Cited by 3,005Substance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesAlcohol Consumption and Health EffectsPsychological Testing and Assessment

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Detecting Alcoholism: The CAGE Questionnaire

Ewing, John A.·1984·JAMA

DOI 10.1001/jama.1984.03350140051025

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Abstract

Four clinical interview questions, the CAGE questions, have proved useful in helping to make a diagnosis of alcoholism. The questions focus on Cutting down, Annoyance by criticism, Guilty feeling, and Eye-openers. The acronym "CAGE" helps the physician to recall the questions. How these questions were identified and their use in clinical and research studies are described. (JAMA1984;252:1905-1907)

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Crossref · 10.1001/jama.1984.03350140051025

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Alcohol Use and Substance Use Disorders in Gulf War, Afghanistan, and Iraq War Veterans Compared With Nondeployed Military Personnel
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Identification of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism with Biological Parameters
WATSON, R. R., Mohs, M. E., Eskelson, C., et al. (1986) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1986.tb05108.x · Cited by 88
Changes in access to structural social capital and its influence on self-rated health over time for middle-aged men and women: A longitudinal study from northern Sweden
Eriksson, M., & Ng, N. (2015) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.02.029 · Cited by 83
The Influence of Trust in Physicians and Trust in the Healthcare System on Linkage, Retention, and Adherence to HIV Care
Graham, J. L., Shahani, L., Grimes, R. M., Hartman, C. M., & Giordano, T. P. (2015) · AIDS Patient Care and STDs · doi:10.1089/apc.2015.0156 · Cited by 86
Substance-Use Disorders in Later Life
Lehmann, S. W., & Fingerhood, M. (2018) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra1805981 · Cited by 97
Alcohol consumption and attitudes towards banning alcohol sales on campus among European university students
Stock, C., Mikolajczyk, R., Bloomfield, K., Maxwell, A. E., Özcebe, H., Petkevičienė, J., Naydenova, V., Fernández, B. M., El-Ansari, W., & Krämer, A. (2009) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2008.12.009 · Cited by 83
Cognitive impairment and dementia in neurocysticercosis
de Andrade, D. C., Rodrigues, C. L., Abraham, R., Castro, L. H. M., LIVRAMENTO, J. A., Machado, L. R., Leite, C. C., & Caramelli, P. (2010) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181d9eda6 · Cited by 85
Assessment and Management of Chemical Coping in Patients With Cancer
Fabbro, E. D. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2013.52.5170 · Cited by 86
An exploration of the pretreatment coping strategies of patients with carcinoma of the head and neck
List, M. A., Smith, J. L., Stracks, J. S., Haraf, D. J., Kies, M. S., & Vokes, E. E. (2002) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.10653 · Cited by 86
“A yes response to two or more questions is considered indicative of alcohol dependence.(38,39) The CAGE has been used widely with a variety of samples, including cancer patients.”
Background
Correlates of Severity of Smoking Among Persons with Severe Mental Illness
Dixon, L. B., Medoff, D. R., Wohlheiter, K. A., DiClemente, C. C., Goldberg, R. W., Kreyenbuhl, J. A., Adams, C., Lucksted, A. A., & Davin, C. (2007) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1080/10550490601184415 · Cited by 86
Demographic, Symptom, and Medication Profiles of Cancer Patients Seen by a Palliative Care Consult Team in a Tertiary Referral Hospital
Jenkins, C. A., Schulz, M., Hanson, J., et al. (2000) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/s0885-3924(99)00154-2 · Cited by 86
Unsuspected Gonorrhea and Chlamydia in Patients of an Urban Adult Emergency Department
Mehta, S. D., Rothman, R. E., Kelen, G. D., Quinn, T. C., & Zenilman, J. M. (2001) · Sexually Transmitted Diseases · doi:10.1097/00007435-200101000-00008 · Cited by 84
Prevalence of pathological gambling in Switzerland after the opening of casinos and the introduction of new preventive legislation
Bondolfi, G., Jermann, F., Ferrero, F., ZULLINO, D. F., & Osiek, C. (2008) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2007.01149.x · Cited by 85
Alcohol and drug abuse among persons with multiple sclerosis
Bombardier, C., Blake, K., Ehde, D., Gibbons, L., Moore, D., & Kraft, G. (2004) · Multiple Sclerosis · doi:10.1191/1352458504ms989oa · Cited by 89
Etiology and diagnosis of bilateral leg edema in primary care
Blankfield, R. P., Finkelhor, R. S., Alexander, J. J., et al. (1998) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(98)00235-6 · Cited by 84
Health screening of people in police custody--evaluation of current police screening procedures in London, UK
McKinnon, I., & Грубин, Д. (2012) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/cks027 · Cited by 84
Drug, nicotine, and alcohol use among exercisers: Does substance addiction co-occur with exercise addiction?
Szabó, A., Griffiths, M. D., Høglid, R. A., & Demetrovics, Z. (2017) · Addictive Behaviors Reports · doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2017.12.001 · Cited by 87
“Lejoyeux et al. employed the CAGE (Cut down, Annoyed, Guilty and Eye-opener; Ewing, 1984) with one week retrospective assessments, whereas the present study adopted the AUDIT, which gauges existing and general drinking habits.”
Method
Obesity is associated with reduced cerebral blood flow – modified by physical activity
Knight, S. P., Laird, E. J., Williamson, W., O’Connor, J. D., Newman, L., Carey, D., Looze, C. D., Fagan, A. J., Chappell, M. A., Meaney, J. F., et al. (2021) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.04.008 · Cited by 74
“…heart: attack ever, failure, murmur, abnormal rhythm; high cholesterol; transient ischemic attack ever), diabetes, alco- hol consumption habits (CAGE),( Ewing, 1984 ) smoking history, and anti-hypertensive medication use (coded using the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification (ATC):…”
Method
The Rate of Age-Related Olfactory Decline Among the General Population of Older U.S. Adults
Pinto, J. M., Wroblewski, K., Kern, D. W., Schumm, L. P., & McClintock, M. K. (2015) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glv072 · Cited by 84
The relationship between staff burnout/distress and interactions with residents in two residential homes for older people
Jenkins, H., & Allen, C. (1998) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1166(199807)13:7 · Cited by 72
Using Alcohol Screening Results and Treatment History to Assess the Severity of At‐Risk Drinking in Veterans Affairs Primary Care Patients
Bradley, K. A., Kivlahan, D. R., Zhou, X., Sporleder, J. L., Epler, A. J., McCormick, K. A., Merrill, J. O., McDonell, M. B., & Fihn, S. D. (2004) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1097/01.alc.0000117836.38108.38 · Cited by 85
Screening and Identification of Older Adults with Alcohol Problems in Primary Care
Conigliaro, J. C., Kraemer, K. L., & McNeil, M. (2000) · Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology · doi:10.1177/089198870001300303 · Cited by 84
Childhood Mental Ability and Adult Alcohol Intake and Alcohol Problems: The 1970 British Cohort Study
Batty, G. D., Deary, I. J., Schoon, I., Emslie, C., Hunt, K., & Galé, C. R. (2008) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2007.109488 · Cited by 81
Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC): abuso de Internet, videojuegos, teléfonos móviles, mensajería instantánea y redes sociales mediante el MULTICAGE-TIC
Pérez, E. J. P., de León, J. M. R. S., Mota, G. R., Luque, M. L., Pedrero-Aguilar, J., Morales-Alonso, S., & García, C. P. (2017) · Adicciones · doi:10.20882/adicciones.806 · Cited by 83
Acute Alcohol Consumption Attenuates Interleukin-8 (IL-8) and Monocyte Chemoattractant Peptide-1 (MCP-1) Induction in Response to Ex Vivo Stimulation
Szabó, G., Chavan, S. S., Mandrekar, P., et al. (1999) · Journal of Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1023/a:1020518703050 · Cited by 84
“Alcohol use habits of blood donors were determined by a health assessment questionnaire which incorporates the AUDIT and CAGE tests and Health Screening Survey to identify frequency and quantities of their alcohol use (14-17).”
Method
Brief physician advice for heavy drinking college students: a randomized controlled trial in college health clinics
Fleming, M. F., Balousek, S. L., Grossberg, P. M., Mundt, M. P., Brown, D., Wiegel, J. R., Zakletskaia, L. I., & Saewyc, E. M. (2010) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.15288/jsad.2010.71.23 · Cited by 83

Authors: Ewing, J. A.
Corresponding author: Ewing, John A.
Venue: JAMA
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Published: 1984-10-12
Volume: 252
Issue: 14
Pages: 1905
ISSN: 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
0098-7484
DOI: 10.1001/jama.1984.03350140051025
OpenAlex: W4254121089
Cited by: 3,005
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 40 · 2025: 79 · 2024: 67 · 2023: 80 · 2022: 103 · 2021: 103 · 2020: 186 · 2019: 114 · 2018: 128 · 2017: 130 · 2016: 136 · 2015: 142 · 2014: 144 · 2013: 137 · 2012: 133
FWCI: 5.09
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: JAMA (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Alcohol Consumption and Health Effects
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Keywords: alcoholism, CAGE questionnaire, screening questions, clinical interview, diagnostic criteria

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Detecting Alcoholism: The CAGE Questionnaire

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