Cited by 3,005Substance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesAlcohol Consumption and Health EffectsPsychological Testing and Assessment

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Detecting Alcoholism: The CAGE Questionnaire

Ewing, John A.·1984·JAMA

DOI 10.1001/jama.1984.03350140051025

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Abstract

Four clinical interview questions, the CAGE questions, have proved useful in helping to make a diagnosis of alcoholism. The questions focus on Cutting down, Annoyance by criticism, Guilty feeling, and Eye-openers. The acronym "CAGE" helps the physician to recall the questions. How these questions were identified and their use in clinical and research studies are described. (JAMA1984;252:1905-1907)

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Crossref · 10.1001/jama.1984.03350140051025

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Validity of the CAGE questionnaire for screening alcohol-dependent inpatients on hospital wards
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“In addition, 28% of male and 10% of female participants scored above the cutoff level on the CAGE questionnaire (Ewing, 1984), indicating that they had experienced symptoms of alcohol use problems, which were most prevalent in the lowest socioeconomic stratum (i.e., poorest segment) of the sample…”
Background
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Background
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BackgroundInfluential
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“Health conditions and behaviours were assessed by the Insomnia Severity Index [44], CAGE questionnaire [45], and selected items from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey [46] and the National Health Interview Survey [47].”
Method
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“Alcohol misuse was rated in the SCAP instrument with the CAGE alcohol use screening instrument [9].”
Method
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“Other instruments (sometimes regarded as full screening tools) contain questions about alcohol-related problems or dependence symptoms, including the CAGE (need to Cut-down, others Annoyed, feel Guilty, had an Eye-opener) [40] and the T-ACE (replacing the CAGE guilt question with an item regarding tolerance) [41].”
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Authors: Ewing, J. A.
Corresponding author: Ewing, John A.
Venue: JAMA
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Published: 1984-10-12
Volume: 252
Issue: 14
Pages: 1905
ISSN: 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
0098-7484
DOI: 10.1001/jama.1984.03350140051025
OpenAlex: W4254121089
Cited by: 3,005
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 40 · 2025: 79 · 2024: 67 · 2023: 80 · 2022: 103 · 2021: 103 · 2020: 186 · 2019: 114 · 2018: 128 · 2017: 130 · 2016: 136 · 2015: 142 · 2014: 144 · 2013: 137 · 2012: 133
FWCI: 5.09
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: JAMA (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Alcohol Consumption and Health Effects
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Keywords: alcoholism, CAGE questionnaire, screening questions, clinical interview, diagnostic criteria

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Detecting Alcoholism: The CAGE Questionnaire

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