Parenting and Adolescent Antisocial Behavior and Depression: Evidence of Genotype × Parenting Environment Interaction
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Little is known about the interplay of genotypes and malleable risk factors in influencing adolescent psychiatric symptoms and disorders. Information on these processes is crucial in designing programs for the prevention of psychiatric disorders. OBJECTIVE: To assess whether latent genetic factors and measured parent-child relationships interact (G x E) in predicting adolescent antisocial behavior and depression. DESIGN: We characterized risk of antisocial behavior and depression in adolescents by means of a genetically informed design. We used in-home questionnaire and observational measures of adolescent outcomes and environmental moderators (parenting), and a latent variable behavior genetic analytic model. SETTING: A nationally distributed sample recruited from random-digit dialing and national market panels. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 720 families with at least 2 children, 9 through 18 years old, stratified by genetic relatedness (monozygotic and dizygotic twins, full biological siblings in nondivorced and stepfamilies, and half-siblings and biologically unrelated siblings in stepfamilies). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Antisocial behavior and depressive symptoms. RESULTS: There was an interaction of genotype and both parental negativity and low warmth predicting overall antisocial behavior, as well as aggressive and nonaggressive forms of antisocial behavior, but not depression. Genetic influence was greater for adolescent antisocial behavior when parenting was more negative or less warm. Genotype-environment correlation was partialled out in the analysis and thus did not account for the results. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates, on the basis of careful measurement and appropriate analytic methods, that a continuous measure of parenting in the normative range moderates the influence of genotype on antisocial behavior.
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Studies have demonstrated a significant heritability for aggressive behaviors of up to 60%.
“Studies have demonstrated a significant heritability for aggressive behaviors of up to 60% [36–38].”
From Genetics of child aggression, a systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as [38]
The influence of genes on aggressive behaviors can be augmented by the environment such that it decreases with decreasing positive social feedback or increasing parental negativity.
“However the influence of genes can be augmented by the environment such that it decreases with decreasing positive social feedback [37] or increasing parental negativity [38].”
From Genetics of child aggression, a systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as [38]
Genetic factors (A), shared environment (C), and nonshared environment (E) account for 45%, 33%, and 22% of variance in antisocial behavior in families with low parental negativity.
“Genetic factors (A), shared environment (C), nonshared environment (E) account for 45%, 33%, 22% of variance in antisocial behavior in families with low parental negativity”
From Genetics of child aggression, a systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as Feinberg [38]
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- Authors
- Feinberg, M. E., Button, T. M. M., Neiderhiser, J. M., Reiss, D., & Hetherington, E. M.
- Affiliations
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- George Washington University (US)
- University of Virginia (US)
- Venue
- Archives of General Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2007-04-01
- Volume
- 64
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 457
- ISSN
- 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1982504957
- Cited by
- 153
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 16.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-43373, R01MH043373)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA 011015, P60DA011015)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (K23HD042575)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- parenting, adolescent antisocial behavior, adolescent depression, gene-environment interaction, parent-child relationship, negative parenting, parental warmth, aggression, genetic risk factors, genetically informed designs
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aggression, Antisocial Personality Disorder, Child, Depressive Disorder, Diseases in Twins, Female, Genotype, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Negativism, Parent-Child Relations, Surveys and Questionnaires, Research Design, Risk Factors, Twins, Dizygotic, Twins, Monozygotic, United States, Comorbidity, Parenting, Genetic Research
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