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Detecting Alcoholism: The CAGE Questionnaire
Abstract
Four clinical interview questions, the CAGE questions, have proved useful in helping to make a diagnosis of alcoholism. The questions focus on Cutting down, Annoyance by criticism, Guilty feeling, and Eye-openers. The acronym "CAGE" helps the physician to recall the questions. How these questions were identified and their use in clinical and research studies are described. (JAMA1984;252:1905-1907)
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“Για την ποσοτική αξιολόγηση της τρέχουσας καταθλιπτικής και αγχώδους συμπτωματολογίας, καθώς και της προβληματικής κατανάλωσης αλκοόλ, χρησιμοποιήθηκαν, αντίστοιχα, οι κλίμακες Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9 27,28 ), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI 29,30 ) και CAGE. 31,32”
From Clinical presentation and requests for support of people with HIV/AIDS seeking counselling and psychotherapy in Greece (2019) · cites this paper as [31]
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“The CAGE Questionnaire.”
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“(Ewing, 1984) * The World Health Organisation Core Screening Instrument.”
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“We also used the CAGE test [27] to assess alcohol use.”
MethodSchuster, J., Hoertel, N., von Gunten, A., Seigneurie, A.-S., & Limosin, F. (2019) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610219000358 · Cited by 33
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Spectrum, Screening, and Diagnosis of Alcohol-related Liver Disease
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MethodA Lifecourse Approach to Long-Term Sickness Absence—A Cohort Study
Henderson, M., Clark, C., Stansfeld, S. A., & Hotopf, M. H. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0036645 · Cited by 30
“. Participants who answered positively to questions on the inventory about either ‘arthritis or rheumatism’ or ‘back pain lasting more than 1 day’ in the last year were included as having symptoms of a musculoskeletal disorder. The 4-item CAGE questionnaire was completed and those scoring at least 2 were classed as ‘p…”
BackgroundAssessment and Diagnosis of Sexual Addiction
Coleman-Kennedy, C., & Pendley, A. (2002) · Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association · doi:10.1067/mpn.2002.128827 · Cited by 32
“Another brief, yet sensitive tool is the CAGE (Cutting down, Annoyance, Guilty feeling, and Eye-openers) questionnaire (Ewing, 1984).”
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“Subjects were defined as being alcohol dependent if they had ≥2 affirmative answers to the CAGE questions in 2000 (“have you tried to cut down on your drinking?”, “have people annoyed you by criticizing your drinking?”, “have you ever felt guilty about your drinking?”, have you ever had a drink first thing in the morn…”
BackgroundDas‐Munshi, J., Clark, C., Dewey, M. E., Leavey, G., Stansfeld, S. A., & Prince, M. J. (2013) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001335 · Cited by 31
Sigurðardóttir, S., Anđelić, N., Røe, C., & Schanke, A.-K. (2014) · Brain Injury · doi:10.3109/02699052.2014.934285 · Cited by 31
“questionnaire [43] was used to screen for alcohol and drug problems and was administrated at 1 year and 5 years postinjury.”
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Provider, Patient, and Family Perspectives of Adolescent Alcohol Use and Treatment in Rural Settings
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Strotmeyer, E. S., Winger, M. E., Cauley, J. A., Boudreau, R. M., Cusick, D., Collins, R. F., Chalhoub, D., Buehring, B., Orwoll, E., Harris, T. B., et al. (2018) · The Journal of nutrition, health and aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-018-1081-x · Cited by 32
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Ferguson, T. F., Theall, K. P., Brashear, M., Maffei, V., Beauchamp, A., Siggins, R. W., Simon, L., Mercante, D., Nelson, S., Welsh, D. A., et al. (2020) · Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.14336 · Cited by 26
“(Kiluk et al., 2013, Tang et al., 2011, Ewing, 1984, Schafer and Fals-Stewart, 1997, Skinner and Allen, 1982, Saunders et al., 1993) All of these assessments have varying lengths and have been validated in multiple populations for focusing on symptoms or outcomes, or different psychometric…”
BackgroundTheis (2016) · doi:10.1016/j.cnur.2016.01.007 · Cited by 24
Leverage, the Treatment Relationship, and Treatment Participation
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Multidimensional variability in ecological assessments predicts two clusters of suicidal patients.
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Psychometric properties of the German version of the CRAFFT
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Kenter, R. M., van Straten, A., Hobbel, S., Smit, F., Bosmans, J., Beekman, A., & Cuijpers, P. (2013) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-14-412 · Cited by 13
“(sections N + C) Neuroticism and conscientiousness traits X CAGE Alcohol consumption X CEQ Expectancy and treatment X AOCEQ Expectations of the internet intervention X CSQ-8 Client satisfaction with treatment X AOCSQ Satisfaction with type of intervention X AOCEQ ‘Alles Onder Controle’ Expectation Questionnaire, AOCSQ…”
MethodScreening and brief intervention for risky alcohol use
Zoorob, R., Snell, H., Kihlberg, C., & Senturias, Y. (2014) · Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care · doi:10.1016/j.cppeds.2013.12.011 · Cited by 12
Zervakis, J., Stechuchak, K., Olsen, M., Swanson, J., Oddone, E., Weinberger, M., Bryce, E., Butterfield, M., Swartz, M., & Strauss, J. (2007) · International Journal of Forensic Mental Health · doi:10.1080/14999013.2007.10471255 · Cited by 11
Kascakova, N., Petrikova, M., Furstova, J., Hasto, J., Geckova, A. M., & Tavel, P. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-14160-2 · Cited by 14
Racial differences in data quality and completeness: spinal cord injury model systems’ experiences
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Seekles, M. L., Briegal, E., Biggane, A. M., & Obasi, A. I. (2023) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/dar.13715 · Cited by 8
“Multi-item screening instruments like the CRAFFT (acronym for Car, Relax, Alone, Forget, Friends, Trouble) [9] and CAGE (acronym for Cut Down, Annoyed, Guilty and Eye Opener) [10] include dependency indicators capturing adverse consequences of drinking.”
MethodSubstance‐Related Disorders: Alcohol‐Related Disorders
Babor, T. F., Hernandez‐Avila, C. A., & Ungemack, J. A. (2015) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/9781118753378.ch72 · Cited by 8
Peltekis, A., & Koulentianou, M. (2019) · Psychiatriki · doi:10.22365/jpsych.2019.302.120 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Ewing, J. A.
- Corresponding author
- Ewing, John A.
- Venue
- JAMA
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 1984-10-12
- Volume
- 252
- Issue
- 14
- Pages
- 1905
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- OpenAlex
- W4254121089
- Cited by
- 3,005
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 40 · 2025: 79 · 2024: 67 · 2023: 80 · 2022: 103 · 2021: 103 · 2020: 186 · 2019: 114 · 2018: 128 · 2017: 130 · 2016: 136 · 2015: 142 · 2014: 144 · 2013: 137 · 2012: 133
- FWCI
- 5.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Alcohol Consumption and Health Effects
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- alcoholism, CAGE questionnaire, screening questions, clinical interview, diagnostic criteria
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