Serotonin transporter genotype and action monitoring dysfunction: a possible substrate underlying increased vulnerability to depression
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A variable number of tandem repeats (short (S) vs long (L)) in the promoter region of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) and a functional variant of a single-nucleotide polymorphism (rs25531) in 5-HTTLPR have been recently associated with increased risk for major depressive disorder (MDD). In particular, relative to L/L or L(A) homozygotes (hereafter referred to as L' participants), S carriers or L(g)-allele carriers (S' participants) have been found to have a higher probability of developing depression after stressful life events, although inconsistencies abound. Previous research indicates that patients with MDD are characterized by executive dysfunction and abnormal activation within the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), particularly in situations requiring adaptive behavioral adjustments following errors and response conflict (action monitoring). The goal of this study was to test whether psychiatrically healthy S' participants would show abnormalities similar to those of MDD subjects. To this end, 19 S' and 14 L' participants performed a modified Flanker task known to induce errors, response conflict, and activations in various ACC subdivisions during functional magnetic resonance imaging. As hypothesized, relative to L' participants, S' participants showed (1) impaired post-error and post-conflict behavioral adjustments; (2) larger error-related rostral ACC activation; and (3) lower conflict-related dorsal ACC activation. As similar behavioral and neural dysfunctions have been recently described in MDD patient samples, the current results raise the possibility that impaired action monitoring and associated ACC dysregulation may represent risk factors increased vulnerability to depression.
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Polymorphisms in the SERT gene (SLC6A4) that decrease the rate of re-uptake from the synaptic cleft are associated with decreased interference inhibition but not to action cancelation.
“Polymorphisms in the SERT gene (SLC6A4) that decrease the rate of re-uptake from the synaptic cleft, were associated with decreased interference inhibition (Holmes et al., 2010), but not to action cancelation (Clark et al., 2005).”
From Response Inhibition and Interference Control in Obsessive–Compulsive Spectrum Disorders (2014) · cites this paper as Holmes et al., 2010
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports reduced post-conflict behavioral adjustments and lower conflict-related dACC activation in S or LG allele carriers, supporting an association with altered conflict processing. But the Results, under Behavioral Data > Flanker effects (page unavailable), report no group difference in Flanker interference, so the paper does not establish decreased interference inhibition itself. The action-cancelation clause is attributed to Clark et al., not Holmes et al. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredParticipants with a decreased function polymorphism in SERT show increased rostral ACC activation in response to errors and decreased activation of the dorsal ACC in response to conflict during the Flanker task.
“Participants with a decreased function polymorphism in SERT also showed increased rostral ACC activation in response to errors and decreased activation of the dorsal ACC in response to conflict during the Flanker task (Holmes et al., 2010).”
From Response Inhibition and Interference Control in Obsessive–Compulsive Spectrum Disorders (2014) · cites this paper as Holmes et al., 2010
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- Authors
- Holmes, A. J., Bogdan, R., & Pizzagalli, D. A.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Pizzagalli, Diego A
- Venue
- Neuropsychopharmacology
- Published
- 2010-01-20
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1186-1197
- ISSN
- 0893-133X (ISSN-L)
- 1740-634X
- PMC
- PMC2840070
- OpenAlex
- W2056611057
- Cited by
- 57
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 3.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Neuropsychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH068376, R21MH078979, F31MH078346, R01 MH68376)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- serotonin transporter gene, 5-HTTLPR, variable number tandem repeats, rs25531, major depressive disorder, depression vulnerability, action monitoring, anterior cingulate cortex, executive dysfunction, response conflict, error processing, flanker task, genetic risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Brain Mapping, Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Genotype, Gyrus Cinguli, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Reaction Time, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins, Young Adult, Executive Function
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