Cited by 3,005Substance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesAlcohol Consumption and Health EffectsPsychological Testing and Assessment

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Detecting Alcoholism: The CAGE Questionnaire

Ewing, John A.·1984·JAMA

DOI 10.1001/jama.1984.03350140051025

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Abstract

Four clinical interview questions, the CAGE questions, have proved useful in helping to make a diagnosis of alcoholism. The questions focus on Cutting down, Annoyance by criticism, Guilty feeling, and Eye-openers. The acronym "CAGE" helps the physician to recall the questions. How these questions were identified and their use in clinical and research studies are described. (JAMA1984;252:1905-1907)

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Crossref · 10.1001/jama.1984.03350140051025

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Method
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Influential
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Method
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Background
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Method
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Background
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Background
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Method
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“Although frequently used as a dichotomous indicator, the CAGE has also been used as a continuous variable by Ewing (1984).”
Method
Quality of life of alcoholics and non-alcoholics: does excessive drinking make a difference in the urban setting?
Welsh, J. A., Buchsbaum, D. G., & Kaplan, C. (1993) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/bf00449428 · Cited by 37
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Rural Areas and Small Cities of the Southeast: Contributions of Migration and Behavior
Lansky, A., Nakashima, A. K., Diaz, T., et al. (2000) · The Journal of Rural Health · doi:10.1111/j.1748-0361.2000.tb00433.x · Cited by 40
Incremental benefit-cost of MOMCare: collaborative care for perinatal depression among economically disadvantaged women
Grote, N. K., Simon, G. E., Russo, J., Lohr, M. J., Carson, K., & Katon, W. (2017) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201600411 · Cited by 39
Evaluation of the Addictions Neuroclinical Assessment (ANA) framework through deep phenotyping of problem drinkers
Nieto, S. J., Grodin, E. N., Green, R., & Ray, L. A. (2021) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108603 · Cited by 36
“…48 drinks per month; (ii) greater than 4 or 7 drinks per week for females and greater than 6 or 14 drinks per week for males; (iii) an Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT;(Saunders et al., 1993)) score of 8 of higher; (iv) a score of 2 or higher on the CAGE questionnaire (Ewing, 1984).”
Background
Non‐alcoholic beverage consumption among US adults who consume alcohol
Bowdring, M. A., McCarthy, D. M., Fairbairn, C. E., & Prochaska, J. J. (2024) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.16452 · Cited by 46
Bestimmung der konkurrenten Validität des CRAFFT-d: Ein Screeninginstrument für problematischen Alkoholkonsum bei Jugendlichen
Tossmann, P., Kasten, L., Lang, P., & Strüber, E. (2009) · Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1024/1422-4917.37.5.451 · Cited by 38
Alcohol Use, Working Conditions, Job Benefits, and the Legacy of the “Dop” System among Farm Workers in the Western Cape Province, South Africa: Hope Despite High Levels of Risky Drinking
Gossage, J. P., Snell, C. L., Parry, C. D. H., Marais, A., Barnard, R., de Vries, M. M., Blankenship, J., Seedat, S., Hasken, J. M., & May, P. A. (2014) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph110707406 · Cited by 50
“Embedded into the questionnaire were two standard problem drinking assessment tools, the World Health Organization’s Alcohol Use Disorders Test (AUDIT) [31] and the CAGE [32].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Alcohol use among Latino migrant workers in South Florida
Sánchez, J. (2015) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.03.025 · Cited by 40
Assessment of Smoking Behaviors and Alcohol Use in the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project
Drum, M. L., Shiovitz‐Ezra, S., Gaumer, E., & Lindau, S. T. (2009) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbn017 · Cited by 38
Factors Associated with Clinical and Topographical Features of Laryngeal Tuberculosis
Reis, J. G. C., Reis, C. S. M., da Costa, D. C. S., Lucena, M. M., Schubach, A. D. O., de Oliveira, R. D. V. C., Rolla, V. C., Conceição‐Silva, F., & Valete‐Rosalino, C. M. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0153450 · Cited by 39
“Patients who had the habit of smoking daily regardless of the amount were considered smokers and those who consumed any alcoholic beverage and gave a positive response to at least two questions in the CAGE questionnaire were considered drinkers [18].”
Background
Association between alcohol drinking behaviour and cognitive function: results from a nationwide longitudinal study of South Korea
Kim, S., Kim, Y., & Park, S. M. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010494 · Cited by 41
Lifestyle intervention for adults with spinal cord injury: Results of the USC–RLANRC Pressure Ulcer Prevention Study
Carlson, M. E., Vigen, C. L. P., Rubayi, S., Blanche, E. I., Blanchard, J., Atkins, M. S., Bates‐Jensen, B. M., Garber, S. L., Pyatak, E. A., Díaz, J., et al. (2017) · Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine · doi:10.1080/10790268.2017.1313931 · Cited by 39
Effective Connectivity in Default Mode Network for Alcoholism Diagnosis
Khan, D. M., Yahya, N., Kamel, N., & Faye, I. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2021.3075737 · Cited by 39
“Generally, the evaluation of AUD is performed using questionnaires such as AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test) [10], CAGE (Cutting down, Annoyance by criticism, Guilty feeling, and Eye-openers questions) [11] etc.”
Method
Postoperative Delirium is Associated with Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction at One Week after Cardiac Surgery with Cardiopulmonary Bypass
Hudetz, J. A., Byrne, A. J., Patterson, K. M., Pagel, P. S., & Warltier, D. C. (2009) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.105.3.921-932 · Cited by 39
“The CAGE questionnaire was used as a screening instrument for detecting alcoholism (Ewing, 1984).”
Method
Capture-recapture methods to size alcohol related problems in a population
Corrao, G., Bagnardi, V., Vittadini, G., & Favilli, S. (2000) · Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.54.8.603 · Cited by 42
An examination of relationships between children's protective services social worker assessment of risk and independent LONGSCAN measures of risk constructs
English, D. J., & Graham, J. C. (2000) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/s0190-7409(00)00120-1 · Cited by 39
Causes of Macrocytosis in HIV-infected Patients not Treated with Zidovudine
é, D. G., Sudre, P., Anwar, D., ï, C. S., & Hirschel, B. J. (2000) · Journal of Infection · doi:10.1053/jinf.1999.0628 · Cited by 38
Nested case‐control analysis of high pesticide exposure events from the Agricultural Health Study
Alavanja, M. C. R., Sprince, N. L., Oliver, E., et al. (2001) · American Journal of Industrial Medicine · doi:10.1002/ajim.1054 · Cited by 39
Positive and negative consequences of alcohol drinking among young university students in Finland
NYSTRÖM, M. (1992) · British Journal of Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb02717.x · Cited by 39
Alcohol use amongst community‐dwelling elderly people: a review of the literature
Lakhani, N. (1997) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.1997.19970251227.x · Cited by 39
Treatment of Alcohol Withdrawal in Hospitalized Patients
Lohr, R. H. (1995) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.4065/70.8.777 · Cited by 39
A polysomnographic study of sleep disturbance in community elderly with self-reported environmental chemical odor intolerance
Bell, I. R., Bootzin, R. R., Ritenbaugh, C., et al. (1996) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(95)00330-4 · Cited by 39
Prevalence of female alcohol dependence and abuse in Sweden
Spak, F., & Hällström, T. (2003) · Addiction · doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1995.90810776.x · Cited by 39
Adolescent injury in the emergency department: Opportunity for alcohol interventions?
Maio, R. F., Shope, J. T., Blow, F. C., et al. (2000) · Annals of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0196-0644(00)70076-x · Cited by 39
Padrões alimentares de idosos e seus determinantes: estudo de base populacional no sul do Brasil
Gomes, A. P., Bierhals, I. O., Vieira, L. S., et al. (2020) · Ciência & Saúde Coletiva · doi:10.1590/1413-81232020256.20932018 · Cited by 38

Authors: Ewing, J. A.
Corresponding author: Ewing, John A.
Venue: JAMA
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Published: 1984-10-12
Volume: 252
Issue: 14
Pages: 1905
ISSN: 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
0098-7484
DOI: 10.1001/jama.1984.03350140051025
OpenAlex: W4254121089
Cited by: 3,005
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 40 · 2025: 79 · 2024: 67 · 2023: 80 · 2022: 103 · 2021: 103 · 2020: 186 · 2019: 114 · 2018: 128 · 2017: 130 · 2016: 136 · 2015: 142 · 2014: 144 · 2013: 137 · 2012: 133
FWCI: 5.09
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: JAMA (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Alcohol Consumption and Health Effects
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Keywords: alcoholism, CAGE questionnaire, screening questions, clinical interview, diagnostic criteria

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Detecting Alcoholism: The CAGE Questionnaire

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