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Detecting Alcoholism: The CAGE Questionnaire
Abstract
Four clinical interview questions, the CAGE questions, have proved useful in helping to make a diagnosis of alcoholism. The questions focus on Cutting down, Annoyance by criticism, Guilty feeling, and Eye-openers. The acronym "CAGE" helps the physician to recall the questions. How these questions were identified and their use in clinical and research studies are described. (JAMA1984;252:1905-1907)
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“Για την ποσοτική αξιολόγηση της τρέχουσας καταθλιπτικής και αγχώδους συμπτωματολογίας, καθώς και της προβληματικής κατανάλωσης αλκοόλ, χρησιμοποιήθηκαν, αντίστοιχα, οι κλίμακες Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9 27,28 ), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI 29,30 ) και CAGE. 31,32”
From Clinical presentation and requests for support of people with HIV/AIDS seeking counselling and psychotherapy in Greece (2019) · cites this paper as [31]
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The Maracaibo City Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence Study: Design and Scope
Bermúdez, V., Marcano, R. P., Cano, C., Arráiz, N., Amell, A., Cabrera, M., Reyna, N., Mengual, E., Vega, L. V., Finol, F., et al. (2010) · American Journal of Therapeutics · doi:10.1097/mjt.0b013e3181c121bc · Cited by 46
Vandepitte, J., Müller, E. E., Bukenya, J. N., Nakubulwa, S. K., Kyakuwa, N., Buvé, A., Weiss, H. A., Hayes, R., & Grosskurth, H. (2011) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jir733 · Cited by 47
“At baseline, women were interviewed about their sociodemographic characteristics, sexual risk behavior, alcohol use (using the CAGE questionnaire [24]), intravaginal practices, reproductive health history and symptoms of STI.”
MethodRick, A. D., & Vanheule, S. (2007) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.11.013 · Cited by 49
“It consists of two questions from the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification test measuring quantity and frequency of alcohol use (AUDIT; World Health Organization, 1989) and three items from the CAGE questionnaire ( Ewing, 1984 ) questioning whether one feels annoyed by being criticized for drinking, whether one feels…”
MethodALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AND MIDLIFE COGNITIVE CHANGE IN THE BRITISH 1946 BIRTH COHORT STUDY
Richards, M., Hardy, R., & Wadsworth, M. E. J. (2004) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agh126 · Cited by 48
“1%) of the abstainers (six males and four females) reported that they had scored positive, at some time in their life, on at least two items in the CAGE screen, the recommended threshold with this measure for potential alcohol abuse (Ewing, 1984).”
BackgroundO’Neil, C. R., Palmer, A. K., Coulter, S., et al. (2012) · Journal of the International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care · doi:10.1177/1545109711423976 · Cited by 49
Audureau, E., Pouchot, J., & Coste, J. (2016) · Circulation. Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes · doi:10.1161/circoutcomes.115.002127 · Cited by 41
Eaton, L. A., Matthews, D. D., Bukowski, L. A., et al. (2018) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0000000000001822 · Cited by 49
Polymorphisms in the DBH and DRD2 gene regions and smoking behavior
Freire, M. T. M. V., Marques, F. Z., Hutz, M. H., & Bau, C. H. D. (2005) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-005-0610-x · Cited by 48
Preoperative Evaluation of Chronic Alcoholics Assessed for Surgery of the Upper Digestive Tract
Martin, M. J., von Heymann, C., Neumann, T., Schmidt, L., Soost, F., Mazurek, B., Böhm, B., Marks, C., Helling, K., Lenzenhuber, E., et al. (2002) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2002.tb02612.x · Cited by 49
Hickie, I. B., Koschera, A., Davenport, T. A., Naismith, S. L., & Scott, E. M. (2001) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2001.tb143787.x · Cited by 49
SUBSTANCE ABUSE DURING PREGNANCY
Wheeler, S. F. (1993) · Primary Care Clinics in Office Practice · doi:10.1016/s0095-4543(21)00375-4 · Cited by 48
ROMELSJÖ, A. (1998) · Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care · doi:10.1080/028134398750003160 · Cited by 49
Psychosocial Challenges in Solid Organ Transplantation
Kuntz, K., Weinland, S. R., & Butt, Z. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-015-9435-6 · Cited by 47
“…instruments are the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT; Allen, Reinert, & Volk, 2001); Berner, Kriston, Bentele, & Harter, 2007), the CAGE Questions Adapted to Include Drug Use (CAGEAID; Ewing, 1984; Mdege & Lang, 2011), and the Drug Abuse Screen Test (DAST; Cocco & Carey, 1998).”
MethodReed, D. D., Naudé, G. P., Gelino, B. W., & Amlung, M. T. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.011 · Cited by 48
Skaali, T., Fosså, S. D., Andersson, S., Cvancarova, M., Langberg, C. W., Lehne, G., & Dahl, A. A. (2011) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2010.12.004 · Cited by 48
A Comparison of Two Single‐Item Screeners for Hazardous Drinking and Alcohol Use Disorder
Dawson, D. A., Pulay, A. J., & Grant, B. F. (2009) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.01098.x · Cited by 48
“In addition, Bradley and colleagues (2001) reported that inclusion of quantity and frequency drinking measures substantially improved the sensitivity of the CAGE for detecting past-year AUD or hazardous drinking in a sample of VA patients.”
MethodInfluentialBrousse, G., Arnaud, B., Vorspan, F., Richard, D., Dissard, A., Dubois, M., Pic, D., Geneste, J., Xavier, L., Authier, N., et al. (2012) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/ags078 · Cited by 48
“The CAGE is a short questionnaire developed to detect life-time alcohol dependence with a threshold score of >1 (Ewing, 1984).”
BackgroundMethodDeiss, R., Clark, J. L., Konda, K. A., León, S. R., Klausner, J. D., Cáceres, C. F., & Coates, T. J. (2013) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.01.011 · Cited by 47
Tetrault, J. M., Green, M. L., Martino, S., Thung, S., Degutis, L. C., Ryan, S. A., Martel, S. H., Pantalon, M. V., Bernstein, S. L., O’Connor, P. G., et al. (2012) · Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/08897077.2011.640220 · Cited by 49
Teschke, R. (2018) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1080/14656566.2018.1465929 · Cited by 48
“Before initiating a therapy in severe AH, its diagnosis has to be validly established also regarding alcohol abuse as cause, best evaluated by canonical tests [99,100].”
BackgroundFrasier, P. Y., Belton, L., Hooten, E. G., Campbell, M. K., DeVellis, B. M., Benedict, S., Carrillo, C., Gonzalez, P., Kelsey, K., & Meier, A. (2004) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/1090198104266035 · Cited by 49
“Alcohol abuse was assessed using the four-item CAGE assessment tool.(44) CAGE is a short screening instrument commonly used in the clinical setting that asks if an individual has thought about Cutting down on their drinking, has been Annoyed by criticism about their drinking, has felt Guilty about their drinking, or h…”
MethodSchneekloth, T. D., Morse, R. M., Herrick, L. M., Suman, V. J., OFFORD, K. P., & Davis, L. J. (2001) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.4065/76.5.460 · Cited by 45
Risk Factors for Delirium Tremens in Trauma Patients
Lukan, J. K., Reed, D. N., Looney, S. W., et al. (2002) · The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care · doi:10.1097/00005373-200211000-00015 · Cited by 48
Incidence and prevalence of domestic violence in a UK emergency department
Boyle, A. A., & Todd, C. (2003) · Emergency Medicine Journal · doi:10.1136/emj.20.5.438 · Cited by 48
Alcohol Abuse: Prevalence and Detection in a General Hospital
Hearne, R., Connolly, A., & Sheehan, J. D. (2002) · Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1258/jrsm.95.2.84 · Cited by 104
Foster, J., MARSHALL, E. J., Hooper, R., & Peters, T. J. (1998) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1080/13556219872137 · Cited by 46
Townsend, L., Rosenthal, S. R., Parry, C. D. H., Zembe, Y., Mathews, C., & Flisher, A. J. (2010) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540121.2010.482128 · Cited by 46
Skråstad, R. B., Aamo, T. O., Andreassen, T. N., Havnen, H., Hveem, K., Krokstad, S., Salvesen, Ø. O., & Spigset, O. (2023) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agad015 · Cited by 46
“CAGE is a validated, simple and well-proven screening questionnaire for detecting lifetime alcohol use disorder (Ewing, 1984; O’Brien, 2008).”
BackgroundMartin, J. K., Roman, P. M., & Blum, T. C. (1996) · Sociological Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.1996.tb01754.x · Cited by 44
The behavioral economics of drunk driving
Sloan, F. A., Eldred, L. M., & Xu, Y. A. (2014) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2014.01.005 · Cited by 46
Dichter, M. E., Marcus, S. C., Wagner, C. A., & Bonomi, A. E. (2014) · Social Work in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/15332985.2013.870104 · Cited by 46
“Problem alcohol use was measured by the 4-item CAGE scale (Ewing, 1984) which asks that participants indicate whether or not the have experiences indicative of problematic alcohol use (e.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialImperatori, C., Innamorati, M., Bersani, F. S., Imbimbo, F., Pompili, M., Contardi, A., & Farina, B. (2015) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.1997 · Cited by 47
Human Performance Optimization Metrics
Nindl, B. C., Jaffin, D. P., Dretsch, M. N., Cheuvront, S. N., Wesensten, N. J., Kent, M. L., Grunberg, N. E., Pierce, J. R., Barry, E. S., Scott, J. M., et al. (2015) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000001114 · Cited by 53
“Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) (51) Acceptable to excellent Acceptable to excellent F, C, L U, R, C, L Free Short self report Limited range of values Quality-of-Life Scale (QOLS) (22) Good Good F, C, L U, R, C, L Free Short self report N/A Calling and Vocation Questionnaire (CVQ) (52) Good Acceptable to good F, C…”
BackgroundPathways into mental health care for UK veterans: a qualitative study
Mellotte, H., Murphy, D., Rafferty, L., & Greenberg, N. (2017) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2017.1389207 · Cited by 44
“The AUDIT-C has been shown to have reliable psychometric properties (e.g. Cronbach’s α > 0.79; Ewing, 1984).”
MethodInfluentialVetter, M. H., Vetter, M., & Fowler, J. (2018) · Gynecologic Oncology Reports · doi:10.1016/j.gore.2018.06.002 · Cited by 47
“Substance and alcohol abuse were measured by the DAST-10 and CAGE questionnaires (Ewing, 1984; Skinner, 1982).”
MethodPerez‐Cruz, P. E., Langer, P. D., Carrasco, C., Bonati, P., Batic, B., Tupper, L., & Otaiza, M. G. (2019) · Journal of Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1089/jpm.2018.0340 · Cited by 46
“18 The Memorial Delirium Assessment Scale (MDAS) is a previously validated 10-item instrument to assess delirium (0–30) with > 13 points suggesting a positive diagnosis.”
Psychiatric Emergencies in the Elderly Population
Piechniczek‐Buczek, J. (2006) · Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.emc.2006.01.008 · Cited by 48
Acute effects of alcohol on the development of intrusive memories
Bisby, J. A., Brewin, C. R., Leitz, J. R., & Valerie Curran, H. (2009) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-009-1496-5 · Cited by 46
“The CAGE (Ewing 1984) alcohol screening questionnaire was administered to assess individuals for problematic drinking and participants who scored 2 or more Psychopharmacology (2009) 204:655–666 657”
MethodManganese accentuates adverse mental health effects associated with alcohol use disorders
Sassine, M., Mergler, D., Bowler, R. M., & Hudnell, H. K. (2002) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01350-6 · Cited by 47
“Two or three affirmative answers constitute a high index of suspicion and the existence of even one affirmative response to the four questions calls for further investigation (Ewing 1984).”
BackgroundMethodPickens, S. L., Naik, A. D., Burnett, J., Kelly, P. A., Gleason, M. S., & Dyer, C. B. (2007) · Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners · doi:10.1111/j.1745-7599.2007.00205.x · Cited by 47
“…Williams,&Gill, 2003); physical performance test (Reuben & Siu, 1990); KELS (Kohlman-Thomson, 1992); cutannoyed-guilty-eye (CAGE) questionnaire (Ewing, 1984); alcohol use disorders identification test (World Health Organization, 1992); geriatric depression scale (Yeasavage et al., 1983);…”
BackgroundMethodDecreases in recollective experience following acute alcohol: a dose–response study
Bisby, J. A., Leitz, J. R., Morgan, C. J. A., & Curran, H. V. (2009) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-009-1709-y · Cited by 45
“The CAGE (Ewing 1984) alcohol screening questionnaire was administered to assess individuals for problematic drinking.”
MethodADDICTIVE DISORDERS IN ADOLESCENTS
Kaminer, Y. (1999) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0193-953x(05)70076-9 · Cited by 47
Freedland, E. S., McMicken, D. B., & D’Onofrio, G. (1993) · Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0733-8627(20)30668-4 · Cited by 47
Vissoci, J. R. N., Hertz, J., El-Gabri, D., Andrade Do Nascimento, J. R., Pestillo De Oliveira, L., Mmbaga, B. T., Mvungi, M., & Staton, C. A. (2018) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agx058 · Cited by 40
“The original scales used were the AUDIT (Saunders et al., 1993) and CAGE (Ewing, 1984) questionnaires.”
MethodResultGross, A. L., Rebok, G. W., Ford, D. E., Chu, A. Y., Gallo, J. J., Liang, K.-Y., Meoni, L. A., Shihab, H. M., Wang, N.-Y., & Klag, M. J. (2011) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbq062 · Cited by 44
The Prevention and Treatment of Gambling Disorders: Some Art, Some Science
Derevensky, J. L. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.024 · Cited by 45
Domhnaill, C. M., Douglas, O., Lyons, S., Murphy, E., & Nolan, A. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-11853-y · Cited by 47
“Source: TILDA a In Ireland, primary education generally caters for students between 4 and 11 years, and secondary education between 12 and 18 years b Physical activity is categorised on the International Physical Activity Questionnaire scale [58] c Social connectedness is categorised on the Berkman-Syme Social Network…”
MethodHarris, S. K., Herr-Zaya, K., Weinstein, Z., Whelton, K., Perfas, F. B., Castro-Donlan, C., Straus, J. H., Schoneman, K., Botticelli, M. P., & Levy, S. (2012) · Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/08897077.2011.645950 · Cited by 45
“The popular 4-item CAGE screening tool (11, 12) has good psychometric properties for identifying risky alcohol use by adults but it has been shown to lack sensitivity with adolescents, and is not recommended for this age group (13).”
MethodIntimate Partner Violence and Health
Clark, J., & Mont, J. D. (2003) · Canadian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/bf03405053 · Cited by 46
Gutiérrez-Rojas, L., Jurado, D., Martínez-Ortega, J. M., & Manuel Gurpegui, A. (2010) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.05.021 · Cited by 46
“Patients also filled the CAGE questionnaire (Ewing, 1984).”
Gerbert, B., Berg-Smith, S., Mancuso, M., Caspers, N., McPhee, S. J., Null, D., & Wofsy, J. (2003) · Health Promotion Practice · doi:10.1177/1524839903004003009 · Cited by 45
“…14 drinks a week, drank more than five drinks on one occasion in the past 3 months, or gave two or more positive answers to the four CAGE questions (Ewing, 1984) and (b) women who drink more than seven drinks a week, drank more than four drinks on one occasion in the past 3 months, or gave two or…”
BackgroundAntioxidant Therapy in Idiopathic Tinnitus: Preliminary Outcomes
Savastano, M., Brescia, G., & Marioni, G. (2007) · Archives of Medical Research · doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2006.12.004 · Cited by 46
Alcohol consumption, drinking patterns, and cognitive function in older Eastern European adults
Horvat, P., Richards, M., Kubínová, R., Pająk, A., Malyutina, S. K., Shishkin, S. V., Pikhart, H., Peasey, A., Marmot, M. G., Singh‐Manoux, A., et al. (2014) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000001164 · Cited by 46
Physical activity and depressive symptoms in community-dwelling elders from southern Brazil
Reichert, C. L., Diogo, C. L., Vieira, J. L., & Corte, R. R. D. (2011) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/s1516-44462011005000006 · Cited by 43
Hill, T. D., Uchino, B. N., Eckhardt, J. L., & Angel, J. L. (2016) · Research on Aging · doi:10.1177/0164027515620239 · Cited by 44
“We use the Cut, Annoyed, Guilty, Eye Opener (CAGE) questionnaire to measure heavy drinking and drinking problems (Ewing, 1984).”
MethodSwahn, M. H., Culbreth, R. E., Tumwesigye, N. M., Topalli, V., Wright, E. R., & Kasirye, R. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15061061 · Cited by 45
“Scores are totaled and scores of 2 or more are considered “clinically significant,” and therefore, classified as problem drinkers [55].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSoloveva, A. E., Kobalava, Z. D., Fudim, M., Ambrosy, A. P., Вадимовна, В. С., Bayarsaikhan, M., Владимировна, Г. И., & Naumenko, M. (2019) · Journal of Cardiac Failure · doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2019.01.020 · Cited by 47
Roberge, P., Provencher, M. D., Gaboury, I., Gosselin, P., Vasiliadis, H., Benoît, A., Carrier, N., Antony, M. M., Chaillet, N., Houle, J., et al. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720004316 · Cited by 50
“Filter 1: Self-referred individuals completed an online screening survey that included brief eligibility questions (e.g. age, region), mental disorder diagnosis by a professional, screening questions for common mental disorders, as well as the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7; cut point value ⩾8) (Spitzer, Kroenk…”
Backgroundvon Heymann, C., Langenkamp, J., Dubisz, N., von Dossow, V., Schaffartzik, W., Kern, H., Kox, W. J., & Spies, C. (2002) · The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care · doi:10.1097/00005373-200201000-00017 · Cited by 46
Role of Gender, Substance Use, and Serious Mental Illness in Anticipated Postjail Homelessness
Fries, L., Fedock, G. L., & Kubiak, S. P. (2014) · Social Work Research · doi:10.1093/swr/svu014 · Cited by 47
Potvin, S., Blanchet, P. J., & Stip, É. (2009) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2009.06.010 · Cited by 46
“Cut down, Annoyed, Guilty, Eye-opener (Ewing, 1984); CATIE = Clinical Antipsych”
BackgroundThe concept of temperament in psychoactive substance use among college students
Unseld, M., Dworschak, G., Tran, U. S., Plener, P. L., Erfurth, A., Walter, H., Lesch, O., & Kapusta, N. D. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.03.028 · Cited by 47
“The CAGE questionnaire (Ewing, 1984) has good sensitivity and specificity for alcohol dependence (Bradley et al.”
BackgroundA Metric of Maternal Prenatal Risk Drinking Predicts Neurobehavioral Outcomes in Preschool Children
Chiodo, L. M., Janisse, J. J., Delaney‐Black, V., Sokol, R. J., & Hannigan, J. H. (2009) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00878.x · Cited by 46
Health promotion and disease prevention in the emergency department: a feasibility study
Cummings, G. E., Francescutti, L. H., Predy, G., & Cummings, G. G. (2006) · Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1017/s1481803500013543 · Cited by 44
Alcohol misuse, gender and depressive symptoms in community‐dwelling seniors
John, P. D. S., Montgomery, P. R., & Tyas, S. L. (2008) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.2131 · Cited by 45
Werner, M. J., Joffe, A., & Graham, A. V. (1999) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.103.s2.1099 · Cited by 47
Prescott, C. A., Sullivan, P. F., Myers, J., et al. (2005) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1097/01.alc.0000156085.50418.07 · Cited by 46
Alcohol intake and brain white matter in middle aged men: microscopic and macroscopic differences
McEvoy, L. K., Fennema-Notestine, C., Elman, J. A., Eyler, L. T., Franz, C. E., Hagler, D. J., Hatton, S. N., Lyons, M. J., Panizzon, M. S., Dale, A. M., et al. (2018) · NeuroImage: Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2018.02.006 · Cited by 41
“Participants also completed the Cage questionnaire, a 4 question interview designed to detect problematic drinking; scores> 1 are indicative of potential for alcohol use disorder (Ewing, 1984).”
BackgroundTanning addiction: current trends and future treatment
Poorsattar, S. P., & Hornung, R. L. (2010) · Expert Review of Dermatology · doi:10.1586/edm.10.14 · Cited by 45
Considering the Overlap and Nonoverlap of Compulsivity, Impulsivity, and Addiction
Blum, A. W., & Grant, J. E. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.038 · Cited by 44
Neurobiological Foundations of Behavioral Addictions
Vaccaro, A. G., & Potenza, M. N. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.016 · Cited by 45
Problematic alcohol use and HIV risk among Black men who have sex with men in Massachusetts
Reisner, S. L., Mimiaga, M. J., Bland, S. E., Skeer, M. R., Cranston, K., Isenberg, D., Driscoll, M. A., & Mayer, K. H. (2010) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540120903311482 · Cited by 45
“However, the CAGE remains a validated brief screener for problematic alcohol use, particularly among primary care and emergency room populations (Cherpitel, 1998, 2002; Cook, Chung, Kelly, & Clark, 2005; Ewing, 1984; Knowlton et al., 1994; Mayfield et al., 1974; Steinbauer, Cantor, Holzer, & Volk, 1998).”
BackgroundThe Unstructured Clinical Interview
JONES, K. D. (2010) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/j.1556-6678.2010.tb00013.x · Cited by 46
Lopes, M. A., Furtado, E. F., Ferriolli, E., Litvoc, J., & Bottino, C. M. D. C. (2010) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.01142.x · Cited by 42
General coping strategies and their impact on quality of life in older adults with schizophrenia
Cohen, C. I., Hassamal, S., & Begum, N. (2011) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2010.12.023 · Cited by 45
“We generated the variables for the analysis using the following instruments: (a) Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS; Kay et al., 1992) which includes 30 items of psychopathology with possible scores ranging from 30 to 210; (b) Financial Strain Scale (Pearlin et al., 1981) comprising 9 items with scores rangin…”
Wine and health: faraway concepts?
Samoggia, A. (2016) · British Food Journal · doi:10.1108/bfj-07-2015-0267 · Cited by 45
“2 per cent, compared to 14 per cent in the sample from the CAGE indicator (Ewing, 1984).”
BackgroundKassm, S. A., Hoertel, N., Naja, W., McMahon, K., Barrière, S., Blumenstock, Y., Portefaix, C., Raucher‐Chéné, D., Bera‐Potelle, C., Cuervo-Lombard, C.-V., et al. (2019) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2019.03.036 · Cited by 44
Petruželka, B., Vacek, J., Gavurová, B., Kubák, M., Gabrhelík, R., Rogalewicz, V., & Barták, M. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17134803 · Cited by 43
“The Lie/Bet Questionnaire [35] was used to measure the risk of problematic gambling, and the CAGE questionnaire [36] and the Cannabis Abuse Screening Test (CAST) [37] were used to measure the risk of problematic use of alcohol and cannabis respectively.”
MethodExercise dependence among customers from a Parisian sport shop
Lejoyeux, M., Guillot, C., Chalvin, F., Petit, A., & Lequen, V. (2012) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/jba.1.2012.1.3 · Cited by 45
“Subjects answered the CAGE (Cut Down, Annoyed, Guilty, Eye opener) questionnaire (Ewing, 1984).”
MethodSomatisation in Primary Care in Spain
García‐Campayo, J., Campos, R., Marcos, G., Peréz-Echeverría, M. J., Lobo, A., & GMPPZ, T. (1996) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.168.3.348 · Cited by 44
Reid, M. C., Van Ness, P. H., Hawkins, K. A., Towle, V., Concato, J., & Guo, Z. (2006) · Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology · doi:10.1177/0891988706286513 · Cited by 44
Social Isolation and Mortality Among People Living with HIV in British Columbia, Canada
Marziali, M. E., McLinden, T., Card, K. G., Closson, K., Wang, L., Trigg, J., Salters, K., Lima, V. D., Parashar, S., & Hogg, R. S. (2020) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-020-03000-2 · Cited by 44
Mindfulness-Based Interventions Applied to Addiction Treatments
Kechter, A., & Black, D. S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.040 · Cited by 43
Multiple Memory Systems, Addiction, and Health Habits: New Routes for Translational Science
Stacy, A. W., Pike, J. R., & Lee, A. Y. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.017 · Cited by 43
Neurobiology of Substance Addictions
Christie, N. C., & Bechara, A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.015 · Cited by 44
Sensitization of Incentive Salience and the Transition to Addiction
Warlow, S. M., Baumgartner, H. M., Freeland, C. M., Naffziger, E. E., Olney, J. J., Berridge, K. C., & Robinson, M. J. F. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.006 · Cited by 46
Tanning as an Addiction: The State of the Research and Implications for Intervention
Miller, K. A., & Mays, D. M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.037 · Cited by 43
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Examining COVID-19 vaccine uptake and attitudes among 2SLGBTQ+ youth experiencing homelessness
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Prevalence and correlates of eating disorders among young adults in Finland
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Chemical coping versus pseudoaddiction in patients with cancer pain
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“Patients’ characteristics, including CAGE scores (Mayfield et al., 1974; Ewing, 1984), are summarized in Table 1.”
BackgroundConsumption of Alcoholic Beverages Among Pregnant Urban Ugandan Women
Namagembe, I., Jackson, L. W., Zullo, M. D., Frank, S., Byamugisha, J. K., & Sethi, A. K. (2009) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-009-0500-3 · Cited by 43
Brief Approaches to Alcohol Screening: Practical Alternatives for Primary Care
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“3. How often in the last year have you had 6 or more drinks on one occasion? Never (0 points); 3 ); daily or almost (4) 882 Bradley et al.: Brief Approaches to Alcohol Screening JGIM”
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Rukundo, G. Z., Mishara, B. L., & Kinyanda, E. (2016) · AIDS Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2016/3015468 · Cited by 43
“The CAGE questionnaire [19], consisting of four “yes-no” questions, was used to screen for alcohol abuse and dependence.”
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Clinicians' guide to evaluating diagnostic and screening tests in psychiatry
Warner, J. P. (2004) · Advances in Psychiatric Treatment · doi:10.1192/apt.10.6.446 · Cited by 44
Detection of Alcoholism in Three Populations by the Brief‐Mast
Chan, A. W. K., Pristach, E. A., & Welte, J. W. (1994) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1994.tb00933.x · Cited by 42
The Family Map: Structured Family Interview to Identify Risks and Strengths in Head Start Families
Whiteside-Mansell, L., Bradley, R. H., Conners, N. A., & Bokony, P. A. (2007) · NHSA Dialog · doi:10.1080/15240750701742239 · Cited by 44
Alcohol Use Disorder and Illicit Drug Use in Admissions to General Hospitals in the United States
Smothers, B. A., & Yahr, H. T. (2005) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1080/10550490590949433 · Cited by 43
Metadata
- Authors
- Ewing, J. A.
- Corresponding author
- Ewing, John A.
- Venue
- JAMA
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 1984-10-12
- Volume
- 252
- Issue
- 14
- Pages
- 1905
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- OpenAlex
- W4254121089
- Cited by
- 3,005
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 40 · 2025: 79 · 2024: 67 · 2023: 80 · 2022: 103 · 2021: 103 · 2020: 186 · 2019: 114 · 2018: 128 · 2017: 130 · 2016: 136 · 2015: 142 · 2014: 144 · 2013: 137 · 2012: 133
- FWCI
- 5.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Alcohol Consumption and Health Effects
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- alcoholism, CAGE questionnaire, screening questions, clinical interview, diagnostic criteria
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