Cited by 3,005Substance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesAlcohol Consumption and Health EffectsPsychological Testing and Assessment

The DOI matches its Crossref record.

Detecting Alcoholism: The CAGE Questionnaire

Ewing, John A.·1984·JAMA

DOI 10.1001/jama.1984.03350140051025

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Abstract

Four clinical interview questions, the CAGE questions, have proved useful in helping to make a diagnosis of alcoholism. The questions focus on Cutting down, Annoyance by criticism, Guilty feeling, and Eye-openers. The acronym "CAGE" helps the physician to recall the questions. How these questions were identified and their use in clinical and research studies are described. (JAMA1984;252:1905-1907)

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Crossref · 10.1001/jama.1984.03350140051025

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Method
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Method
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Method
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Background
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Validity study of Kessler's psychological distress scales conducted among patients admitted to French emergency department for alcohol consumption‐related disorders
Arnaud, B., Malet, L., Teissedre, F., Izaute, M., Moustafa, F., Geneste, J., Schmidt, J., Llorca, P., & Brousse, G. (2010) · Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01201.x · Cited by 104
Phosphatidylethanol is Superior to Carbohydrate‐Deficient Transferrin and γ‐Glutamyltransferase as an Alcohol Marker and is a Reliable Estimate of Alcohol Consumption Level
Walther, L., de Bejczy, A., Löf, E., Hansson, T., Andersson, A., Guterstam, J., Hammarberg, A., Asanovska, G., Franck, J., Söderpalm, B., et al. (2015) · Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.12883 · Cited by 112
Racial disparities in olfactory loss among older adults in the United States.
Pinto, J., Schumm, L., Wroblewski, K., Kern, D., & McClintock, M. (2014) · The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/glt063 · Cited by 99
“Health behaviors affecting olfaction were current smoking, based on either salivary cotinine level (n = 2,219) or self-report (n = 709), and problem drinking, based on a combination of the CAGE alcoholism questionnaire (31) and frequency of having four or more drinks on one occasion in the last 3 months.”
Method
Alcohol use disorders in elderly people: fact or fiction?
Dar, K. (2006) · Advances in Psychiatric Treatment · doi:10.1192/apt.12.3.173 · Cited by 111
“The CAGE (Ewing, 1984), for example, a widely used alcohol screening test, does not have high validity”
Method
How Psychological Symptoms Relate to Different Motivations for Gambling: An Online Study of Internet Gamblers
Lloyd, J., Doll, H., Hawton, K. E., Dutton, W. H., Geddes, J. R., Goodwin, G. M., & Rogers, R. D. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.03.038 · Cited by 122
Problem gambling in the partner of the emergency department patient as a risk factor for intimate partner violence
Muelleman, R. L., DenOtter, T., Wadman, M. C., Tran, T. P., & Anderson, J. R. (2002) · Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0736-4679(02)00543-7 · Cited by 111
Fatores de risco para doenças crônicas não-transmissíveis: inquérito domiciliar no Município de São Paulo, SP (Brasil). Metodologia e resultados preliminares
Rego, R. A., Berardo, F. A., Rodrigues, S., Oliveira, Z. M., Mb, O., Vasconcellos, C., Aventurato, L. V. O., Moncau, J. E., & Ramos, L. R. (1990) · Revista de Saúde Pública · doi:10.1590/s0034-89101990000400005 · Cited by 129
Preliminary evaluation of the reliability and validity of the Shame and Stigma Scale in head and neck cancer
Kissane, D. W., Patel, S. G., Baser, R. E., Bell, R., Farberov, M., Ostroff, J. S., Li, Y., Singh, B., Kraus, D. H., & Shah, J. P. (2013) · Head & Neck · doi:10.1002/hed.22943 · Cited by 110
Gender-based violence, alcohol use, and sexual risk among female patrons of drinking venues in Cape Town, South Africa
Pitpitan, E. V., Kalichman, S. C., Eaton, L. A., Cain, D. N., Sikkema, K. J., Skinner, D. G., Watt, M. H., & Pieterse, D. (2012) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-012-9423-3 · Cited by 108
“Problem drinking: Participants were asked to respond to the four-item CAGE questionnaire (Ewing, 1984).”
Alcohol withdrawal and delirium tremens in the critically ill: a systematic review and commentary
Awissi, D., Lebrun, G., Coursin, D. B., Riker, R. R., & Skrobik, Y. K. (2012) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-012-2758-y · Cited by 108
Prevention and Screening of Unhealthy Substance Use by Older Adults
Han, B. H., & Moore, A. A. (2017) · Clinics in Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cger.2017.08.005 · Cited by 115
Fatigue and psychiatric illness in a large community sample of persons with multiple sclerosis
Chwastiak, L., Gibbons, L. E., Ehde, D. M., Sullivan, M. D., Bowen, J. D., Bombardier, C. H., & Kraft, G. H. (2005) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2005.06.001 · Cited by 113
Lifetime cognitive function and timing of the natural menopause
Richards, M., Kuh, D. J., Hardy, R., & Wadsworth, M. E. J. (1999) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.53.2.308 · Cited by 111
High prevalence of food insecurity among HIV-infected individuals receiving HAART in a resource-rich setting
Anema, A., Weiser, S. D., Fernandes, K. A., Ding, E., Brandson, E. K., Palmer, A. J., Montaner, J. S. G., & Hogg, R. S. (2011) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540121.2010.498908 · Cited by 109
“Alcohol dependency was defined using the CAGE Questionnaire, which identifies participants as alcohol dependent if they answer ‘‘yes’’ to two or more of CAGE’s four questions (Ewing, 1984).”
Method
Variation in Recovery
Lichtman, J. H., Lorenze, N. P., D’Onofrio, G., Spertus, J. A., Lindau, S. T., Morgan, T. M., Herrin, J. S., Bueno, H., Mattera, J. A., Ridker, P. M., et al. (2010) · Circulation Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes · doi:10.1161/circoutcomes.109.928713 · Cited by 108
An exploration of the dynamic longitudinal relationship between mental health and alcohol consumption: a prospective cohort study
Bell, S., & Britton, A. R. (2014) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/1741-7015-12-91 · Cited by 108
“Problematic alcohol consumption (defined by the CAGE questionnaire [45]) was used to adjust for the possibility that problem drinking may be driving any observed relationship [46].”
Method
Alcohol and Other Addictive Disorders Following Bariatric Surgery: Prevalence, Risk Factors and Possible Etiologies
Steffen, K. J., Engel, S. G., Wonderlich, J. A., Pollert, G. A., & Sondag, C. (2015) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.2399 · Cited by 108
“Welch et al. (2011) assessed 75 RYGB patients 2 years after bariatric surgery using the CAGE questionnaire (Ewing, 1984) where CAGE is an acronym used as a reminder of the four questions on the screening tool.”
Method
The 4P's Plus© Screen for Substance Use in Pregnancy: Clinical Application and Outcomes
Chasnoff, I. J., McGourty, R. F., Bailey, G. W., Hutchins, E., Lightfoot, S. O., Pawson, L. L., Fahey, C., May, B., Brodie, P., McCulley, L., et al. (2005) · Journal of Perinatology · doi:10.1038/sj.jp.7211266 · Cited by 108
“For example, the CAGE ( C ut down, A nnoyed by criticism, G uilty about drinking, E ye-opener)”
Background
Laboratory Markers of Ethanol Intake and Abuse: A Critical Appraisal
Mihas, A. A., & Tavassoli, M. (1992) · The American Journal of the Medical Sciences · doi:10.1097/00000441-199206000-00014 · Cited by 109
Cognitive and emotional differences between abusive and non-abusive fathers
Francis, K. J., & Wolfe, D. A. (2008) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2008.05.007 · Cited by 108
The Syndemic Effects of Intimate Partner Violence, HIV/AIDS, and Substance Abuse on Depression among Low-Income Urban Women
Illangasekare, S. L., Burke, J. G., Chander, G., & Gielen, A. C. (2013) · Journal of Urban Health · doi:10.1007/s11524-013-9797-8 · Cited by 106
PTSD and alcohol use after the World Trade Center attacks: A longitudinal study
Boscarino, J. A., Kirchner, H. L., Hoffman, S. N., Sartorius, J. A., & Adams, R. E. (2011) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20673 · Cited by 108
“We also inquired about alcohol misuse based on the CAGE Questionnaire alcohol scale (Ewing, 1984), a widely used and validated measure (Ewing, 1984; King, 1986; O’Brien, 2008).”
Association between concussion and mental health in former collegiate athletes
Kerr, Z. Y., Evenson, K. R., Rosamond, W. D., Mihalik, J. P., Guskiewicz, K. M., & Marshall, S. W. (2014) · Injury Epidemiology · doi:10.1186/s40621-014-0028-x · Cited by 107
Oral cancer knowledge, risk factors and characteristics of subjects in a large oral cancer screening program
Cruz, G. D., Geros, R. Z. L., Ostroff, J. S., Hay, J. L., Kenigsberg, H., & FRANKLIN, D. M. (2002) · The Journal of the American Dental Association · doi:10.14219/jada.archive.2002.0330 · Cited by 107
The Uncertain Consultation and Patient Satisfaction: The Impact of Patientsʼ Illness Perceptions and a Randomized Controlled Trial on the Training of Physiciansʼ Communication Skills
Frostholm, L., Fink, P., Oernboel, E., Christensen, K. S., Toft, T., Olesen, F., & Weinman, J. A. (2005) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000188403.94327.5b · Cited by 107

Authors: Ewing, J. A.
Corresponding author: Ewing, John A.
Venue: JAMA
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Published: 1984-10-12
Volume: 252
Issue: 14
Pages: 1905
ISSN: 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
0098-7484
DOI: 10.1001/jama.1984.03350140051025
OpenAlex: W4254121089
Cited by: 3,005
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 40 · 2025: 79 · 2024: 67 · 2023: 80 · 2022: 103 · 2021: 103 · 2020: 186 · 2019: 114 · 2018: 128 · 2017: 130 · 2016: 136 · 2015: 142 · 2014: 144 · 2013: 137 · 2012: 133
FWCI: 5.09
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: JAMA (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Alcohol Consumption and Health Effects
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Keywords: alcoholism, CAGE questionnaire, screening questions, clinical interview, diagnostic criteria

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Detecting Alcoholism: The CAGE Questionnaire

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