Cited by 367Endometriosis Research and TreatmentMenstrual Health and DisordersGynecological conditions and treatments

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The Relation of Endometriosis to Menstrual Characteristics, Smoking, and Exercise

Cramer, Daniel W.·1986·JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association

DOI 10.1001/jama.1986.03370140102032

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Abstract

We compared menstrual characteristics and constitutional factors in 268 white women with primary infertility due to endometriosis and in 3,794 white women admitted for delivery at seven collaborating hospitals from 1981 to 1983. Adjusting for confounding factors, including location, age, religion, and education, women with short-cycle lengths (less than or equal to 27 days) and longer flow (greater than or equal to one week) had more than double the risk for endometriosis compared with women with longer cycle lengths and shorter duration of flow. There was a trend for increasing risk for endometriosis to be associated with increasing menstrual pain. Adjusting for these menstrual characteristics, we found decreased risk for endometriosis associated with smoking or exercise that was largely confined to women who began either habit at an early age and were heavier smokers or more strenuous exercisers. We conclude that risk for endometriosis may relate to menstrual factors that predispose to greater pelvic contamination with menstrual products and to constitutional factors that influence endogenous hormonal levels.

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Authors: Cramer, D. W.
Corresponding author: Cramer, Daniel W.
ORCID: Cramer, Daniel W.
Venue: JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Published: 1986-04-11
Volume: 255
Issue: 14
Pages: 1904
ISSN: 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
0098-7484
DOI: 10.1001/jama.1986.03370140102032
OpenAlex: W2015536508
Cited by: 367
References: 16
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 10
FWCI: 4.78
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: JAMA (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (n01hd002822-007)
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (N01-HD-02822)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Endometriosis Research and Treatment
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Menstrual Health and Disorders
Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Gynecological conditions and treatments
Keywords: endometriosis, menstrual characteristics, menstrual cycle length, menstrual flow, dysmenorrhea, smoking, physical activity, primary infertility, risk factors, endogenous hormones
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Endometriosis, Physical Exertion, Female, Humans, Menstruation Disturbances, Pregnancy, Risk, Smoking

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The Relation of Endometriosis to Menstrual Characteristics, Smoking, and Exercise

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