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Detecting Alcoholism: The CAGE Questionnaire
Abstract
Four clinical interview questions, the CAGE questions, have proved useful in helping to make a diagnosis of alcoholism. The questions focus on Cutting down, Annoyance by criticism, Guilty feeling, and Eye-openers. The acronym "CAGE" helps the physician to recall the questions. How these questions were identified and their use in clinical and research studies are described. (JAMA1984;252:1905-1907)
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“Για την ποσοτική αξιολόγηση της τρέχουσας καταθλιπτικής και αγχώδους συμπτωματολογίας, καθώς και της προβληματικής κατανάλωσης αλκοόλ, χρησιμοποιήθηκαν, αντίστοιχα, οι κλίμακες Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9 27,28 ), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI 29,30 ) και CAGE. 31,32”
From Clinical presentation and requests for support of people with HIV/AIDS seeking counselling and psychotherapy in Greece (2019) · cites this paper as [31]
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Michigan Assessment‐Screening Test for Alcohol and Drugs (MAST/AD): Evaluation in a Clinical Sample
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Kinyanda, E., Weiss, H. A., Mungherera, M., Mangen, P. O., Ngabirano, E., Kajungu, R., Kagugube, J., Muhwezi, W. W., Muron, J., & Patel, V. (2016) · BMC International Health and Human Rights · doi:10.1186/s12914-016-0079-x · Cited by 56
“Ewing (1984) developed a four item questionnaire that asks about ‘the need to Cut down drinking’, ‘feeling Annoyed by others’ criticism of their drinking’, ‘ Guilt over drinking’, and ‘needing a drink as an Eye-opener in the morning’; thus the C.A.G.E. acronym.”
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Child maltreatment and age of alcohol and marijuana initiation in high-risk youth
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Insomnia Symptoms and Use of Health Care Services and Medications: The HUNT-2 Study
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“This instrument comprises 4 items, and a score of 2 or higher has been employed as an indicator of alcohol problems (Ewing, 1984).”
The J‐Shaped Curve and Changes in Drinking Habit
Shaper, A. G., & Wannamethee, S. G. (2007) · Novartis Foundation symposium · doi:10.1002/9780470515549.ch11 · Cited by 58
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The impact of alcohol use on depressive symptoms in human immunodeficiency virus‐infected patients†
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MethodHarpaz‐Rotem, I., Rosenheck, R. A., Pietrzak, R. H., & Southwick, S. M. (2014) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000078 · Cited by 57
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MethodInfluentialSocial anxiety in a multiple sclerosis clinic population
Poder, K., Ghatavi, K., Fisk, J. D., Tl, C., Kisely, S. R., Sarty, I., Stadnyk, K., & Bhan, V. (2008) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458508099143 · Cited by 57
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McKay, K. A., Tremlett, H. L., Patten, S. B., Fisk, J. D., Evans, C. D., Fiest, K. M., Campbell, T. L., Marrie, R. A., & for the CIHR Team in the Epidemiology and Impact of Comorbidity on Multiple Sclerosis (ECoMS) (2016) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458516657440 · Cited by 59
Gradus, J. L., King, M. W., Galatzer‐Levy, I. R., & Street, A. E. (2017) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22210 · Cited by 57
“The 4-item CAGE Questionnaire (Ewing, 1984) was used to assess problematic alcohol use.”
MethodStress and situationally related coping in cancer out-patients and their spouses
Andersson, S. I., & Albertsson, M. (2000) · Stress Medicine · doi:10.1002/1099-1700(200007)16:4 · Cited by 14
van Lankveld, J. J. D. M., Everaerd, W. T. A. M., & Grotjohann, Y. (2001) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224490109552070 · Cited by 57
CHERPITEL, C. J. S. (1997) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1997.tb04467.x · Cited by 57
Yennurajalingam, S., Edwards, T., Arthur, J. A., Lu, Z., Najera, J., Nguyen, K., Manju, J., Kuriakose, L., Wu, J., Liu, D., et al. (2018) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.31670 · Cited by 56
Spiritual Struggles and Problem Drinking: Are Younger Adults at Greater Risk than Older Adults?
KRAUSE, N. M., Pargäment, K. I., Hill, P. C., & Ironson, G. H. (2017) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2017.1387567 · Cited by 58
“…between religious involvement and problem drinking, as assessed by the widely used CAGE CONTACT Neal Krause nkrause@umich.edu Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI -, USA. questionnaire (Ewing, 1984).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCerebellar and other neurological soft signs in antipsychotic‐naïve schizophrenia
Varambally, S. S., Venkatasubramanian, G., Thirthalli, J., Janakiramaiah, N., & Gangadhar, B. N. (2006) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2006.00837.x · Cited by 56
Factors associated with Efavirenz discontinuation in a large community-based sample of patients
Spire, B., Carrieri, P., Garzot, M.-A., et al. (2004) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540120410001716342 · Cited by 56
“…housing, measured on a four-point Likert scale), employment, principal partner (no principal partner, not living with the principal partner and living with the principal partner), current addictive behaviours, including alcohol dependence measured by the alcohol dependence scale (Ewing, 1984).”
MethodEvidence-Based Assessment in School Mental Health
Connors, E. H., Arora, P. G., Curtis, L., & Stephan, S. H. (2014) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2014.03.008 · Cited by 57
The Drug Use Screening Inventory for Adults: Psychometric Structure and Discriminative Sensitivity
Tarter, R. E., & Kirisci, L. (1997) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.3109/00952999709040942 · Cited by 55
Sprince, N. L., Zwerling, C., Lynch, C. F., et al. (2003) · American Journal of Industrial Medicine · doi:10.1002/ajim.10267 · Cited by 56
Mild Cognitive Impairment in Early Life and Mental Health Problems in Adulthood
Chen, C., Lawlor, J. P., DUGGAN, A. K., et al. (2006) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2004.057075 · Cited by 52
Oe, M., Maeda, M., Nagai, M., Yasumura, S., Yabe, H., Suzuki, Y., Harigane, M., Ohira, T., & Abe, M. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013400 · Cited by 56
Financial incentives for smoking cessation in pregnancy: multicentre randomised controlled trial
Berlin, I., Berlin, N., Malecot, M., Breton, M., Jusot, F., & Goldzahl, L. (2021) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2021-065217 · Cited by 57
Prospective memory and future event simulation in individuals with alcohol dependence
Griffiths, A., Hill, R., Morgan, C., Rendell, P. G., Karimi, K., Wanagaratne, S., & Curran, H. V. (2012) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03941.x · Cited by 55
“152 APPENDIX 2: CAGE ALCOHOL SCREENING QUESTIONNAIRE (EWING, 1984) .”
BackgroundNeth, B. J., Graff‐Radford, J., Mielke, M. M., Przybelski, S. A., Lesnick, T. G., Schwarz, C. G., Reid, R. I., Senjem, M. L., Lowe, V. J., Machulda, M. M., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2019.00355 · Cited by 48
“…(m2)] (Calle et al., 1999), hemoglobin A1c (average blood glucose of around the last 90–120 days) (Rohlfing et al., 2002), ever-smoking (dichotomous), score on the CAGE Alcohol Questionnaire >2 (dichotomous) (Ewing, 1984), and continuous score on the Beck Depression Inventory (Beck et al., 1996).”
BackgroundAnđelić, N., Jerstad, T., Sigurðardóttir, S., Schanke, A., Sandvik, L., & Røe, C. (2010) · Journal of Trauma Management & Outcomes · doi:10.1186/1752-2897-4-6 · Cited by 54
“Pre-injury substance abuse We used the CAGE questionnaire (Cut down, Annoyed, Guilty, Eye-opener) as a standard patients interview for screening pre-injury substance abuse in our TBI population [22].”
MethodSelf-injurious behavior among Greek male prisoners: Prevalence and risk factors
Sakelliadis, E. I., Papadodima, S. A., Sergentanis, T. Ν., Giotakos, O., & Spiliopoulou, C. (2009) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2009.07.014 · Cited by 55
Bewick, B. M., West, R. M., Barkham, M., Mulhern, B. J., Marlow, R., Traviss‐Turner, G., & Hill, A. J. (2013) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.2581 · Cited by 54
Clinical Characteristics of Cancer Patients Referred Early to Supportive and Palliative Care
Kwon, J. H., Hui, D., Chisholm, G. B., Ha, C., Yennurajalingam, S., Kang, J. H., & Bruera, E. D. (2013) · Journal of Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1089/jpm.2012.0344 · Cited by 50
Kelly, J. F., & Renner, J. A. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-04743-2.50028-7 · Cited by 55
Parasuicide and mental disorders
de Castro, E. F., Cunha, M. A., Pimenta, F., et al. (1998) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1998.tb09958.x · Cited by 55
Benzodiazepines in the Treatment of Alcoholism
Nutt, D., Adinoff, B. H., & Linnoila, M. (1989) · Recent developments in alcoholism · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-1678-5_15 · Cited by 54
Cacabelos, R., Takeda, M., & Winblad, B. G. (1999) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1166(199901)14:1 · Cited by 156
Field, C. A., & Caetano, R. (2010) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.11.025 · Cited by 53
“Clinicians read the first 11 chapters of the Second Edition of Motivational Interviewing: Preparing People for ChangebyMiller andRollnick (2002) andwatched the trainingvideoswith theStudy Psychologist, Dr Craig Field.”
Psychoactive substance use among American anesthesiologists: a 30-year retrospective study
Lutsky, I. I., Hopwood, M. B., Abram, S. E., et al. (1993) · Canadian Journal of Anesthesia/Journal canadien d anesthésie · doi:10.1007/bf03010092 · Cited by 54
Darke, S. G., McDonald, S., Kaye, S. S., & Torok, M. H. (2012) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.032 · Cited by 61
Longer Lived Parents: Protective Associations With Cancer Incidence and Overall Mortality
Dutta, A., Henley, W., Robine, J., Langa, K. M., Wallace, R. B., & Melzer, D. R. (2013) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glt061 · Cited by 48
The impact of smoking and drinking on plasma levels of norharman
Spijkerman, R., van den Eijnden, R. J. J. M., van de Mheen, D., et al. (2002) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0924-977x(01)00143-2 · Cited by 54
The androgen model of suicide completion
Lenz, B., Röther, M., Bouna-Pyrrou, P., Mühle, C., Tektas, O. Y., & Kornhuber, J. (2018) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.06.003 · Cited by 60
“…BMI > 25 kg/m2 in 42.0% of the participants, probable alcoholdependence (≥2 positive CAGE screening questionnaire criteria for alcohol use disorders (Ewing, 1984) with a self-report of a previous health care contact due to an addictive disorder) in 0.4%, possible alcohol-dependence (≥2 positive…”
InfluentialJohn, U., Hill, A., Rumpf, H., et al. (2003) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/s0376-8716(02)00315-0 · Cited by 54
“Alcohol dependence or abuse in study 1 was diagnosed by two steps: every patient got the CAGE (Ewing, 1984) and the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST; Selzer, 1971).”
MethodHealth Promotion Practices of Older Adults: Model Testing
Resnick, B. M. (2002) · Public Health Nursing · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1446.2003.20102.x · Cited by 51
Álcool e alcoolismo entre adolescentes da rede estadual de ensino de Cuiabá, Mato Grosso
de Souza, D. P. O., Areco, K. C. N., & Filho, D. X. D. S. (2005) · Revista de Saúde Pública · doi:10.1590/s0034-89102005000400011 · Cited by 54
“test with a cutoff of two or more positive answers, which suggest positive screening for alcohol dependence.(5,8,9)”
Physician awareness of alcohol use disorders among older patients
Reid, M. C., Tinetti, M. E., Brown, C. J., & Concato, J. (1998) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.1998.00223.x · Cited by 53
“The following reasons were mentioned by the 40 physicians who did not screen routinely: no time (12), screening not part of routine practice (10), condition not prevalent enough to warrant screening (7), older patients reluctant to answer questions about alcohol use (5), used clinical judgment instead of routine scree…”
BackgroundHing, N., & Russell, A. M. T. (2019) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-019-09867-8 · Cited by 36
“Gambling underage was used instead of age of first gamble on EGMs, and CAGE categories were used instead of raw scores.”
MethodInfluentialEastwood, E. A., Nace, A., Hirshfield, S., & Birnbaum, J. M. (2019) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-019-02753-9 · Cited by 53
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Suicidal ideation and temperament: An investigation among college students
Skala, K., Kapusta, N. D., Schlaff, G., Unseld, M., Erfurth, A., Lesch, O., Walter, H., Akiskal, K. K., & Akiskal, H. S. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.03.010 · Cited by 53
“The CAGE questionnaire (Ewing, 1984) has good sensitivity and specificity for alcohol dependence (Bradley et al.”
BackgroundMoore, A. A., Seeman, T. E., Morgenstern, H., et al. (2002) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1046/j.1532-5415.2002.50211.x · Cited by 53
Baker, A. J. L., & Verrocchio, M. C. (2013) · Journal of Divorce & Remarriage · doi:10.1080/10502556.2013.837714 · Cited by 53
“To assess alcohol abuse, the CAGE questionnaire was administered (Ewing, 1984), a four-item self-report questionnaire in which each item is rated present or absent.”
MethodAdverse Impact of Coercive Treatments on Psychiatric Inpatients’ Satisfaction with Care
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“To maximize sensitivity and specificity, a score C2 on the CAGE alcohol indicated an alcohol use problem (Ewing 1984) and C1 on the CAGE drug indicated a drug use problem (Brown et al.”
MethodPeer, N., Lombard, C. J., Steyn, K., et al. (2014) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1177/2047487314549744 · Cited by 51
“Problematic alcohol use was deemed present if two or more CAGE questions were answered affirmatively.(8) Physical inactivity was identified as <150min of moderate to vigorous activity per week.”
BackgroundSexual molestation of males: Associations with psychological disturbance
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Facial Structure Analysis Separates Autism Spectrum Disorders into Meaningful Clinical Subgroups
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Ta, V. M., Juon, H., GIELEN, A. C., Steinwachs, D. M., & DUGGAN, A. K. (2007) · The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research · doi:10.1007/s11414-007-9078-y · Cited by 57
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“The CAGE questionnaire was administered as well, since it is in use worldwide (Ewing, 1984).”
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Sigurðsson, B., Palsson, S. P., Aevarsson, Ó., Ólafsdóttir, M., & Jóhannsson, M. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.10.065 · Cited by 58
“The CAGE questionnaire for detecting alcoholism was included in the study (Ewing, 1984).”
MethodAssessment of Substance Misuse
Grigsby, T., Sussman, S., Chou, C.-P., & Ames, S. L. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-55980-3_11 · Cited by 51
Lee, S. W., Deiss, R., Segura, E. R., et al. (2015) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-015-1730-5 · Cited by 51
“Variables assessed included socio-demographic characteristics, HIV testing history (motivations, barriers, number of tests, timing and result of most recent test), a sexual risk assessment (including detailed questions concerning the three most recent sexual contacts), and a problem drinking assessment using the CAGE…”
BackgroundMethodFrench validation of the 7-item Game Addiction Scale for adolescents
Gaetan, S., Bonnet, A., Bréjard, V., & Cury, F. (2014) · European Review of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.erap.2014.04.004 · Cited by 49
“…both researchers and clinicians prefer short scales (Babor, Biddle-Higgins, Saunders, & Monteiro, 2001; Décamps, Battaglia, & Idier, 2010; Etter, Le Houezecn, & Perneger, 2003; Ewing, 1984; Heatherton, Kozlowski, Freckern, & Fagerstrom, 1991; O’Loughlin, Tarasuk, Difranzan, & Paradis, 2002).”
Clements-Nolle, K. D., Marx, R., Pendo, M., et al. (2008) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2007.112656 · Cited by 51
Screening for Substance Abuse Among Adolescents Validity of the CAGE-AID in Youth Mental Health Care
Couwenbergh, C., van der Gaag, R. J., Koeter, M. W. J., de Ruiter, C., & van den Brink, W. (2009) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826080802484264 · Cited by 51
Wu, S., Ell, K., Gross-Schulman, S. G., Sklaroff, L. M., Katon, W. J., Nezu, A. M., Lee, P.-J., Vidyanti, I., Chou, C.-P., & Guterman, J. J. (2013) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2013.11.002 · Cited by 45
The epidemiology of problem drinking in Butajira, Ethiopia
Alem, A., Kebede, D., & Kullgren, G. (1999) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1999.tb10698.x · Cited by 48
Marconi, V. C., Wu, B., Hampton, J., Ordóñez, C. E., Johnson, B. A., Singh, D., John, S., Gordon, M. L., Hare, A. Q., Murphy, R. A., et al. (2013) · AIDS Patient Care and STDs · doi:10.1089/apc.2013.0263 · Cited by 48
Relationship between Substance Use and Body Mass Index in Young Males
Blüml, V., Kapusta, N., Vyssoki, B., Kogoj, D., Walter, H., & Lesch, O. M. (2012) · The American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1111/j.1521-0391.2011.00192.x · Cited by 51
Lyu, J., & Kim, H. (2016) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.4306/pi.2016.13.5.473 · Cited by 51
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Lavalette, C., Trétarre, B., Rébillard, X., Lamy, P., Cénée, S., & Menegaux, F. (2018) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.26128 · Cited by 56
The Psychologic Assessment and Psychosocial Recovery of the Patient With an Amputation
Fitzpatrick, M. C. (1999) · Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research · doi:10.1097/00003086-199904000-00014 · Cited by 51
Family transitions and changes in drinking from adolescence through mid‐life
Staff, J., Greene, K. M., Maggs, J. L., & Schoon, I. (2013) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.12394 · Cited by 51
Traumatic brain injury: influence of blood alcohol level on post-acute cognitive function
Tate, P. S., David, M. F., Bombardier, C. H., et al. (1999) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/026990599121160 · Cited by 51
Screening for problem drinking
Conigliaro, J. C., Lofgren, R. P., & Hanusa, B. H. (1998) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.1998.00075.x · Cited by 50
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Joos, L., Glazemakers, I., & Dom, G. (2013) · European Addiction Research · doi:10.1159/000341993 · Cited by 50
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Abramovich, A., Pang, N., Moss, A., Logie, C. H., Chaiton, M., Kidd, S. A., & Hamilton, H. A. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0257693 · Cited by 50
Rolland, B., de Chazeron, I., Carpentier, F., et al. (2017) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.01.034 · Cited by 43
“…(Bush et al., 1998), HDD: Heavy Drinking Days (i.e., 6 sd or more per drinking occasion), CAGE: ‘Cut-down – Annoyed – Guilty – Eye-opener’ questionnaire (Ewing, 1984), RAPS4: ‘Remorse – Amnesia – Performance – Starter’ questionnaire (Cherpitel, 2002), WHO: World Health Organization, NIAAA:…”
BackgroundMethodKim, Y. J., Munsell, M. F., Park, J. C., et al. (2015) · Gynecologic Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2015.09.079 · Cited by 50
Brooker, C., Peters, J., McCabe, C., & Short, N. (1999) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/s0020-7489(98)00054-6 · Cited by 51
Bottino, M., Nadanovsky, P., de Moraes, C. L., Reichenheim, M. E., & Lobato, G. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.04.030 · Cited by 49
“The TWEAK (Tolerance; Worried; Eyeopener; Amnesia; K/Cut-down) assessed the habit among the study participants (women/mothers), whereas the CAGE (Cut-down; Annoyed; Guilty; Eye-opener) related to their respective partners by proxy (Russell et al., 1994; Ewing, 1984; Masur and Monteiro, 1983; Mayfield et al., 1974; Mor…”
MethodAnsari, W. E., Šebeňa, R., & Stock, C. (2013) · Archives of Public Health · doi:10.1186/2049-3258-71-29 · Cited by 50
“Problem drinking (4 items) We included a brief alcoholism-screening test, the CAGE test [22] comprising four questions (Have you ever felt you should Cut down on your drinking? Have people Annoyed you by criticizing your drinking? Have you ever-felt bad or Guilty about your drinking? Have you ever had a drink in the m…”
Pilkonis, P. A., Yu, L., Dodds, N. E., Johnston, K. L., Lawrence, S. M., & Daley, D. C. (2016) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.02.014 · Cited by 47
“H ealth R esearch A lliance A uthor M anuscript H ealth R esearch A lliance A uthor M anuscript Test (AUDIT; Saunders et al., 1993); the CAGE Questionnaire (Ewing, 1984); the 6-item set of “recommended alcohol questions” developed by a National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) task force (2003), which…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAlcohol Risk Environments, Vulnerability, and Social Inequalities in Alcohol Consumption
Shortt, N., Rind, E., Pearce, J. R., Mitchell, R., & Curtis, S. E. (2018) · Annals of the American Association of Geographers · doi:10.1080/24694452.2018.1431105 · Cited by 48
“Problem drinking characterized the respondent’s relationship with alcohol using the CAGE questionnaire (Ewing 1984).”
MethodExperiences of racism, sexual objectification and alcohol use among gay and bisexual men of colour
Souleymanov, R., Brennan, D. J., George, C., Utama, R., & Ceranto, A. (2018) · Ethnicity and Health · doi:10.1080/13557858.2018.1439895 · Cited by 50
“The screen for alcohol use disorder (binary outcome variable) was measured using the 4- item CAGE questionnaire (Ewing 1984).”
MethodHelmkamp, J. C., Hungerford, D. W., Williams, J., Manley, W. G., Furbee, P. M., Horn, K. A., & Pollock, D. A. (2003) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448480309595718 · Cited by 50
Adolescent Children of Alcoholics: Vulnerable or Resilient?
Mylant, M., Ide, B. A., Cuevas, E., & Meehan, M. (2002) · Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association · doi:10.1067/mpn.2002.125037 · Cited by 50
“…children requires active screening using either the Children of Alcoholics Screening Test (CAST) (Jones, 1983; Sheridan, 1995) or adapting the CAGE (Ewing, 1984) questionnaire by asking the following questions (Price & Emshoff, 1997, p.242): ● Do you think your mom/dad needs to cut down on their…”
MethodLongitudinal predictors of competence among African American children
Krishnakumar, A., & Black, M. M. (2002) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0193-3973(02)00106-5 · Cited by 52
Use of psychoactive substances in three medical specialties: anaesthesia, medicine and surgery
Lutsky, I. I., Hopwood, M. B., Abram, S. E., et al. (1994) · Canadian Journal of Anesthesia/Journal canadien d anesthésie · doi:10.1007/bf03009992 · Cited by 50
Lee, S. M., Jung, Y. M., Choi, E. S., Kwak, S. H., Koo, J. N., Oh, I. H., Kim, B. J., Kim, S. M., Kim, S. Y., Kim, G. M., et al. (2021) · Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2021.11.007 · Cited by 51
McDonald, S., Darke, S. G., Kaye, S. S., & Torok, M. H. (2012) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.12040 · Cited by 56
van Beek, J. H. D. A., Kendler, K. S., de Moor, M. H. M., Geels, L. M., Bartels, M., Vink, J. M., van den Berg, S. M., Willemsen, G. A. H. M., & Boomsma, D. I. (2011) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-011-9488-8 · Cited by 47
“Lastly, the CAGE inquires about ‘ever’ having symptoms of AAD (Ewing 1984).”
BackgroundMethodScreening for alcohol abuse and dependence in older people using DSM criteria: a review
Beullens, J., & Aertgeerts, B. (2004) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607860310001613365 · Cited by 49
Nesvåg, R., Lange, E. H., Færden, A., Barrett, E. A., Emilsson, B., Ringen, P. A., Andreassen, O. A., Melle, I. S., & Agartz, I. (2010) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.01.007 · Cited by 49
“The most commonly used screening tests for alcohol use disorders are the Michigan Alcohol Screening test (MAST) (Selzer, 1971) and the CAGE questionnaire (Ewing, 1984), while the Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST) (Skinner, 1982) has been widely used for detecting nonalcohol drug use disorders.”
Metadata
- Authors
- Ewing, J. A.
- Corresponding author
- Ewing, John A.
- Venue
- JAMA
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 1984-10-12
- Volume
- 252
- Issue
- 14
- Pages
- 1905
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- OpenAlex
- W4254121089
- Cited by
- 3,005
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 40 · 2025: 79 · 2024: 67 · 2023: 80 · 2022: 103 · 2021: 103 · 2020: 186 · 2019: 114 · 2018: 128 · 2017: 130 · 2016: 136 · 2015: 142 · 2014: 144 · 2013: 137 · 2012: 133
- FWCI
- 5.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Alcohol Consumption and Health Effects
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- alcoholism, CAGE questionnaire, screening questions, clinical interview, diagnostic criteria
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