Contribution of Impaired Early-Stage Visual Processing to Working Memory Dysfunction in Adolescents With Schizophrenia: A Study With Event-Related Potentials and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Abstract
CONTEXT: Working memory (WM) deficits in patients with schizophrenia have mainly been associated with prefrontal dysfunction. However, the contribution of perceptual deficits and abnormalities in sensory areas has not been explored. The present study closes this important gap in our understanding of WM dysfunction in schizophrenia by monitoring neural activity during WM encoding and retrieval with event-related potentials (ERPs) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). OBJECTIVE: To investigate the neurophysiological changes that contribute to WM impairment in early-onset schizophrenia at perceptual and cognitive stages using the ERP components P1, P3a, P370, and P570 and fMRI data from extrastriate visual areas. DESIGN: We conducted the study between June 1, 2003, and December 20, 2006. Electroencephalographic and fMRI data were acquired separately during a visual delayed discrimination task. Participants encoded up to 3 abstract shapes that were presented sequentially for 600 milliseconds each and decided after a 12-second delay whether a probe matched 1 of the sample stimuli. SETTING: Between-group study at an inpatient psychiatric hospital and outpatient psychiatric facilities. PARTICIPANTS: Seventeen adolescents with early-onset schizophrenia according to DSM-IV criteria and 17 matched controls participated in the study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Amplitude of the ERP components P1, P3a, P370, and P570 and the fMRI signal from extrastriate visual areas. RESULTS: The P1 amplitude was reduced in patients during encoding and retrieval. The P1 amplitude increased with WM load during encoding only in controls. In this group, a stronger P1 amplitude increase predicted better WM performance. The P1 reduction was mirrored by reduced activation of visual areas in patients in fMRI. The P370 amplitude during encoding and retrieval was also reduced in patients. CONCLUSIONS: The P1 amplitude reduction indicates an early visual deficit in adolescents with schizophrenia. Our findings suggest that P1 is of particular relevance for successful WM encoding. Early visual deficits contribute to impaired WM in schizophrenia in addition to deficits in later memory-related processes.
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Imaging studies have demonstrated relationships between cognitive deficits and structural or functional brain abnormalities.
“imaging studies have demonstrated relationships between cognitive deficits and structural or functional brain abnormalities.9–13”
From Clinical trials of potential cognitive-enhancing drugs in schizophrenia: what have we learned so far? (2013) · cites this paper as [12]
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- Authors
- Haenschel, C., Bittner, R. A., Haertling, F., Rotarska-Jagiela, A., Maurer, K., Singer, W., & Linden, D. E. J.
- Affiliations
- Goethe University Frankfurt (DE)
- Venue
- Archives of General Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2007-11-01
- Volume
- 64
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1229
- ISSN
- 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2096448210
- Cited by
- 215
- References
- 85
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 12.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Keywords
- early-onset schizophrenia, working memory deficits, P1 component, event-related potentials, extrastriate visual areas, visual processing deficits, working memory encoding, working memory retrieval, adolescents, working memory load
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Evoked Potentials, Visual, Female, Humans, Inpatients, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Memory Disorders, Outpatients, Schizophrenia, Visual Perception, Case-Control Studies
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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