The DOI matches its Crossref record; 73 of the 73 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 52 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Gait speed and survival in older adults.
Open accessAbstract
CONTEXT: Survival estimates help individualize goals of care for geriatric patients, but life tables fail to account for the great variability in survival. Physical performance measures, such as gait speed, might help account for variability, allowing clinicians to make more individualized estimates. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between gait speed and survival. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Pooled analysis of 9 cohort studies (collected between 1986 and 2000), using individual data from 34,485 community-dwelling older adults aged 65 years or older with baseline gait speed data, followed up for 6 to 21 years. Participants were a mean (SD) age of 73.5 (5.9) years; 59.6%, women; and 79.8%, white; and had a mean (SD) gait speed of 0.92 (0.27) m/s. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Survival rates and life expectancy. RESULTS: There were 17,528 deaths; the overall 5-year survival rate was 84.8% (confidence interval [CI], 79.6%-88.8%) and 10-year survival rate was 59.7% (95% CI, 46.5%-70.6%). Gait speed was associated with survival in all studies (pooled hazard ratio per 0.1 m/s, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.87-0.90; P < .001). Survival increased across the full range of gait speeds, with significant increments per 0.1 m/s. At age 75, predicted 10-year survival across the range of gait speeds ranged from 19% to 87% in men and from 35% to 91% in women. Predicted survival based on age, sex, and gait speed was as accurate as predicted based on age, sex, use of mobility aids, and self-reported function or as age, sex, chronic conditions, smoking history, blood pressure, body mass index, and hospitalization. CONCLUSION: In this pooled analysis of individual data from 9 selected cohorts, gait speed was associated with survival in older adults.
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43 Own result · 15 Sources not found · 9 Own interpretation · 7 Own method
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“Stratification by sex-specific median height failed to show systematic differences in survival rates between short and tall participants, so results presented are not stratified by height.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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“In some subsets of slow walkers of Hispanic descent, survival rates were 10% to 20% higher than in other groups (eTable 2).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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In the paper
“At age 75, predicted 10-year survival across the range of gait speeds ranged from 19% to 87% in men and from 35% to 91% in women.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > Abstract > Results
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“Stratification by race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, black, Hispanic) suggested generally similar survival rates by gait speed among age and sex groups.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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In the paper
“Gait speed was associated with survival in all studies (pooled hazard ratio per 0.1 m/s, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.87–0.90; P<. 001).”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
“The overall HR for survival per each 0.1 m/s faster gait speed was 0.88 (95% CI, 0.87–0.90; P<.001) when pooled across all studies using a random-effects meta-analytic statistical approach”
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain
“In this pooled analysis of individual data from 9 selected cohorts, gait speed was associated with survival in older adults.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > Abstract > Results
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- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
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In the paper
“Gait speeds of 1.0 m/s or higher consistently demonstrated survival that was longer than expected by age and sex alone.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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In the paper
“Gait speed added substantially37 to age and sex in 7 of the 9 studies and in the pooled analysis.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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“Gait speed, age, and sex yielded a C statistic (0.734) that was not significantly different from age, sex, mobility aids, and functional status (0.732; (P=.95; Table 3).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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“Three studies had sufficiently consistent data on functional status at baseline to allow pooling.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Although the sample size of very slow walkers was small, our data suggest that there may be a subpopulation who walk very slowly but survive for long periods.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
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In the paper
“Study follow-up time ranged from 6.0 to 21.0 years, with participants followed up for a mean of 12.2 and a median of 13.8 years.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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“Of the total, 59.6% were women.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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In the paper
“Predicted years of remaining life for each sex and age increased as gait speed increased, with a gait speed of about 0.8 m/s at the median life expectancy at most ages for both sexes (Figure 2; a PDF of enlarged graphs is available at http://www.jama.com).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Similarly, there was a wide range of gait speeds, from less than 0.4 m/s (n=1247) to more than 1.4 m/s (n=1491).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plainn = 1,491- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In this older adult population, the relationship of gait speed with remaining years of life was consistent across age groups, but the absolute number of expected remaining years of life was larger at younger ages.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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“For 70-year-old men, life expectancy ranged from 7 to 23 years and for women, from 10 to 30 years.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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“There were substantial numbers of African American (n=3852) and Hispanic (n=2650) participants.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plainn = 3,852- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Mortality rates appear to be related to length of follow-up (Table 1).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Predicted survival based on age, sex, and gait speed was as accurate as predicted based on age, sex, use of mobility aids, and self-reported function or as age, sex, chronic conditions, smoking history, blood pressure, body mass index, and hospitalization.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > Abstract > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In women, the probability of 5-year survival remained greater than 0.5 until advanced age (eFigure 3B), but 10-year survival at age 75 years ranged from 0.34 to 0.92 and at age 80 years from 0.22 to 0.86 (eFigure 4B).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For the 3 levels of functional status (independent, difficulty with instrumental ADLs, and dependent in ADLs), the pooled HR per 0.1-m/s increase in gait speed for those who were independent was 0.92 (P= .005), for those with difficulty in instrumental activities was also 0.92 (P<.001) but was 0.94 (P=.02) among those dependent in ADLs.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The studies had a wide age range, including 1765 persons older than 85 years.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plainn = 1,765- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“There were consistent associations across studies, although given the large sample sizes, Q statistics were often statistically significant (details available in eFigure 1A–M available at http://www.jama.com).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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In the paper
“Age-adjusted HRs by study ranged from 0.83 to 0.94 and all were significant (P<.001; Figure 1).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“When dichotomized at a score of 100 into low and high activity, MrOS had consistent and statistically significant HRs for low (HR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.81–0.88) and high (HR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.84–0.90) physical”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In the pooled sample, median survival in years for the age groups 65 through 74 years was 12.6 for men and 16.8 for women; for 75 through 84 years, 7.9 for men and 10.5 for women; and for 85 years or older, 4.6 for men and 6.4 years for women (eTable 3 available at http://www.jama.com).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Gait speed was associated with differences in the probability of survival at all ages in both sexes, but was especially informative after age 75 years.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were 17 528 deaths; the overall 5-year survival rate was 84.8% (confidence interval [CI], 79.6%–88.8%)and 10-year survival rate was 59.7% (95%CI, 46.5%–70.6%).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > Abstract > Results
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In the paper
“Further adjustment for sex, BMI, smoking status, systolic blood pressure, diseases, prior hospitalization, and self-reported health did not change the results (overall HR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.89–0.91; P<.001).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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In the paper
“In men, the probability of 5-year survival at age 85 ranged from 0.3 to 0.88 (eFigure 3A) and the probability of 10-year survival at age 75 years ranged from 0.18 to 0.86 (eFigure 4A).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Survival increased across the full range of gait speeds, with significant increments per 0.1 m/s.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > Abstract > Results
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In the paper
“The 9 participating studies contributed a total of 34 485 participants (Table 1).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plainn = 34,485- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“There were 17 528 total deaths across all studies, with rates varying from 18.40% to 91.87% in individual studies.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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In the paper
“In the Hispanic EPESE, the HR for low physical activity was significant (0.92; 95% CI, 0.88–0.96) but the HR for higher physical activity was not (0.99; 95% CI, 0.95–1.04).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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In the paper
“Pooled HRs for all subgroups except functional status were consistently in the range of 0.81 to 0.92 and all were significant (P<.002).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“C statistics for age, sex, and gait speed were greater than those for age, sex, and chronic diseases in 4 of 9 studies, approximately equivalent in 5 studies and inferior in no studies.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For 10-year survival, 6 studies had sufficient follow-up time to perform many of the analyses (Table 3).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We assessed usual vs fast gait speed in the single study with both measures (Invecciare in Chianti18 study: usual, 0.727 [95% CI, 0.678–0.776]; fast, 0.684 [95% CI, 0.630–0.739]), suggesting that fast walks did not have an advantage in survival prediction over usual-paced walks.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For these studies, gait speed, age, and sex yielded a C statistic (0.741) that was not significantly different (P=.78) from age, sex, mobility aids, and functional status (P=.75; Table 3).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Gait speed added predictive ability to age and sex in 4 of 6 studies and in the pooled analysis.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In our data, predicted life expectancy at the median for age and sex occurs at about 0.8 m/s; faster gait speeds predict life expectancy beyond the median.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Gait speed has been recommended as a potentially useful clinical indicator of well-being among the older adults.14”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > Abstract > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [14]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because physical activity measures were not sufficiently consistent across studies, effects could not be pooled.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Gait speed could be considered a simple and accessible summary indicator of vitality because it integrates known and unrecognized disturbances in multiple organ systems, many of which affect survival.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“Only a few models assess overall predictive capacity using C statistics; the reported values are in the range found in the present study (published area under the curve range, 0.66–0.8261 vs this study, 0.717 and 0.737).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [61]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Because gait speed can be assessed by nonprofessional staff using a 4-m walkway and a stopwatch,21 it is relatively simple to measure compared with many medical assessments.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Several authors have proposed that gait speeds faster than 1.0 m/s suggest healthier aging while gait speeds slower than 0.6 m/s increase the likelihood of poor health and function.7,21”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [7]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [21]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The participating study cohorts, while large and diverse, do not represent the universe of possible data.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The strengths of this study are the very large sample of individual participant data from multiple diverse populations of community-dwelling elders who were followed up for many years and use of consistent measures of performance and outcome.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Gait speed might help refine survival estimates in clinical practice or research because it is simple and informative.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the gait speed–survival relationship seems continuous across the entire range, cut points may help interpretation.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Also, participants in these studies had no prior knowledge about the meaning of walking speed.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Slowing gait may reflect both damaged systems and a high-energy cost of walking.13,39–54”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [13]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [39]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [40]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [41]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [42]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [43]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [44]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [45]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [46]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [47]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Gait speed, age, and sex may offer the clinician tools for assessing expected survival to contribute to tailoring goals of care in older adults.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We were unable to assess the association of physical activity with survival in pooled analyses because measures of activity were highly variable across studies.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“However, median years of survival in this study resemble estimates for US adults across the sex and age range assessed.62”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [62]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Only 1 of the 9 studies was based in clinical practice,21 and advanced dementia is rare in populations who are competent to consent for research.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Prior analyses used single cohorts and presented results as relative rather than absolute risk, as done herein.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [6]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [7]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [9]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [10]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [11]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [12]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [55]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [56]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Some models use self-reported information but others also include physiological or performance data, for a total of 4 to more than 10 predictive factors.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [3]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [4]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [5]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [57]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [58]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [59]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [60]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This study has the limitations of observational research; it cannot establish causal relationships and is vulnerable to various forms of healthy volunteer bias.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The research studies analyzed herein used trained staff to measure gait speed. Staffin clinical settings would need initial training and may produce more variable results.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Others propose one cutoff around 0.8 m/s.13”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [13]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Long-distance walks have become accepted in some medical fields and may contribute information beyond short walks.66–68”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [66]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [67]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [68]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results found herein suggest that gait speed appears to be especially informative in older persons who report either no function all imitations or only difficulty with instrumental ADLs and may be less helpful for older adults who already report dependence in basic ADLs.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Similarly, mortality prediction models have been developed.3–5,57–60”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [3]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [4]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [5]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [57]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [58]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [59]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [60]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the longer distance and time to perform the test may limit feasibility in many clinical settings.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
There are currently no well-established approaches to predicting life expectancy that incorporate health and function.
“There are currently no well-established approaches to predicting life expectancy that incorporate health and function, although several models have been developed from individual data sources.3–5”
The paper relies on this without support.
Survival estimates help individualize goals of care for geriatric patients.
“Survival estimates help individualize goals of care for geriatric patients, but life tables fail to account for the great variability in survival.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Advanced dementia is rare in populations who are competent to consent for research.
“Only 1 of the 9 studies was based in clinical practice,21 and advanced dementia is rare in populations who are competent to consent for research.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The Edmonton Frail Scale is a multi-dimensional assessment instrument that includes the TUGT, and a test for cognitive impairment (108). It is quick to administer (less than 5 minutes) and is valid, reliable and feasible for routine use by non-geriatricians”
From Frailty in elderly people (2013) · cites this paper as [108]
In the citing paper
“Moreover, gait speed was associated with survival in pooled analysis of individual data from 9 cohort studies (pooled HR per 0.1 m/s: 0.88, 95% CI: 0.87–0.90, P < 0.001) (78).”
From Health Consequences of Sarcopenic Obesity: A Narrative Review (2020) · cites this paper as [78]
In the citing paper
“including a significant association with survival at increments of 0.1 m/s.84”
In the citing paper
“accumulating evidence from both preclinical studies and recent human clinical trials strongly suggests that Mt have a key role in the pathogenesis of age-related functional decline, marked by slower walking speed.(Hiona and Leeuwenburgh 2008;Studenski, Perera, Patel, Rosano, Faulkner, Inzitari, Brach, Chandler, Cawthon, Connor, Nevitt, Visser, Kritchevsky, Badinelli, Harris, Newman, Cauley, Ferru”
From Successful aging: Advancing the science of physical independence in older adults (2015) · cites this paper as Studenski et al. 2011
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
“SPPB, 0.738”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
“95% CI, 0.690–0.735”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > Abstract > Results
“At age 75, predicted 10-year survival across the range of gait speeds ranged from 19% to 87% in men and from 35% to 91% in women.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
“In men, the probability of 5-year survival at age 85 ranged from 0.3 to 0.88 (eFigure 3A) and the probability of 10-year survival at age 75 years ranged from 0.18 to 0.86 (eFigure 4A). In women, the probability of 5-year survival remained greater than 0.5 until advanced age (eFigure 3B), but 10-year survival at age 75 years ranged from 0.34 to 0.92”
Citations
Cites
Meta-analysis in clinical trials
DerSimonian, R., & Laird, N. (1986) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/0197-2456(86)90046-2 · Cited by 39,552 · cited 6×
“6 77 (72-81) 57 (49-64) 31 (24-39) 88 (85-90) 75 (68-80) 61 (50-70) 53 (41-64) 23 (15-31) 6 (3-11) 67 (61-72) 42 (36-48) 18 (9-30)”
InfluentialQuantifying heterogeneity in a meta‐analysis
Higgins, J. P. T., & Thompson, S. G. (2002) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.1186 · Cited by 36,763 · cited 6×
“6 77 (72-81) 57 (49-64) 31 (24-39) 88 (85-90) 75 (68-80) 61 (50-70) 53 (41-64) 23 (15-31) 6 (3-11) 67 (61-72) 42 (36-48) 18 (9-30)”
InfluentialThe Statistical Analysis of Failure Time Data.
Aitkin, M. A., Kalbfleisch, J. D., & Prentice, R. L. (1981) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2530581 · Cited by 9,875
Guralnik, J. M., Simonsick, E. M., Ferrucci, L., Glynn, R. J., Berkman, L. F., Blazer, D. G., Scherr, P. A., & Wallace, R. B. (1994) · Journal of Gerontology · doi:10.1093/geronj/49.2.m85 · Cited by 9,792 · cited 3×
“8 79 (74-83) 65 (57-71) 49 (35-61) 91 (89-93) 82 (78-86) 74 (69-78) 57 (52-62) 31 (24-38) 11 (3-28) 74 (71-77) 52 (46-57) 23 (18-28)”
Modeling Survival Data: Extending the Cox Model
Therneau, T. M., & Grambsch, P. M. (2000) · Statistics for Biology and Health · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-3294-8 · Cited by 8,674
The combination of estimates from different experiments
Cochran, W. G. (1954) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/3001666 · Cited by 5,380 · cited 5×
“6 77 (72-81) 57 (49-64) 31 (24-39) 88 (85-90) 75 (68-80) 61 (50-70) 53 (41-64) 23 (15-31) 6 (3-11) 67 (61-72) 42 (36-48) 18 (9-30)”
InfluentialStatistical Models and Methods for Lifetime Data
Lawless, J. F. (2002) · Wiley series in probability and statistics · doi:10.1002/9781118033005 · Cited by 4,521
The Cardiovascular Health Study: design and rationale.
Fried, L. P., Borhani, N. O., Enright, P., Furberg, C. D., Gardin, J. M., Kronmal, R. A., Kuller, L. H., Manolio, T. A., Mittelmark, M. B., Newman, A., et al. (1991) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/1047-2797(91)90005-w · Cited by 3,652
Survival Analysis Techniques for Censored and Truncated Data
Rao, M. B., Klein, J. P., & Moeschberger, M. L. (1998) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1270658 · Cited by 3,617
The physical activity scale for the elderly (PASE): Development and evaluation
Washburn, R. A., Smith, K. W., Jette, A. M., & Janney, C. A. (1993) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/0895-4356(93)90053-4 · Cited by 3,256 · cited 3×
“8 79 (74-83) 65 (57-71) 49 (35-61) 91 (89-93) 82 (78-86) 74 (69-78) 57 (52-62) 31 (24-38) 11 (3-28) 74 (71-77) 52 (46-57) 23 (18-28)”
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 501–600 of 4,515
Stanghelle, B., Bentzen, H., Giangregorio, L., Pripp, A. H., & Bergland, A. (2019) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-019-1268-y · Cited by 91
Pulsatility in CSF dynamics: pathophysiology of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus
Qvarlander, S., Lundkvist, B., Koskinen, L., et al. (2013) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2012-302924 · Cited by 81
Reliability of 4-meter and 10-meter walk tests after lower extremity surgery
Ünver, B., Baris, R. H., Yüksel, E., et al. (2016) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2016.1236153 · Cited by 81
Malmstrom, T. K., Miller, D. K., Herning, M. M., & Morley, J. E. (2013) · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1007/s13539-013-0106-x · Cited by 80
Sarcopenia: Monitoring, Molecular Mechanisms, and Physical Intervention
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Reginster, J., Beaudart, C., Al‐Daghri, N. M., Avouac, B. P., Bauer, J. M., Bere, N., Bruyère, O., Cerreta, F., Cesari, M., Rosa, M. M., et al. (2020) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-020-01663-4 · Cited by 82
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Dizziness and Unstable Gait in Old Age
Jahn, K., Kressig, R. W., Bridenbaugh, S. A., Brandt, T., & Schniepp, R. (2015) · Deutsches Ärzteblatt international · doi:10.3238/arztebl.2015.0387 · Cited by 81
Is walking faster or walking farther more important to persons with chronic stroke?
Combs, S. A., Puymbroeck, M. V., Altenburger, P., Miller, K. K., Dierks, T. A., & Schmid, A. A. (2012) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.3109/09638288.2012.717575 · Cited by 78
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Toward a Definition of Sarcopenia
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Usual Gait Speed Independently Predicts Mortality in Very Old People: A Population-Based Study
Toots, A., Rosendahl, E., Lundin‐Olsson, L., Nordström, P., Gustafson, Y., & Littbrand, H. (2013) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2013.04.006 · Cited by 79
Bohannon, R. W., Andrews, A. W., & Glenney, S. S. (2013) · Journal of Physical Therapy Science · doi:10.1589/jpts.25.1223 · Cited by 79
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Expanding the Scoring System for the Dynamic Gait Index
Shumway‐Cook, A., Taylor, C. S., Matsuda, P. N., Studer, M., & Whetten, B. K. (2013) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.20130035 · Cited by 80
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Sui, S. X., Holloway‐Kew, K. L., Hyde, N. K., Williams, L. J., Leach, S., & Pasco, J. A. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-67251-8 · Cited by 83
Batsis, J. A., Zbehlik, A. J., Barre, L., Bynum, J., Pidgeon, D., & Bartels, S. (2015) · Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology · doi:10.3109/03009742.2015.1021376 · Cited by 83
Capistrant, B. D., Glymour, M. M., & Berkman, L. F. (2014) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.12633 · Cited by 78
Perera, S., Studenski, S. A., Newman, A. B., Simonsick, E. M., Harris, T. B., Schwartz, A. V., Visser, M., & Study, F. T. H. A. (2014) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glu033 · Cited by 78
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Moreira, N. B., Rodacki, A. L. F., Pereira, G., & Bento, P. C. B. (2018) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2018.04.002 · Cited by 78
“This situation can be explained because of the association of changes caused by aging process that reduces all the physical abilities affecting not only the gait speed but also the strength, independently of fall episodes (Bird, Pittaway, Cuisick, Rattray, & Ahuja, 2013; Studenski et al., 2011).”
BackgroundMeaningful Change in Walking Speed
Chui, K. K., Hood, E. A., & Klima, D. W. (2012) · Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/tgr.0b013e3182510195 · Cited by 77
Tyrrell, D. J., Bharadwaj, M. S., Horn, C. G. V., Marsh, A. P., Nicklas, B. J., & Molina, A. J. A. (2015) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2015.07.015 · Cited by 78
Fielding, R. A., Atkinson, E. J., Aversa, Z., White, T. A., Heeren, A. A., Achenbach, S. J., Mielke, M. M., Cummings, S. R., Pahor, M., Leeuwenburgh, C., et al. (2022) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-022-00685-2 · Cited by 75
Intramuscular fat and physical performance at the Framingham Heart Study
Therkelsen, K. E., Pedley, A., Hoffmann, U., Fox, C. S., & Murabito, J. M. (2016) · AGE · doi:10.1007/s11357-016-9893-2 · Cited by 77
Objective Measures of Activity Level and Mortality in Older Men
Ensrud, K. E., Blackwell, T., Cauley, J. A., Dam, T.-T. L., Cawthon, P. M., Schousboe, J. T., Barrett-Connor, E. L., Stone, K. L., Bauer, D. C., Shikany, J. M., et al. (2014) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.13101 · Cited by 80
Welmer, A., Angleman, S. B., Rydwik, E., Fratiglioni, L., & Qiu, C. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065815 · Cited by 81
Preludes to brain failure: executive dysfunction and gait disturbances
Montero‐Odasso, M., & Hachinski, V. (2013) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-013-1613-4 · Cited by 77
Biomarkers for physical frailty and sarcopenia
Calvani, R., Marini, F., Cesari, M., Tosato, M., Picca, A., Anker, S. D., von Haehling, S., Miller, R. R., Bernabei, R., Landi, F., et al. (2017) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-016-0708-1 · Cited by 80
“The most popular tools include the handgrip strength test [11], the short physical performance battery (SPPB) [12], the usual gait speed [13], and the lower extremity muscle power [14].”
Executive Function Processes Predict Mobility Outcomes in Older Adults
Gothe, N. P., Fanning, J. T., Salerno, E. A., Chung, D., Wójcicki, T. R., Olson, E. A., Mullen, S. P., Voss, M. W., Erickson, K. I., Kramer, A. F., et al. (2014) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.12654 · Cited by 78
Suemoto, C. K., Ueda, P., Beltrán‐Sánchez, H., Lebrão, M. L., Duarte, Y. A. D. O., Wong, R., & Danaei, G. (2016) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glw166 · Cited by 76
“A previous IPD meta-analysis of eight American and one Italian cohort studies had been conducted to investigate the association between gait speed and mortality among older adults (17).”
BackgroundMarzetti, E., Cesari, M., Calvani, R., Msihid, J., Tosato, M., Rodríguez‐Mañas, L., Lattanzio, F., Cherubini, A., Bejuit, R., Bari, M. D., et al. (2018) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2018.09.017 · Cited by 76
“Indeed, functional status is the single most important measure of health in older persons, being a major determinant of well-being and survival (Studenski et al., 2011; Steptoe et al., 2015; Cesari et al., 2016; Landi et al., 2016).”
Saoi, M., Li, A., McGlory, C., Stokes, T., von Allmen, M., Phillips, S. M., & Britz‐McKibbin, P. (2019) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo9070134 · Cited by 75
“For these reasons, qualitative measures of muscle strength and function are also assessed using standardized performance tests such as the handgrip strength test [12], gait speed [13] and short physical performance battery (i.”
MethodLutz, A. H., Delligatti, A., Allsup, K., Afilalo, J., & Forman, D. E. (2020) · Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention · doi:10.1097/hcr.0000000000000537 · Cited by 80
“total 36 (0-52) 39 (0-52) 37 (0-52) 29 (9-52) <.”
van Walraven, C., McAlister, F. A., Bakal, J. A., Hawken, S., & Donzé, J. D. (2015) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.150209 · Cited by 76
Batsis, J. A., Zbehlik, A. J., Pidgeon, D., & Bartels, S. J. (2015) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-015-0118-9 · Cited by 74
Xie, Y. J., Liu, E. Y., Anson, E. R., & Agrawal, Y. (2016) · Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy · doi:10.1519/jpt.0000000000000093 · Cited by 76
Cognitive function and falling among older adults with mild cognitive impairment and slow gait
Doi, T., Shimada, H., Park, H., Makizako, H., Tsutsumimoto, K., Uemura, K., Nakakubo, S., Hotta, R., & Suzuki, T. (2014) · Geriatrics and gerontology international/Geriatrics & gerontology international · doi:10.1111/ggi.12407 · Cited by 75
Christiansen, C. L., Fields, T. T., Lev, G., Stephenson, R. O., & Stevens‐Lapsley, J. E. (2015) · PM&R · doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2015.05.006 · Cited by 76
Saji, M., Lim, D. S., Ragosta, M., LaPar, D. J., Downs, E., Ghanta, R. K., Kern, J. A., Dent, J. M., & Ailawadi, G. (2016) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2016.04.043 · Cited by 74
Owusu, C., Margevicius, S. P., Schluchter, M., Koroukian, S. M., & Berger, N. A. (2017) · Journal of Geriatric Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.jgo.2017.07.004 · Cited by 75
Objective physical activity and physical performance in middle-aged and older adults
Spartano, N. L., Lyass, A., Larson, M. G., Tran, T., Andersson, C., Blease, S. J., Esliger, D., Vasan, R. S., & Murabito, J. M. (2019) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2019.02.003 · Cited by 75
“1 m/s increments) were associated with better survival (Studenski et al., 2011).”
Glenn, J. M., Gray, M., & Binns, A. (2015) · Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy · doi:10.1519/jpt.0000000000000072 · Cited by 81
Verceles, A. C., Wells, C. L., Sorkin, J. D., Terrin, M. L., Beans, J., Jenkins, T., & Goldberg, A. P. (2018) · Journal of Critical Care · doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2018.07.006 · Cited by 74
“It is also likely that the outcome measures we chose (SPPB, 4-m gait speed, handgrip and 6MWD) have floor effects due to the severe weakness and functional impairment of this patient population, thus limiting the prognostic ability of these tests [14,31-34].”
Browne, W., & Nair, B. (2018) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/mja2.12045 · Cited by 74
Portegijs, E., Karavirta, L., Saajanaho, M., Rantalainen, T., & Rantanen, T. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-7869-8 · Cited by 75
Factors associated with social isolation in community-dwelling older adults: a cross-sectional study
Merchant, R. A., Liu, G., Lim, J. Y., Fu, X., & Chan, Y. H. (2020) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-020-02493-7 · Cited by 75
“Slow gait speed is a well-recognised predictor of poor clinical outcomes in community-dwelling older adults [38, 39].”
BackgroundMartín‐Ponce, E., Hernández-Betancor, I., González‐Reimers, E., Luis, R. H., Martı́nez-Riera, A., & Santolaria, F. (2014) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep07530 · Cited by 74
Brain activity during complex imagined gait tasks in Parkinson disease
Peterson, D. S., Pickett, K. A., Duncan, R. P., Perlmutter, J. S., & Earhart, G. M. (2013) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2013.10.008 · Cited by 80
More push from your push-off: Joint-level modifications to modulate propulsive forces in old age
Browne, M. G., & Franz, J. R. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0201407 · Cited by 73
Ehlenbach, W. J., Larson, E. B., Curtis, J. R., & Hough, C. L. (2015) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.13663 · Cited by 77
“Brain-muscle loop” in the fragility of older persons: from pathophysiology to new organizing models
Lauretani, F., Meschi, T., Ticinesi, A., & Maggio, M. G. (2017) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-017-0729-4 · Cited by 73
“It is now well established that gait speed is strongly associated with mortality in older men and women [16] and having measure of walking speed in the assessment could contribute to predict years of life expectancy [16].”
Afilalo, J., Sharma, A., Zhang, S., Brennan, J. M., Edwards, F. H., Mack, M. J., McClurken, J. B., Cleveland, J. C., Smith, P. K., Shahian, D. M., et al. (2018) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.118.010139 · Cited by 73
Planella-Farrugia, C., Comas, F., Sabater, M., Moreno, M., Moreno‐Navarrete, J. M., Rovira, O., Ricart, W., & Fernández‐Real, J. M. (2019) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2019.00871 · Cited by 77
Tian, Q., Resnick, S. M., Mielke, M. M., Yaffe, K. S., Launer, L. J., Jónsson, P. V., Grande, G., Welmer, A., Laukka, E. J., Bandinelli, S., et al. (2020) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.21636 · Cited by 74
Self-citationMcLoughlin, S., Kenny, R. A., & McCrory, C. (2020) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104789 · Cited by 78
Halvarsson, A., Franzén, E., Farén, E., Olsson, E., Oddsson, L., & Ståhle, A. (2012) · Clinical Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/0269215512462908 · Cited by 73
Multisystem Physiologic Impairments and Changes in Gait Speed of Older Adults
Rosso, A. L., Sanders, J. L., Arnold, A. M., Boudreau, R. M., Hirsch, C. H., Carlson, M. C., Rosano, C., Kritchevsky, S. B., & Newman, A. B. (2014) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glu176 · Cited by 75
Hvid, L. G., Strotmeyer, E. S., Skjødt, M., Magnussen, L. V., Andersen, M., & Caserotti, P. (2016) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2016.03.018 · Cited by 73
Life skills, wealth, health, and wellbeing in later life
Steptoe, A., & Wardle, J. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1616011114 · Cited by 86
“By contrast, gait or walking speed, an objective measure that predicts future mortality in older population samples (21), was significantly faster among individuals with more skills.”
BackgroundMaidan, I., Bernad‐Elazari, H., Giladi, N., Hausdorff, J. M., & Mirelman, A. (2017) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-017-0564-0 · Cited by 72
“This threshold was used based on extensive previous work which showed that 1.0 m/s can be used to distinguish people with normal ambulation status from those with deficits in ambulation and mobility (Cesari et al. 2005; Studenski et al. 2011; Verghese et al. 2011).”
MethodInfluentialSuspension Training HIIT Improves Gait Speed, Strength and Quality of Life in Older Adults
Jiménez-García, J. D., Martínez-Amat, A., de la Torre-Cruz, M. J., Fábrega-Cuadros, R., Cruz-Díaz, D., Aibar-Almazán, A., Achalandabaso-Ochoa, A., & Hita-Contreras, F. (2019) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/a-0787-1548 · Cited by 65
“It has been shown that common gait deficits observed in older adults, such as a greater stride width [62] and stride-to-stride variability are independent predictors of falls [34], and gait speed of people who do not experience falls is significantly higher than that of those who do [23, 54, 56, 57, 60].”
BackgroundDistance-limited walk tests post-stroke: A systematic review of measurement properties1
Cheng, D. K.-Y., Dagenais, M., Alsbury‐Nealy, K., Legasto-Mulvale, J. M., Scodras, S., Aravind, G., Takhar, P., Nekolaichuk, E., & Salbach, N. M. (2021) · Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.3233/nre-210026 · Cited by 77
“, 2008), and health-related quality of life (Khanittanuphong & Tipchatyotin, 2017), and a predictor of survival (Studenski et al., 2011).”
BackgroundChallenges in the management of older patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases
van Onna, M., & Boonen, A. E. R. C. H. (2022) · Nature Reviews Rheumatology · doi:10.1038/s41584-022-00768-6 · Cited by 74
Beauchamp, M. K., Jette, A. M., Ward, R. E., Kurlinski, L. A., Kiely, D. K., Latham, N. K., & Bean, J. F. (2014) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glu227 · Cited by 72
Lattanzio, F., Abbatecola, A. M., Bevilacqua, R., Chiatti, C., Corsonello, A., Rossi, L., Bustacchini, S., & Bernabei, R. (2014) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2014.04.003 · Cited by 72
Pérez‐Zepeda, M. U., Bélanger, E., Zunzunegui, M. V., Phillips, S. P., Ylli, A., & Guralnik, J. M. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0153855 · Cited by 73
Pamoukdjian, F., Lévy, V., Sebbane, G., Boubaya, M., Landre, T., Bloch‐Queyrat, C., Paillaud, É., & Zelek, L. H. (2016) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-016-0734-x · Cited by 72
“Indeed, GS was found as an independent marker of mortality in several studies involving older people living in a community (18-22).”
Up-to-date tools for risk assessment before allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation
Elsawy, M., & Sorror, M. L. (2016) · Bone Marrow Transplantation · doi:10.1038/bmt.2016.141 · Cited by 72
dos Santos, L., Ribeiro, A. S., Schoenfeld, B. J., do Nascimento, M. A., Tomeleri, C. M., de Souza, M. F., Pina, F. L. C., & Cyrino, E. S. (2017) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2016.1273394 · Cited by 76
“Thus, it has been used as an important clinical indicator of health and wellbeing in older adults (Studenski et al., 2011), where individuals with poor scores are purported to have an increased risk for negative health outcomes (Cesari et al., 2005) and mortality (Dumurgier et al., 2009).”
MethodGonzález‐Freire, M., Moaddel, R., Sun, K., Fabbri, E., Zhang, P., Khadeer, M., Salem, N., Ferrucci, L., & Semba, R. D. (2018) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/gly100 · Cited by 75
Lautenschlager, N. T., Cox, K. L., & Ellis, K. A. (2019) · Phlebolymphology · doi:10.31887/dcns.2019.21.1/nlautenschlager · Cited by 83
Mechanics of very slow human walking
Wu, A. R., Simpson, C. S., van Asseldonk, E. H. F., van der Kooij, H., & Ijspeert, A. J. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-54271-2 · Cited by 72
Fragilidade física e velocidade da marcha em idosos da comunidade: uma revisão sistemática
Binotto, M. A., Lenardt, M. H., & Rodríguez-Martínez, M. D. C. (2018) · Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP · doi:10.1590/s1980-220x2017028703392 · Cited by 75
Grosicki, G. J., Barrett, B. B., Englund, D. A., Liu, C. K., Travison, T. G., Cederholm, T., Koochek, A., von Berens, Å., Gustafsson, T. P., Benard, T., et al. (2020) · The Journal of Frailty & Aging · doi:10.14283/jfa.2019.30 · Cited by 71
“Interestingly, individual changes in IL-6 were inversely associated with training-related improvements in gait speed, an important predictor of morbidity and mortality in older adults (23).”
Diem, S. J., Greer, N. L., MacDonald, R. H., McKenzie, L. G., Dahm, P., Ercan-Fang, N. G., Estrada, A., Hemmy, L. S., Rosebush, C. E., Fink, H. A., et al. (2020) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m19-0830 · Cited by 72
“For physical function, we focused on subjective self-reported physical function as assessed by established instruments and objective physical function as measured by gait speed because of its well-established association with important health outcomes (11, 12).”
MethodAssociation of History of Psychopathology With Accelerated Aging at Midlife
Wertz, J., Caspi, A., Ambler, A. P., Broadbent, J. M., Hancox, R. J., Harrington, H., Hogan, S., Houts, R., Leung, J., Poulton, R., et al. (2021) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.4626 · Cited by 72
Mild Cognitive Impairment Status and Mobility Performance: An Analysis From the Boston RISE Study
Pedersen, M. M., Holt, N. E., Grande, L. J., Kurlinski, L. A., Beauchamp, M., Kiely, D. K., Petersen, J., Leveille, S. G., & Bean, J. F. (2014) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glu063 · Cited by 74
Walking Energetics, Fatigability, and Fatigue in Older Adults: The Study of Energy and Aging Pilot
Richardson, C. A., Glynn, N. W., Ferrucci, L., & Mackey, D. C. (2014) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glu146 · Cited by 71
Marques, A. S. P. D. D., Cruz, J., Quina, S., Regêncio, M., & Jácome, C. I. O. (2015) · COPD Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease · doi:10.3109/15412555.2015.1079816 · Cited by 70
“It has been recognized that gait speed is an important functional measure which has been linked to fall risk (46), fear of falling (47) and survival (48) in older adults.”
BackgroundRosario, B. L., Rosso, A. L., Aizenstein, H. J., Harris, T. B., Newman, A. B., Satterfield, S., Studenski, S. A., Yaffe, K. S., Rosano, C., & Study, F. T. H. A. (2016) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glv224 · Cited by 71
Self-citationCut Points for Clinical Muscle Weakness Among Older Americans
Duchowny, K. A., Peterson, M. D., & Clarke, P. J. (2017) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2016.12.022 · Cited by 73
“8 m/second, which is highly predictive of incident disability(14) and mortality(15) in both blacks and whites.(15) Additionally, slow walking speed at o0.”
BackgroundMethodStudy of the association between gait variability and physical activity
Ciprandi, D., Bertozzi, F., Zago, M., Ferreira, C. L. P., Boari, G., Sforza, C., & Galvani, C. (2017) · European Review of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s11556-017-0188-0 · Cited by 76
Schrack, J. A., Leroux, A., Fleg, J. L., Zipunnikov, V., Simonsick, E. M., Studenski, S. A., Crainiceanu, C. M., & Ferrucci, L. (2018) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/gly029 · Cited by 73
Self-citationMoro, T., Brightwell, C. R., Deer, R., Graber, T. G., Galvan, E., Fry, C. S., Volpi, E., & Rasmussen, B. B. (2018) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxy064 · Cited by 72
Physical Activity Predicts Microstructural Integrity in Memory-Related Networks in Very Old Adults
Tian, Q., Erickson, K. I., Simonsick, E. M., Aizenstein, H. J., Glynn, N. W., Boudreau, R. M., Newman, A. B., Kritchevsky, S. B., Yaffe, K. S., Harris, T. B., et al. (2014) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glt287 · Cited by 78
Adams, J., Kangarloo, T., Gong, Y., Khachadourian, V., Tracey, B., Volfson, D., Latzman, R. D., Cosman, J. D., Edgerton, J. R., Anderson, D. E., et al. (2024) · npj Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.1038/s41531-024-00721-2 · Cited by 77
Storer, T. W., Miciek, R., & Travison, T. G. (2012) · Asian Journal of Andrology · doi:10.1038/aja.2011.104 · Cited by 70
Evaluation of Two Fatigability Severity Measures in Elderly Adults
Schnelle, J. F., Buchowski, M. S., Ikizler, T. A., Durkin, D. W., Beuscher, L. M., & Simmons, S. F. (2012) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04062.x · Cited by 71
Killane, I., Donoghue, O. A., Savva, G. M., Cronin, H., Kenny, R. A., & Reilly, R. B. (2014) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glu140 · Cited by 70
Manor, B. D., Newton, E. K., Abduljalil, A., & Novak, V. (2012) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc11-2463 · Cited by 73
Lee, J. F., Barrett‐O’Keefe, Z., Nelson, A. D., Garten, R. S., Ryan, J. J., Nativi-Nicolau, J. N., Richardson, R. S., & Wray, D. W. (2016) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.02.139 · Cited by 71
Holtzer, R., Schoen, C. B., Demetriou, E., Mahoney, J. R., İzzetoğlu, M., Wang, C., & Verghese, J. (2016) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.13518 · Cited by 71
“Poor walking has been linked to increased risk of adverse outcomes including but not limited to dementia (Verghese et al., 2002, 2014) and mortality (Studenski et al., 2011).”
Characterizing the Heterogeneity of Aging: A Vision for a Staging System for Aging
Jaul, E., & Barron, J. S. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.513557 · Cited by 77
“Fast decline or very slow walking speed predicts mortality (23)”
BackgroundPathways linking regional hyperintensities in the brain and slower gait
Bolandzadeh, N., Liu-Ambrose, T. Y. L., Aizenstein, H. J., Harris, T. B., Launer, L. J., Yaffe, K. S., Kritchevsky, S. B., Newman, A. B., & Rosano, C. (2014) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.05.017 · Cited by 69
Metadata
- Authors
- Studenski, S.
- Affiliations
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Studenski, Stephanie
- ORCID
- Studenski, Stephanie
- Venue
- JAMA
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2011-01-05
- Volume
- 305
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 50
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- PMC
- PMC3080184
- OpenAlex
- W2159296038
- Semantic Scholar
- 25de2f67035336224c9f1e37f58c5b531d34b9ed
- Cited by
- 4,558
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 377 · 2025: 333 · 2024: 267 · 2023: 311 · 2022: 355 · 2021: 399 · 2020: 389 · 2019: 358 · 2018: 272 · 2017: 301 · 2016: 255 · 2015: 273 · 2014: 243 · 2013: 184 · 2012: 166
- FWCI
- 100.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh) (acceptedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000005)
- National Institute on Aging (AG023641, AG 024827, K07AG023641, P30AG024827, P30AG021332)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Frailty in Older Adults
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Keywords
- walking speed, survival, older adults, life expectancy, physical performance, mortality prediction, goals of care, community-dwelling older adults
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Female, Gait, Humans, Life Expectancy, Male, United States, Cohort Studies, Geriatric Assessment, Survival Analysis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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