W., Robert, R. S., Holzer, C. E., Blakeney, P., & Meyer, W. J. (2012) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2012.26.2.255 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Persönlichkeitsstörungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter?
Schmid, M., Schmeck, K., & Petermann, F. (2008) · Kindheit und Entwicklung · doi:10.1026/0942-5403.17.3.190 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Schema Therapy for Cluster C Personality Disorders
Arntz, A. (2012) · The Wiley‐Blackwell Handbook of Schema Therapy · doi:10.1002/9781119962830.ch30 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Bassani, D. G., Padoin, C. V., Philipp, D. A., & Veldhuizen, S. (2009) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/1753-2000-3-6 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Doering, S. (2019) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000724 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“In a large prospective cohort study, low parental affection and aversive parental behavior in the early years of development have been shown to increase the risk of BPD in adulthood substantially (92).”
BackgroundBoucher, M., Pugliese, J., Allard-Chapais, C., Lecours, S., Ahoundova, L., Chouinard, R., & Gaham, S. (2017) · Personality and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/pmh.1385 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Knous-Westfall, H. M., Ehrensaft, M. K., Watson MacDonell, K., & Cohen, P. (2012) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-011-9528-2 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Self-citationParadis, A. D., Reinherz, H. Z., Giaconia, R. M., Beardslee, W. R., Ward, K., & Fitzmaurice, G. M. (2009) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e3181948fdd · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Nelson, D. A., Coyne, S. M., Swanson, S. M., Hart, C. H., & Olsen, J. A. (2014) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579414000388 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Johnson et al. (2006) did assess how BPD was related to parental guilt induction, which may be considered one important element of psychological control (Barber, 1996).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSchilling, C., Weidner, K., Schellong, J., Joraschky, P., & Pöhlmann, K. (2014) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000368121 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Gauging knowledge of developmental milestones among Albertan adults: a cross-sectional survey
Rikhy, S., Tough, S., Trute, B., Benzies, K., Kehler, H. L., & Johnston, D. W. (2010) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-10-183 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Indeed, positive and effective parenting techniques are integral to healthy emotional and social development of children [15-18].”
BackgroundEarly Environmental Predictors of the Affective and Interpersonal Constructs of Psychopathy
Daversa, M. T. (2008) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x08328754 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Faravelli, C., Amedei, S. G., Rotella, F., Faravelli, L., Palla, A., Consoli, G., Ricca, V., Batini, S., Sauro, C. L., Spiti, A., et al. (2010) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291710000115 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“…disorders (de Groot & Rodin, 1999 ; Wonderlich et al. 2001 ; Thompson & Wonderlich, 2004), substance abuse (Simpson & Miller, 2002 ; Dube et al. 2003 ; Reed et al. 2007 ; Back et al. 2008) and personality disorders (Bierer et al. 2003 ; Chard, 2003 ; Goodman et al. 2004 ; Johnson et al. 2006).”
Shute, R. H., Maud, M., & McLachlan, A. J. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.08.048 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
The contribution of emotional maltreatment to alcohol dependence in a treatment-seeking sample
Potthast, N., Neuner, F., & Catani, C. (2014) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.01.015 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Baljé, A., Greeven, A., van Giezen, A., Korrelboom, K., Arntz, A., & Spinhoven, P. (2016) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-016-1605-9 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Research has shown that APD is associated with emotional neglect and abuse in the past [20, 21].”
Childhood Antecedents of Personality Disorders
Sharan, P., & Prakash, S. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-81-322-3619-1_15
Childhood sexual abuse and abnormal personality: a population-based study
Moran, P., Coffey, C., Chanen, A. M., MANN, A. H., Carlin, J. B., & Patton, G. C. (2010) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291710001789 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“2004) and hence the detected associations might be confounded by other harmful exposures, such as low parental nurturing and physical abuse (Johnson et al .”
The Age of Onset of Personality Disorders
Chanen, A. M., & Thompson, K. N. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-72619-9_10 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Marzilli, E., Cerniglia, L., & Cimino, S. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11060687 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“The research examining these associations in emerging adulthood is scarce but, in line with our study, has evidenced a protective effect on the emerging adult’s antisocial personality problems [14,19].”
BackgroundWhalen, D. J., Scott, L. N., Jakubowski, K., McMakin, D. L., Hipwell, A. E., Silk, J. S., & Stepp, S. D. (2014) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/per0000059 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
The Construct Validity of Passive-Aggressive Personality Disorder
Hopwood, C. J., Morey, L. C., Markowitz, J. C., Pinto, A., Skodol, A. E., Gunderson, J. G., Zanarini, M. C., Shea, M. T., Yen, S., McGlashan, T. H., et al. (2009) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1521/psyc.2009.72.3.256 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Consistent with various theoretical formulations, PAPD is also associated with environmental factors, including ineffective parenting behavior (Johnson et al., 2008) in general as well as child abuse (Grover et al., 2007), harsh/aversive parenting (Johnson et al., 2006a), and neglect (Johnson et al., 2000) in particul…”
InfluentialRelational Aggression in Women during Emerging Adulthood: A Social Process Model
Ostrov, J. M., Hart, E. J., Kamper‐DeMarco, K. E., & Godleski, S. A. (2011) · Behavioral Sciences & the Law · doi:10.1002/bsl.1002 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Keinänen, M., Johnson, J. G., Richards, E. S., & Courtney, E. A. (2012) · Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/02668734.2011.652659 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“…maltreatment is the most widely validated psychosocial risk factor, and that some types of childhood maltreatment have been more closely linked with BPD, because they have been more intensively studied (Bandelow et al., 2005; Johnson et al., 2006; Zanarini et al., 1997; Zanarini et al., 2000a & b).”
BackgroundSelf-citationDixon–Gordon, K. L., Whalen, D. J., Scott, L. N., Cummins, N. D., & Stepp, S. D. (2015) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-015-9706-4 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“…involving ignoring, neglecting, or dismissing their child’s emotional experiences, are associated with greater ER difficulties in children (Johnson et al. 2006) and retrospective reports of these parental behaviors have been associated with BPD symptoms in young adults (Sauer and Baer…”
Choudhary, V., Satapathy, S. S., & Sagar, R. (2019) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538712.2018.1563262 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Dixon–Gordon, K. L., Marsh, N. P., Balda, K. E., & McQuade, J. D. (2019) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-019-00579-6 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Arens, E. A., Grabe, H.-J., Spitzer, C., & Barnow, S. (2010) · Personality and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/pmh.143 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Perepletchikova, F., Ansell, E. B., & Axelrod, S. R. (2012) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559512448471 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Bornstein, R. F., Porcerelli, J. H., Huprich, S. K., & Markova, T. (2009) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223890903228406 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Ni, H., & Gau, S. S. (2014) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.11.002 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Besides, our findings also lend evidence to support previous studies that lower parental affection [89] and higher parental protection [39,90] were associated with increased borderline and antisocial symptoms.”
ResultMentalization-based treatment for patients with borderline personality disorder: an overview
Eizirik, M., & Fonagy, P. (2009) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/s1516-44462009000100016 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
School climate and continuity of adolescent personality disorder symptoms
Kasen, S., Cohen, P. R., Chen, H., Johnson, J. G., & Crawford, T. N. (2009) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02125.x · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“…histrionic, and narcissistic), and C (avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive) cover 78 of the 79 DSM-IV criteria, and were validated in analyses showing that adolescent PD symptoms increase risk for later role impairment independent of comorbid Axis I disorders (Johnson et al., 1999, 2006).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSchizoid personality disorder linked to unbearable and inescapable loneliness
Martens, W. H. J. (2010) · The European Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4321/s0213-61632010000100005 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Adolescent Precursors of Adult Borderline Personality Pathology in a High-Risk Community Sample
Conway, C., Hammen, C. L., & Brennan, P. A. (2014) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi_2014_28_158 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Johnson, J. G., Liu, L., & Cohen, P. R. (2011) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674371105600802 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationEnsink, K., Biberdzic, M., Normandin, L., & Clarkin, J. F. (2015) · Journal of Infant Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/15289168.2015.1007715 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“A number of prospective studies have confirmed this (Carlson et al., 2009; Crawford, Cohen, Chen, Anglin, & Ehrensaft, 2009; Johnson et al., 2006).”
ResultInterfaces: Toward a New Generation of Systemic Models in Family Research and Practice
Sluzki, C. E. (2007) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/j.1545-5300.2007.00202.x · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Shelton, K. H., Harold, G., Fowler, T. A., Rice, F., Neale, M., Thapar, A., & van den Bree, M. V. D. (2008) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-007-9254-7 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Childhood risk factors for personality disorder symptoms related to violence
Reising, K., Farrington, D. P., Ttofi, M. M., Piquero, A. R., & Coid, J. (2019) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2019.07.010 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Zarrella, I., Russolillo, L. A., Caviglia, G., & Perrella, R. (2017) · Research in Psychotherapy Psychopathology Process and Outcome · doi:10.4081/ripppo.2017.248 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Many authors (Johnson et al., 2006; Lewis, 2002; McLean & Gallop, 2003; Turk et al., 2007) agree in considering certain life events, the so-called risk factors, extremely dangerous for the child’s development.”
BackgroundCheng, H. G., Huang, Y., Liu, Z., & Liu, B. (2010) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.12.006 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Numerous studies have linked parenting to PD (Stravynski et al., 1989; Liu et al., 2000; Johnson et al., 2006a, 2006b; Thimm, 2010).”
BackgroundThe Neuroendocrinology of Childhood Trauma in Personality Disorder
Lee, R. J., Hempel, J., Tenharmsel, A., Liu, T., Mathé, A., & Klock, A. (2011) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.05.006 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“The established association of childhood trauma with the development of personality disorder (Johnson et al., 2006; Johnson et al., 1999) may represent an important clue regarding the biological mechanism of personality disorder.”
Direct and Indirect Transmission of Relationship Functioning Across Generations
Ehrensaft, M., Knous-Westfall, H. M., & Cohen, P. (2011) · Journal of family psychology · doi:10.1037/a0025606 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationSchuppert, H. M., Albers, C. J., Minderaa, R. B., Emmelkamp, P. M. G., & Nauta, M. H. (2012) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/1753-2000-6-29 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Contrary to expectations, no elevated risk for PDs in offspring of parents with psychiatric disorders was found in the CIC study, though this was extensively investigated using several standardised interviews with mothers and offspring [23,26].”
InfluentialSocial context and change in suicide ideation in a community sample of youths
Kasen, S., & Chen, H. (2019) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-019-01772-0 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“The predictive utility of the CIC measures of parenting practices as experienced by offspring is supported by increased (or reduced) risk of persistence of childhood emotional and behavioral problems into adolescence and young adulthood, including depression and other Axis I disorders [38, 39] and the Axis II personal…”
BackgroundSelf-citationParenting Styles and Their Effect on Child Development and Outcome
Awiszus, A., Koenig, M. A., & Vaisarova, J. (2022) · Journal of Student Research · doi:10.47611/jsrhs.v11i3.3679 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Goodman, J., Fertuck, E., Chesin, M., Lichenstein, S., & Stanley, B. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.07.038 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Johnson, J. G., Zhang, B., & Prigerson, H. G. (2008) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1521/suli.2008.38.1.1 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationCrișan, Ş., Stoia, M., Predescu, E., Miu, A. C., & Szentágotai‐Tătar, A. (2023) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2856 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Childhood maltreatment and adult personality disorder symptoms in a non-clinical sample
Carr, S. N., & Francis, A. J. P. (2009) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00050060903136847 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Westbrook, J. D., & Berenbaum, H. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22389 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Johnson, J. G., Cohen, P. R., Kasen, S., & Brook, J. S. (2007) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x07305349 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationMagical thinking in narratives of adolescent cutters
Gregory, R. J., & Mustata, G. T. (2012) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.02.012 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Brents, L. K., Tripathi, S. P., Young, J., James, G. A., & Kilts, C. D. (2015) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.02.015 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“As the number of adverse childhood experiences increases, graded increases occur in the prevalence of PDs and the risk of DUDs (Dube et al., 2003; Johnson et al., 2006).”
BackgroundBrandt, J. M., Hemager, N., Gregersen, M., Søndergaard, A., Krantz, M. F., Ohland, J., Wilms, M., Rohd, S. B., Hjorthøj, C. R., Veddum, L., et al. (2022) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12364 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
- Authors
- Johnson, J. G., Cohen, P., Chen, H., Kasen, S., & Brook, J. S.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center (US)
- New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
- Venue
- Archives of General Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2006-05-01
- Volume
- 63
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 579
- ISSN
- 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1975217308
- Cited by
- 253
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 15.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH060911, MH 49191, MH-36971, MH60911, R01MH049191, R01MH036971)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA 03188, R01DA003188)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Keywords
- parental behavior, personality disorders, offspring, parenting, parental love, harsh punishment, antisocial personality disorder, avoidant personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, paranoid personality disorder, schizotypal personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder, depressive personality disorder, passive-aggressive personality disorder, parental mental illness, risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Affective Symptoms, Age Factors, Mental Disorders, Child, Child Rearing, Child, Preschool, Family Health, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Personality Disorders, Prospective Studies, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Punishment, Risk Factors, Child of Impaired Parents, Parenting, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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