The DOI matches its Crossref record; 73 of the 73 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 52 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Gait speed and survival in older adults.
Open accessAbstract
CONTEXT: Survival estimates help individualize goals of care for geriatric patients, but life tables fail to account for the great variability in survival. Physical performance measures, such as gait speed, might help account for variability, allowing clinicians to make more individualized estimates. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between gait speed and survival. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Pooled analysis of 9 cohort studies (collected between 1986 and 2000), using individual data from 34,485 community-dwelling older adults aged 65 years or older with baseline gait speed data, followed up for 6 to 21 years. Participants were a mean (SD) age of 73.5 (5.9) years; 59.6%, women; and 79.8%, white; and had a mean (SD) gait speed of 0.92 (0.27) m/s. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Survival rates and life expectancy. RESULTS: There were 17,528 deaths; the overall 5-year survival rate was 84.8% (confidence interval [CI], 79.6%-88.8%) and 10-year survival rate was 59.7% (95% CI, 46.5%-70.6%). Gait speed was associated with survival in all studies (pooled hazard ratio per 0.1 m/s, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.87-0.90; P < .001). Survival increased across the full range of gait speeds, with significant increments per 0.1 m/s. At age 75, predicted 10-year survival across the range of gait speeds ranged from 19% to 87% in men and from 35% to 91% in women. Predicted survival based on age, sex, and gait speed was as accurate as predicted based on age, sex, use of mobility aids, and self-reported function or as age, sex, chronic conditions, smoking history, blood pressure, body mass index, and hospitalization. CONCLUSION: In this pooled analysis of individual data from 9 selected cohorts, gait speed was associated with survival in older adults.
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43 Own result · 15 Sources not found · 9 Own interpretation · 7 Own method
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“Stratification by sex-specific median height failed to show systematic differences in survival rates between short and tall participants, so results presented are not stratified by height.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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“In some subsets of slow walkers of Hispanic descent, survival rates were 10% to 20% higher than in other groups (eTable 2).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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In the paper
“At age 75, predicted 10-year survival across the range of gait speeds ranged from 19% to 87% in men and from 35% to 91% in women.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > Abstract > Results
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“Stratification by race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, black, Hispanic) suggested generally similar survival rates by gait speed among age and sex groups.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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In the paper
“Gait speed was associated with survival in all studies (pooled hazard ratio per 0.1 m/s, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.87–0.90; P<. 001).”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
“The overall HR for survival per each 0.1 m/s faster gait speed was 0.88 (95% CI, 0.87–0.90; P<.001) when pooled across all studies using a random-effects meta-analytic statistical approach”
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain
“In this pooled analysis of individual data from 9 selected cohorts, gait speed was associated with survival in older adults.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > Abstract > Results
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- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
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In the paper
“Gait speeds of 1.0 m/s or higher consistently demonstrated survival that was longer than expected by age and sex alone.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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In the paper
“Gait speed added substantially37 to age and sex in 7 of the 9 studies and in the pooled analysis.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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“Gait speed, age, and sex yielded a C statistic (0.734) that was not significantly different from age, sex, mobility aids, and functional status (0.732; (P=.95; Table 3).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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“Three studies had sufficiently consistent data on functional status at baseline to allow pooling.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Although the sample size of very slow walkers was small, our data suggest that there may be a subpopulation who walk very slowly but survive for long periods.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
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In the paper
“Study follow-up time ranged from 6.0 to 21.0 years, with participants followed up for a mean of 12.2 and a median of 13.8 years.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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“Of the total, 59.6% were women.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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In the paper
“Predicted years of remaining life for each sex and age increased as gait speed increased, with a gait speed of about 0.8 m/s at the median life expectancy at most ages for both sexes (Figure 2; a PDF of enlarged graphs is available at http://www.jama.com).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Similarly, there was a wide range of gait speeds, from less than 0.4 m/s (n=1247) to more than 1.4 m/s (n=1491).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plainn = 1,491- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In this older adult population, the relationship of gait speed with remaining years of life was consistent across age groups, but the absolute number of expected remaining years of life was larger at younger ages.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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“For 70-year-old men, life expectancy ranged from 7 to 23 years and for women, from 10 to 30 years.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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“There were substantial numbers of African American (n=3852) and Hispanic (n=2650) participants.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plainn = 3,852- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Mortality rates appear to be related to length of follow-up (Table 1).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Predicted survival based on age, sex, and gait speed was as accurate as predicted based on age, sex, use of mobility aids, and self-reported function or as age, sex, chronic conditions, smoking history, blood pressure, body mass index, and hospitalization.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > Abstract > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In women, the probability of 5-year survival remained greater than 0.5 until advanced age (eFigure 3B), but 10-year survival at age 75 years ranged from 0.34 to 0.92 and at age 80 years from 0.22 to 0.86 (eFigure 4B).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For the 3 levels of functional status (independent, difficulty with instrumental ADLs, and dependent in ADLs), the pooled HR per 0.1-m/s increase in gait speed for those who were independent was 0.92 (P= .005), for those with difficulty in instrumental activities was also 0.92 (P<.001) but was 0.94 (P=.02) among those dependent in ADLs.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The studies had a wide age range, including 1765 persons older than 85 years.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plainn = 1,765- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“There were consistent associations across studies, although given the large sample sizes, Q statistics were often statistically significant (details available in eFigure 1A–M available at http://www.jama.com).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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In the paper
“Age-adjusted HRs by study ranged from 0.83 to 0.94 and all were significant (P<.001; Figure 1).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“When dichotomized at a score of 100 into low and high activity, MrOS had consistent and statistically significant HRs for low (HR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.81–0.88) and high (HR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.84–0.90) physical”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In the pooled sample, median survival in years for the age groups 65 through 74 years was 12.6 for men and 16.8 for women; for 75 through 84 years, 7.9 for men and 10.5 for women; and for 85 years or older, 4.6 for men and 6.4 years for women (eTable 3 available at http://www.jama.com).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Gait speed was associated with differences in the probability of survival at all ages in both sexes, but was especially informative after age 75 years.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were 17 528 deaths; the overall 5-year survival rate was 84.8% (confidence interval [CI], 79.6%–88.8%)and 10-year survival rate was 59.7% (95%CI, 46.5%–70.6%).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > Abstract > Results
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In the paper
“Further adjustment for sex, BMI, smoking status, systolic blood pressure, diseases, prior hospitalization, and self-reported health did not change the results (overall HR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.89–0.91; P<.001).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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In the paper
“In men, the probability of 5-year survival at age 85 ranged from 0.3 to 0.88 (eFigure 3A) and the probability of 10-year survival at age 75 years ranged from 0.18 to 0.86 (eFigure 4A).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Survival increased across the full range of gait speeds, with significant increments per 0.1 m/s.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > Abstract > Results
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In the paper
“The 9 participating studies contributed a total of 34 485 participants (Table 1).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plainn = 34,485- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“There were 17 528 total deaths across all studies, with rates varying from 18.40% to 91.87% in individual studies.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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In the paper
“In the Hispanic EPESE, the HR for low physical activity was significant (0.92; 95% CI, 0.88–0.96) but the HR for higher physical activity was not (0.99; 95% CI, 0.95–1.04).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
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In the paper
“Pooled HRs for all subgroups except functional status were consistently in the range of 0.81 to 0.92 and all were significant (P<.002).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“C statistics for age, sex, and gait speed were greater than those for age, sex, and chronic diseases in 4 of 9 studies, approximately equivalent in 5 studies and inferior in no studies.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For 10-year survival, 6 studies had sufficient follow-up time to perform many of the analyses (Table 3).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We assessed usual vs fast gait speed in the single study with both measures (Invecciare in Chianti18 study: usual, 0.727 [95% CI, 0.678–0.776]; fast, 0.684 [95% CI, 0.630–0.739]), suggesting that fast walks did not have an advantage in survival prediction over usual-paced walks.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For these studies, gait speed, age, and sex yielded a C statistic (0.741) that was not significantly different (P=.78) from age, sex, mobility aids, and functional status (P=.75; Table 3).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Gait speed added predictive ability to age and sex in 4 of 6 studies and in the pooled analysis.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In our data, predicted life expectancy at the median for age and sex occurs at about 0.8 m/s; faster gait speeds predict life expectancy beyond the median.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Gait speed has been recommended as a potentially useful clinical indicator of well-being among the older adults.14”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > Abstract > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [14]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because physical activity measures were not sufficiently consistent across studies, effects could not be pooled.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Gait speed could be considered a simple and accessible summary indicator of vitality because it integrates known and unrecognized disturbances in multiple organ systems, many of which affect survival.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“Only a few models assess overall predictive capacity using C statistics; the reported values are in the range found in the present study (published area under the curve range, 0.66–0.8261 vs this study, 0.717 and 0.737).”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [61]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Because gait speed can be assessed by nonprofessional staff using a 4-m walkway and a stopwatch,21 it is relatively simple to measure compared with many medical assessments.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Several authors have proposed that gait speeds faster than 1.0 m/s suggest healthier aging while gait speeds slower than 0.6 m/s increase the likelihood of poor health and function.7,21”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [7]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [21]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The participating study cohorts, while large and diverse, do not represent the universe of possible data.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The strengths of this study are the very large sample of individual participant data from multiple diverse populations of community-dwelling elders who were followed up for many years and use of consistent measures of performance and outcome.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Gait speed might help refine survival estimates in clinical practice or research because it is simple and informative.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the gait speed–survival relationship seems continuous across the entire range, cut points may help interpretation.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Also, participants in these studies had no prior knowledge about the meaning of walking speed.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Slowing gait may reflect both damaged systems and a high-energy cost of walking.13,39–54”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [13]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [39]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [40]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [41]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [42]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [43]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [44]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [45]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [46]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [47]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Gait speed, age, and sex may offer the clinician tools for assessing expected survival to contribute to tailoring goals of care in older adults.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We were unable to assess the association of physical activity with survival in pooled analyses because measures of activity were highly variable across studies.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“However, median years of survival in this study resemble estimates for US adults across the sex and age range assessed.62”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [62]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Only 1 of the 9 studies was based in clinical practice,21 and advanced dementia is rare in populations who are competent to consent for research.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Prior analyses used single cohorts and presented results as relative rather than absolute risk, as done herein.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [6]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [7]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [9]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [10]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [11]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [12]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [55]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [56]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Some models use self-reported information but others also include physiological or performance data, for a total of 4 to more than 10 predictive factors.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [3]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [4]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [5]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [57]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [58]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [59]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [60]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This study has the limitations of observational research; it cannot establish causal relationships and is vulnerable to various forms of healthy volunteer bias.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The research studies analyzed herein used trained staff to measure gait speed. Staffin clinical settings would need initial training and may produce more variable results.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Others propose one cutoff around 0.8 m/s.13”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [13]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Long-distance walks have become accepted in some medical fields and may contribute information beyond short walks.66–68”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [66]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [67]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [68]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results found herein suggest that gait speed appears to be especially informative in older persons who report either no function all imitations or only difficulty with instrumental ADLs and may be less helpful for older adults who already report dependence in basic ADLs.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Similarly, mortality prediction models have been developed.3–5,57–60”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [3]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [4]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [5]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [57]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [58]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [59]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [60]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the longer distance and time to perform the test may limit feasibility in many clinical settings.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > COMMENT
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
There are currently no well-established approaches to predicting life expectancy that incorporate health and function.
“There are currently no well-established approaches to predicting life expectancy that incorporate health and function, although several models have been developed from individual data sources.3–5”
The paper relies on this without support.
Survival estimates help individualize goals of care for geriatric patients.
“Survival estimates help individualize goals of care for geriatric patients, but life tables fail to account for the great variability in survival.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Advanced dementia is rare in populations who are competent to consent for research.
“Only 1 of the 9 studies was based in clinical practice,21 and advanced dementia is rare in populations who are competent to consent for research.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The Edmonton Frail Scale is a multi-dimensional assessment instrument that includes the TUGT, and a test for cognitive impairment (108). It is quick to administer (less than 5 minutes) and is valid, reliable and feasible for routine use by non-geriatricians”
From Frailty in elderly people (2013) · cites this paper as [108]
In the citing paper
“Moreover, gait speed was associated with survival in pooled analysis of individual data from 9 cohort studies (pooled HR per 0.1 m/s: 0.88, 95% CI: 0.87–0.90, P < 0.001) (78).”
From Health Consequences of Sarcopenic Obesity: A Narrative Review (2020) · cites this paper as [78]
In the citing paper
“including a significant association with survival at increments of 0.1 m/s.84”
In the citing paper
“accumulating evidence from both preclinical studies and recent human clinical trials strongly suggests that Mt have a key role in the pathogenesis of age-related functional decline, marked by slower walking speed.(Hiona and Leeuwenburgh 2008;Studenski, Perera, Patel, Rosano, Faulkner, Inzitari, Brach, Chandler, Cawthon, Connor, Nevitt, Visser, Kritchevsky, Badinelli, Harris, Newman, Cauley, Ferru”
From Successful aging: Advancing the science of physical independence in older adults (2015) · cites this paper as Studenski et al. 2011
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
“SPPB, 0.738”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
“95% CI, 0.690–0.735”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > Abstract > Results
“At age 75, predicted 10-year survival across the range of gait speeds ranged from 19% to 87% in men and from 35% to 91% in women.”
§ Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults > RESULTS
“In men, the probability of 5-year survival at age 85 ranged from 0.3 to 0.88 (eFigure 3A) and the probability of 10-year survival at age 75 years ranged from 0.18 to 0.86 (eFigure 4A). In women, the probability of 5-year survival remained greater than 0.5 until advanced age (eFigure 3B), but 10-year survival at age 75 years ranged from 0.34 to 0.92”
Citations
Cites
Meta-analysis in clinical trials
DerSimonian, R., & Laird, N. (1986) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/0197-2456(86)90046-2 · Cited by 39,552 · cited 6×
“6 77 (72-81) 57 (49-64) 31 (24-39) 88 (85-90) 75 (68-80) 61 (50-70) 53 (41-64) 23 (15-31) 6 (3-11) 67 (61-72) 42 (36-48) 18 (9-30)”
InfluentialQuantifying heterogeneity in a meta‐analysis
Higgins, J. P. T., & Thompson, S. G. (2002) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.1186 · Cited by 36,763 · cited 6×
“6 77 (72-81) 57 (49-64) 31 (24-39) 88 (85-90) 75 (68-80) 61 (50-70) 53 (41-64) 23 (15-31) 6 (3-11) 67 (61-72) 42 (36-48) 18 (9-30)”
InfluentialThe Statistical Analysis of Failure Time Data.
Aitkin, M. A., Kalbfleisch, J. D., & Prentice, R. L. (1981) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2530581 · Cited by 9,875
Guralnik, J. M., Simonsick, E. M., Ferrucci, L., Glynn, R. J., Berkman, L. F., Blazer, D. G., Scherr, P. A., & Wallace, R. B. (1994) · Journal of Gerontology · doi:10.1093/geronj/49.2.m85 · Cited by 9,792 · cited 3×
“8 79 (74-83) 65 (57-71) 49 (35-61) 91 (89-93) 82 (78-86) 74 (69-78) 57 (52-62) 31 (24-38) 11 (3-28) 74 (71-77) 52 (46-57) 23 (18-28)”
Modeling Survival Data: Extending the Cox Model
Therneau, T. M., & Grambsch, P. M. (2000) · Statistics for Biology and Health · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-3294-8 · Cited by 8,674
The combination of estimates from different experiments
Cochran, W. G. (1954) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/3001666 · Cited by 5,380 · cited 5×
“6 77 (72-81) 57 (49-64) 31 (24-39) 88 (85-90) 75 (68-80) 61 (50-70) 53 (41-64) 23 (15-31) 6 (3-11) 67 (61-72) 42 (36-48) 18 (9-30)”
InfluentialStatistical Models and Methods for Lifetime Data
Lawless, J. F. (2002) · Wiley series in probability and statistics · doi:10.1002/9781118033005 · Cited by 4,521
The Cardiovascular Health Study: design and rationale.
Fried, L. P., Borhani, N. O., Enright, P., Furberg, C. D., Gardin, J. M., Kronmal, R. A., Kuller, L. H., Manolio, T. A., Mittelmark, M. B., Newman, A., et al. (1991) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/1047-2797(91)90005-w · Cited by 3,652
Survival Analysis Techniques for Censored and Truncated Data
Rao, M. B., Klein, J. P., & Moeschberger, M. L. (1998) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1270658 · Cited by 3,617
The physical activity scale for the elderly (PASE): Development and evaluation
Washburn, R. A., Smith, K. W., Jette, A. M., & Janney, C. A. (1993) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/0895-4356(93)90053-4 · Cited by 3,256 · cited 3×
“8 79 (74-83) 65 (57-71) 49 (35-61) 91 (89-93) 82 (78-86) 74 (69-78) 57 (52-62) 31 (24-38) 11 (3-28) 74 (71-77) 52 (46-57) 23 (18-28)”
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–500 of 4,516
Sherman, A. E., Motyckova, G., Fega, K. R., DeAngelo, D. J., Abel, G. A., Steensma, D. P., Wadleigh, M., Stone, R. M., & Driver, J. A. (2013) · Leukemia Research · doi:10.1016/j.leukres.2013.05.013 · Cited by 98
Combining muscle synergies and biomechanical analysis to assess gait in stroke patients
Barroso, F. O., Torricelli, D., Rueda, F. M., et al. (2017) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.08.006 · Cited by 98
Accelerated Longitudinal Gait Speed Decline in HIV-Infected Older Men
Schrack, J. A., Althoff, K. N., Jacobson, L. P., Erlandson, K. M., Jamieson, B. D., Koletar, S. L., Phair, J., Ferrucci, L., Brown, T. T., & Margolick, J. B. (2015) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0000000000000731 · Cited by 99
Real-time feedback enhances forward propulsion during walking in old adults
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Implementing Frailty Into Clinical Practice: A Cautionary Tale
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Assessment of Physical Activity in Adults Using Wrist Accelerometers
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Brain plasticity and motor practice in cognitive aging
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Deep Learning to Estimate Biological Age From Chest Radiographs
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Predicting Trajectories of Functional Decline in 60- to 70-Year-Old People
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Self-citationRecent Advances in Quantitative Gait Analysis Using Wearable Sensors: A Review
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Gait Speed, Body Composition, and Dementia. The EPIDOS-Toulouse Cohort
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Association of Brain Amyloid-β With Slow Gait in Elderly Individuals Without Dementia
Nadkarni, N. K., Perera, S., Snitz, B. E., Mathis, C. A., Price, J. C., Williamson, J. D., DeKosky, S. T., Klunk, W. E., & López, O. L. (2016) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.3474 · Cited by 94
Physical function measurements predict mortality in ambulatory older men
Buyser, S. L. D., Petrović, M., Taes, Y., Toye, K. R. C., Kaufman, J., & Goemaere, S. (2013) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1111/eci.12056 · Cited by 94
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A real-world study of wearable sensors in Parkinson’s disease
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Toward a Passive Low-Cost In-Home Gait Assessment System for Older Adults
Wang, F., Stone, E. E., Skubic, M., Keller, J. M., Abbott, C. C., & Rantz, M. (2013) · IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics · doi:10.1109/jbhi.2012.2233745 · Cited by 93
A comparison of objective physical performance tests and future mortality in the elderly people
Veronese, N., Stubbs, B., Fontana, L., Trevisan, C., Bolzetta, F., Rui, M. D., Sartori, L., Musacchio, E., Zambon, S., Maggi, S., et al. (2016) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/glw139 · Cited by 90
“Data from a meta-analysis involving nine large cohort studies demonstrated that slower gait speed is associated with an increased risk of future mortality (4).”
BackgroundNutrition and physical activity for the prevention and treatment of age-related sarcopenia
Bosaeus, I. G., & Rothenberg, E. M. (2015) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s002966511500422x · Cited by 94
Frailty as a risk predictor in cardiac surgery: Beyond the eyeball test
Yanagawa, B., Graham, M. M., Afilalo, J., Hassan, A., & Arora, R. C. (2018) · Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2018.01.103 · Cited by 94
Quantitative Normative Gait Data in a Large Cohort of Ambulatory Persons with Parkinson’s Disease
Hass, C. J., Malczak, P., Nocera, J. R., Stegemöller, E. L., Shukala, A., Malaty, I. A., Jacobson, C. E., Okun, M. S., & McFarland, N. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0042337 · Cited by 91
Combs, S. A., Diehl, M. D., Filip, J., & Long, E. (2013) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2013.10.019 · Cited by 92
Deelen, J., Beekman, M., Capri, M., Franceschi, C., & Slagboom, P. E. (2013) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.201200148 · Cited by 94
Rising Energetic Cost of Walking Predicts Gait Speed Decline With Aging
Schrack, J. A., Zipunnikov, V., Simonsick, E. M., Studenski, S. A., & Ferrucci, L. (2016) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glw002 · Cited by 94
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Translational Geroscience: Emphasizing function to achieve optimal longevity
Seals, D. R., & Melov, S. (2014) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.100694 · Cited by 90
Syddall, H. E., Westbury, L. D., Cooper, C. C., & Sayer, A. A. (2014) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2014.11.004 · Cited by 92
Vahlberg, B. M., Cederholm, T., Lindmark, B., Zetterberg, L., & Hellström, K. (2016) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2016.1206631 · Cited by 91
“1 m/ s indicating higher survival.[38] Therefore, our results indicate an important clinical finding.”
ResultDual-Task Exercise to Improve Cognition and Functional Capacity of Healthy Older Adults
Jardim, N. Y. V., Bento-Torres, N. V. O., da Costa, V. O., Carvalho, J. P. R., Pontes, H. T. S., Tomás, A. M., Sosthenes, M. C. K., Erickson, K. I., Bento‐Torres, J., & Diniz, C. W. P. (2021) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2021.589299 · Cited by 105
“In addition, significant increases in the usual walking speed are associated with improved survival in community dwelling, healthy older adults, with significant increases in survival with each 0.1 m/sec increase in speed (Studenski et al., 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialMarzetti, E., Lees, H. A., Manini, T. M., Buford, T. W., Aranda, J. M., Calvani, R., Capuani, G., Marsiske, M., Lott, D. J., Vandenborne, K., et al. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032829 · Cited by 90
Heritability of and Mortality Prediction With a Longevity Phenotype: The Healthy Aging Index
Sanders, J. L., Minster, R. L., Barmada, M. M., Matteini, A. M., Boudreau, R. M., Christensen, K., Mayeux, R. P., Borecki, I. B., Zhang, Q., Perls, T. T., et al. (2013) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glt117 · Cited by 92
Quantitative measures of healthy aging and biological age
Kim, S., & Jazwinski, S. M. (2015) · Healthy Aging Research · doi:10.12715/har.2015.4.26 · Cited by 93
Uchmanowicz, I., Łoboz-Rudnicka, M., Szeląg, P., Jankowska‐Polańska, B., & Łoboz−Grudzień, K. (2014) · Current Heart Failure Reports · doi:10.1007/s11897-014-0198-4 · Cited by 93
Statins and Physical Activity in Older Men
Lee, D. S. H., Markwardt, S., Goeres, L. M., Lee, C. G., Eckstrom, E., Williams, C. D., Fu, R., ORWOLL, E. S., Cawthon, P. M., Stefanick, M. L., et al. (2014) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.2266 · Cited by 90
Muckelt, P. E., Roos, E. M., Stokes, M. J., McDonough, S., Grønne, D. T., Ewings, S. M., & Skou, S. T. (2020) · Journal of Comorbidity · doi:10.1177/2235042x20920456 · Cited by 88
“It is well established that low physical activity levels can contribute to the development of longterm conditions(31) and slower walking pace is a predictor of mortality.(32) OA is an important factor in this, as it can cause pain in the joints, making movement and therefore activity painful and difficult for those wh…”
BackgroundFrailty: Past, present, and future?
Kwak, D., & Thompson, L. V. (2020) · Sports Medicine and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.smhs.2020.11.005 · Cited by 91
Cardiopulmonary fitness in patients undergoing hematopoietic SCT: a pilot study
Wood, W. A., Deal, A. M., Reeve, B. B., Abernethy, A. P., Basch, E., Mitchell, S. A., Shatten, C., Kim, Y. H., Whitley, J., Serody, J. S., et al. (2013) · Bone Marrow Transplantation · doi:10.1038/bmt.2013.58 · Cited by 89
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“Moreover, gait performance is also a predictor for survival [5], cognitive decline [6], fall status [7], and quality of life [8].”
BackgroundMobility-Related Fatigue, Walking Speed, and Muscle Strength in Older People
Mänty, M., de Leon, C. F. M., Rantanen, T., Era, P. A., Pedersen, B. K., Ekmann, A., Schroll, M., & Avlund, K. (2011) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glr183 · Cited by 88
Liu, B., Hu, X., Zhang, Q., Fan, Y., Li, J., Zou, R., Zhang, M., Wang, X., & Wang, J. (2015) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2015.12.008 · Cited by 94
Gait comparison of unicompartmental and total knee arthroplasties with healthy controls
Jones, G. G., Kotti, M., Wiik, A., et al. (2016) · The Bone & Joint Journal · doi:10.1302/0301-620x.98b10.bjj.2016.0473.r1 · Cited by 88
Petr, M. A., Alfaras, I., Krawcyzk, M., Bair, W.-N., Mitchell, S. J., Morrell, C. H., Studenski, S. A., Price, N. L., Fishbein, K. W., Spencer, R. G. S., et al. (2021) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.62952 · Cited by 87
“For instance, physical performance metrics have provided important information about individualized estimates of survival as evidenced by the association of age-related decline in gait speed with reduced overall survival in humans (Studenski et al., 2011; White et al., 2013).”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationFunctional Status and Mortality in Older Women With Gynecological Cancer
Cesari, M., Cerullo, F., Zamboni, V., Palma, R. D., Scambia, G., Balducci, L., Incalzi, R. A., Vellas, B. J., & Gambassi, G. (2013) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glt073 · Cited by 87
de Carvalho, F. G., Justice, J. N., de Freitas, E. C., Kershaw, E. E., & Sparks, L. M. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11112553 · Cited by 93
Sattar, S., Alibhai, S. M. H., Spoelstra, S., Fazelzad, R., & Puts, M. T. E. (2016) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-016-3342-8 · Cited by 88
Bhasin, S., Ellenberg, S. S., Storer, T. W., Basaria, S. S., Pahor, M., Stephens‐Shields, A. J., Cauley, J. A., Ensrud, K. E., Farrar, J. T., Cella, D. F., et al. (2018) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(18)30171-2 · Cited by 87
Epidemiology of Chronic Kidney Disease Among Older Adults: A Focus on the Oldest Old
Bowling, C. B., & Muntner, P. (2012) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/gls173 · Cited by 87
Wu, L.-W., Chen, W., Peng, T., Chiang, S.-T., Yang, H., Sun, Y., Chan, J. Y., & Kao, T. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011164 · Cited by 88
A model of free-living gait: A factor analysis in Parkinson’s disease
Morris, R., Hickey, A., Din, S. D., et al. (2016) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.11.024 · Cited by 86
“Introduction Gait is a marker of global health, cognition and falls risk [1, 2].”
BackgroundPhysical activity and sarcopenia in older adults
Meier, N. F., & Lee, D.-C. (2019) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-019-01371-8 · Cited by 86
“This may be due to the fact that gait speed has a complex association with overall health, multiple organ systems and physical activity, as well as being a metric for vitality [42, 43].”
BackgroundMotor imagery training improves balance and mobility outcomes in older adults: a systematic review
Nicholson, V. P., Watts, N., Chani, Y., & Keogh, J. (2019) · Journal of physiotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.jphys.2019.08.007 · Cited by 86
Giné‐Garriga, M., Sansano-Nadal, O., Tully, M. A., Caserotti, P., Coll‐Planas, L., Rothenbacher, D., Dallmeier, D., Denkinger, M. D., Wilson, J. J., Martín-Borràs, C., et al. (2020) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glaa016 · Cited by 96
“Gait speed, age, and sex may offer the clinician tools for assessing expected survival to contribute to tailoring goals of care in older adults (66).”
BackgroundJung, H., Jang, I., Lee, C. K., Yu, S. S., Hwang, J. K., Jeon, C., Lee, Y. S., & Lee, E. (2018) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s166863 · Cited by 85
“1,2 A ground-breaking study 3 on nine Western cohorts showed that gait speed can predict survival in older people as precisely as age, sex, and use of mobility aids.”
Comparative Approaches to Understanding the Relation Between Aging and Physical Function
Justice, J. N., Cesari, M., Seals, D. R., Shively, C. A., & Carter, C. S. (2015) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glv035 · Cited by 83
“Recently, a large combined cohort analysis demonstrated that usual gait speed is a strong predictor of life expectancy in both men and women (34).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialHealth Monitors for Chronic Disease by Gait Analysis with Mobile Phones
Juen, J. P., Cheng, Q., Prieto-Centurion, V., Krishnan, J. A., & Schatz, B. R. (2014) · Telemedicine Journal and e-Health · doi:10.1089/tmj.2014.0025 · Cited by 85
Recent Evidence About the Effectiveness of Vestibular Rehabilitation
Whitney, S. L., Alghadir, A. H., & Anwer, S. (2016) · Current Treatment Options in Neurology · doi:10.1007/s11940-016-0395-4 · Cited by 92
Mikolaizak, A. S., Rochester, L., Maetzler, W., Sharrack, B., Demeyer, H., Mazzà, C., Caulfield, B., García‐Aymerich, J., Vereijken, B., Arnera, V., et al. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0269615 · Cited by 100
White, D. K., Niu, J., & Zhang, Y. (2012) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/acr.21816 · Cited by 85
Shimada, H., Suzuki, T., Suzukawa, M., Makizako, H., Doi, T., Yoshida, D., Tsutsumimoto, K., Anan, Y., Uemura, K., Ito, T., et al. (2013) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2012-002424 · Cited by 84
Effects of a DVD-Delivered Exercise Intervention on Physical Function in Older Adults
McAuley, E., Wójcicki, T. R., Gothe, N. P., Mailey, E. L., Szabo‐Reed, A. N., Fanning, J. T., Olson, E. A., Phillips, S. M., Motl, R. W., & Mullen, S. P. (2013) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glt014 · Cited by 85
What can gait tell us about dementia? Review of epidemiological and neuropsychological evidence
Valkanova, V., & Ebmeier, K. P. (2017) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.01.024 · Cited by 85
Motoric Cognitive Risk Syndrome: Predictor of Dementia and Age-Related Negative Outcomes
Chhetri, J. K., Chan, P., Vellas, B. J., & Cesari, M. (2017) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2017.00166 · Cited by 85
“Studies have shown gait speed to be a very strong predictor of survival (8) and cognitive impairment is also known to predict mortality (94).”
BackgroundRuiz-Ruiz, L., Jiménez, A. R., Neira, G. G.-V., & Seco, F. A. (2021) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s21206918 · Cited by 88
“The most commonly used tests are those that calculate the normal walking speed at traveled distances between 4 m and 6 m [23].”
MethodWestbury, L. D., Beaudart, C., Bruyère, O., Cauley, J. A., Cawthon, P. M., Cruz-Jentoft, A. J., Curtis, E. M., Ensrud, K. E., Fielding, R. A., Johansson, H., et al. (2023) · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.13160 · Cited by 96
“in the pooled sample were similar when gait speeds in these two cohorts were converted to those expected over 6 m using previously published equations.(19,20) Although the lack”
Liu, S., Guo, W., Chen, H., Yin, Z., Tang, X., & Sun, Q. (2024) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.202405520 · Cited by 91
Galé, C. R., Allerhand, M., Sayer, A. A., Cooper, C. C., & Deary, I. J. (2014) · AGE · doi:10.1007/s11357-014-9682-8 · Cited by 93
DePew, Z. S., Karpman, C., Novotny, P. J., & Benzo, R. P. (2013) · Respiratory Care · doi:10.4187/respcare.02471 · Cited by 89
Kannenberg, A., Zacharias, B., & Pröbsting, E. (2014) · The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development · doi:10.1682/jrrd.2014.05.0118 · Cited by 85
Jerome, G. J., Ko, S.-U., Kauffman, D. C., Studenski, S. A., Ferrucci, L., & Simonsick, E. M. (2015) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2015.01.007 · Cited by 83
Self-citationFrailty in Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine
Singer, J. P., Lederer, D. J., & Baldwin, M. R. (2016) · Annals of the American Thoracic Society · doi:10.1513/annalsats.201512-833fr · Cited by 89
Lee, S., Lee, H.-J., Chang, W. H., Choi, B., Lee, J., Kim, J., Ryu, G.-H., & Kim, Y. (2017) · Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s12984-017-0333-z · Cited by 83
“Walking places demands on multiple organ systems, including the musculoskeletal (bone, muscles and joints), cardiopulmonary (heart and lungs) and nervous systems (brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves) [33, 44].”
Ramírez‐Campillo, R., Álvarez, C., García‐Hermoso, A., Celis-Morales, C. A., Ramírez‐Vélez, R., Gentil, P., & Izquierdo, M. (2018) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2018.06.014 · Cited by 88
“1 m·s in walking speed has been associated with increased survival, especially in older women (Studenski et al., 2011).”
A Natural Walking Monitor for Pulmonary Patients Using Mobile Phones
Juen, J. P., Cheng, Q., & Schatz, B. R. (2015) · IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics · doi:10.1109/jbhi.2015.2427511 · Cited by 85
Life‐Space Mobility and Mortality in Older Men: A Prospective Cohort Study
Mackey, D. C., Cauley, J. A., Barrett-Connor, E. L., Schousboe, J. T., Cawthon, P. M., & Cummings, S. R. (2014) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.12892 · Cited by 88
Saum, K.-U., Müller, H., Stegmaier, C., Hauer, K. A., Raum, E., & Brenner, H. (2012) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04192.x · Cited by 83
Strike, S., Carlisle, A., Gibson, E. L., & Dyall, S. C. (2015) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glv109 · Cited by 84
Makiura, D., Ono, R., Inoue, J., Kashiwa, M., Oshikiri, T., Nakamura, T., Kakeji, Y., Sakai, Y., & Miura, Y. (2016) · Journal of Geriatric Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.jgo.2016.07.003 · Cited by 84
“A previous study showed that grip strength offered an effective predictor of complications and mortality after elective esophagectomy,(24) and thatwalking speed predicted risk of mortality.(25) Because tests for grip strength and walking speed are inexpensive and predictive of high-risk patients, muscle function in ad…”
BackgroundErlandson, K. M., Wu, K., Koletar, S. L., et al. (2017) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jix063 · Cited by 83
“33 seconds to complete the walk met the criterion for slowness [10]; gait speed was also dichotomized at ≤1 or >1 m/sec [7].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWalters, K. R., Frost, R., Kharicha, K., Avgerinou, C., Gardner, B., Ricciardi, F., Hunter, R. M., Liljas, A. E. M., Manthorpe, J., Drennan, V. M., et al. (2017) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta21730 · Cited by 88
SPARC: a new approach to quantifying gait smoothness in patients with Parkinson’s disease
Beck, Y., Herman, T., Brozgol, M., et al. (2018) · Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s12984-018-0398-3 · Cited by 83
Fat mass loss predicts gain in physical function with intentional weight loss in older adults
Beavers, K. M., Miller, M. E., Rejeski, W. J., Nicklas, B. J., & Kritchevsky, S. B. (2013) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/gls092 · Cited by 82
Bertoli, M., Cereatti, A., Trojaniello, D., et al. (2018) · BioMedical Engineering OnLine · doi:10.1186/s12938-018-0488-2 · Cited by 82
“Furthermore, gait performance is also a predictor of fall status [6, 7], morbidity and mortality [8, 9].”
BackgroundThe detection of age groups by dynamic gait outcomes using machine learning approaches
Zhou, Y., Romijnders, R., Hansen, C., van Campen, J., Maetzler, W., Hortobágyi, T., & Lamoth, C. J. C. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-61423-2 · Cited by 81
Instrumented shoes for activity classification in the elderly
el Achkar, C. M., Lenoble-Hoskovec, C., Paraschiv-Ionescu, A., Major, K., Büla, C., & Aminian, K. (2015) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2015.10.016 · Cited by 84
Frailty and Health-Related Quality of Life Among Residents of Long-Term Care Facilities
Kanwar, A., Singh, M., Lennon, R. J., Ghanta, K., McNallan, S. M., & Roger, V. L. (2013) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/0898264313493003 · Cited by 82
Frailty – From concept to clinical practice
Sieber, C. C. (2016) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2016.05.004 · Cited by 93
Wu, I., Lin, C., & Hsiung, C. A. (2015) · Biomedicine · doi:10.7603/s40681-015-0001-1 · Cited by 83
Neural correlates of obstacle negotiation in older adults: An fNIRS study
Chen, M. H., Pillemer, S., England, S. M., İzzetoğlu, M., Mahoney, J. R., & Holtzer, R. (2017) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.07.043 · Cited by 79
Metadata
- Authors
- Studenski, S.
- Affiliations
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Studenski, Stephanie
- ORCID
- Studenski, Stephanie
- Venue
- JAMA
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2011-01-05
- Volume
- 305
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 50
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- PMC
- PMC3080184
- OpenAlex
- W2159296038
- Semantic Scholar
- 25de2f67035336224c9f1e37f58c5b531d34b9ed
- Cited by
- 4,558
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 377 · 2025: 333 · 2024: 267 · 2023: 311 · 2022: 355 · 2021: 399 · 2020: 389 · 2019: 358 · 2018: 272 · 2017: 301 · 2016: 255 · 2015: 273 · 2014: 243 · 2013: 184 · 2012: 166
- FWCI
- 100.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh) (acceptedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000005)
- National Institute on Aging (AG023641, AG 024827, K07AG023641, P30AG024827, P30AG021332)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Frailty in Older Adults
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Keywords
- walking speed, survival, older adults, life expectancy, physical performance, mortality prediction, goals of care, community-dwelling older adults
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Female, Gait, Humans, Life Expectancy, Male, United States, Cohort Studies, Geriatric Assessment, Survival Analysis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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