Cited by 3,005Substance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesAlcohol Consumption and Health EffectsPsychological Testing and Assessment

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Detecting Alcoholism: The CAGE Questionnaire

Ewing, John A.·1984·JAMA

DOI 10.1001/jama.1984.03350140051025

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Abstract

Four clinical interview questions, the CAGE questions, have proved useful in helping to make a diagnosis of alcoholism. The questions focus on Cutting down, Annoyance by criticism, Guilty feeling, and Eye-openers. The acronym "CAGE" helps the physician to recall the questions. How these questions were identified and their use in clinical and research studies are described. (JAMA1984;252:1905-1907)

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Crossref · 10.1001/jama.1984.03350140051025

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BackgroundMethod
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Method
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Method
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“Ewing JA: Detecting alcoholism: the CAGE questionnaire.”
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Method
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“The CAGE Questionnaire (Ewing, 1984) is a 4-item instrument used to identify individuals with a possible alcohol problem.”
Method
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Method
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“(b) Potential alcohol abuse in the past year was assessed using the four CAGE questions (Ewing, 1984), i.e.”
MethodInfluential
Identifying substance abuse in maltreating families: A child welfare challenge
Dore, M. M., Doris, J. M., & Wright, P. (1995) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/0145-2134(95)00013-x · Cited by 146
Clinically Significant Depressive Symptoms as a Risk Factor for HIV Infection Among Black MSM in Massachusetts
Reisner, S. L., Mimiaga, M. J., Skeer, M. R., Bright, D. M., Cranston, K., Isenberg, D., Bland, S. E., Barker, T. A., & Mayer, K. H. (2009) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-009-9571-9 · Cited by 147
“Although some research suggests performancerelated differences by gender, race, or ethnicity on the CAGE instrument, the CAGE remains a validated brief screener for alcohol use disorders, particularly among primary care and emergency room populations (Cherpitel 1998, 2002; Cook et al. 2005; Ewing 1984; Knowlton et al.…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
A heartfelt response: oxytocin effects on response to social stress in men and women
Kubzansky, L. D., Mendes, W. B., Appleton, A. A., Block, J., & Adler, G. K. (2012) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.02.010 · Cited by 142
“Further exclusions included obesity, pregnancy, breastfeeding, smoking, heavy alcohol use, and drug abuse (as assessed by validated instruments, the CAGE and the RAGS, Ewing, 1984; Sobell et al., 1999).”
Does subtle screening for substance abuse work? A review of the Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Inventory (SASSI)
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“On convergent validity, SASSI direct scale scores and classifications generally agree with the results of other direct screening instruments such as the CAGE [48] and MAST [6].”
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“Teleconsulation in psychology: The use of vidolinks for interviewing and assessing elderly patients. Age and Aging, 30, 191–195. van Hout, H., Vernooij-Dassen, M., Bakker, K., Blom, M., & Grol, R. (2000). General practioners on dementia: Tasks, practices and obstacles. Patient Education and Counseling, 39, 219–225. Wa…”
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“In clinical routine, the CAGE ( 43 ) is a short, precise, and feasible 4-item questionnaire (Table 2). Patients with a CAGE score .2 are considered chronic alcoholics.”
Background
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“All adjusted for age, sex, smoking, physical activity (MET-min/d), total energy intake group, recruiting center, educational level, the number of persons living at home an the CAGE questionnaire) [21] were explicitly excluded from this trial because this was one of the exclusion criteria.”
Method
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Randomized trial of case-finding for depression in elderly primary care patients
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The relationship between alcohol consumption and cortisol secretion in an aging cohort
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“Problem drinking was assessed using the cutting down, annoyance by criticism, guilty feeling, and eye-openers (CAGE) questionnaire ( 20 ), whichisatoolfordetectionofproblemdrinkers,notaclinicaldiagnostic tool (21).”
Method
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Egholm, J. W. M., Pedersen, B., Møller, A. M., Adami, J., Juhl, C. B., & Tønnesen, H. (2018) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008343.pub3 · Cited by 141
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Complex Factors and Behaviors in the Gambling Population of Italy
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Quality of life in bipolar disorder patients: a comparison with a general population sample
Gutiérrez‐Rojas, L., Gurpegui, M., Ayuso‐Mateos, J. L., Gutiérrez‐Ariza, J. A., Ruiz‐Veguilla, M., & Jurado, D. (2008) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2008.00604.x · Cited by 137
Alcohol consumption and HIV disease progression: are they related?
Samet, J., Horton, N. J., Traphagen, E. T., Lyon, S. M., & Freedberg, K. (2003) · Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1097/01.alc.0000065438.80967.56 · Cited by 136

Authors: Ewing, J. A.
Corresponding author: Ewing, John A.
Venue: JAMA
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Published: 1984-10-12
Volume: 252
Issue: 14
Pages: 1905
ISSN: 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
0098-7484
DOI: 10.1001/jama.1984.03350140051025
OpenAlex: W4254121089
Cited by: 3,005
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 40 · 2025: 79 · 2024: 67 · 2023: 80 · 2022: 103 · 2021: 103 · 2020: 186 · 2019: 114 · 2018: 128 · 2017: 130 · 2016: 136 · 2015: 142 · 2014: 144 · 2013: 137 · 2012: 133
FWCI: 5.09
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: JAMA (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Alcohol Consumption and Health Effects
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Keywords: alcoholism, CAGE questionnaire, screening questions, clinical interview, diagnostic criteria

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Detecting Alcoholism: The CAGE Questionnaire

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