The DOI matches its Crossref record; 66 of the 66 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 55 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors
Open accessAbstract
IMPORTANCE: Understanding the major health problems in the United States and how they are changing over time is critical for informing national health policy. OBJECTIVES: To measure the burden of diseases, injuries, and leading risk factors in the United States from 1990 to 2010 and to compare these measurements with those of the 34 countries in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. DESIGN: We used the systematic analysis of descriptive epidemiology of 291 diseases and injuries, 1160 sequelae of these diseases and injuries, and 67 risk factors or clusters of risk factors from 1990 to 2010 for 187 countries developed for the Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study to describe the health status of the United States and to compare US health outcomes with those of 34 OECD countries. Years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs) were computed by multiplying the number of deaths at each age by a reference life expectancy at that age. Years lived with disability (YLDs) were calculated by multiplying prevalence (based on systematic reviews) by the disability weight (based on population-based surveys) for each sequela; disability in this study refers to any short- or long-term loss of health. Disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were estimated as the sum of YLDs and YLLs. Deaths and DALYs related to risk factors were based on systematic reviews and meta-analyses of exposure data and relative risks for risk-outcome pairs. Healthy life expectancy (HALE) was used to summarize overall population health, accounting for both length of life and levels of ill health experienced at different ages. RESULTS: US life expectancy for both sexes combined increased from 75.2 years in 1990 to 78.2 years in 2010; during the same period, HALE increased from 65.8 years to 68.1 years. The diseases and injuries with the largest number of YLLs in 2010 were ischemic heart disease, lung cancer, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and road injury. Age-standardized YLL rates increased for Alzheimer disease, drug use disorders, chronic kidney disease, kidney cancer, and falls. The diseases with the largest number of YLDs in 2010 were low back pain, major depressive disorder, other musculoskeletal disorders, neck pain, and anxiety disorders. As the US population has aged, YLDs have comprised a larger share of DALYs than have YLLs. The leading risk factors related to DALYs were dietary risks, tobacco smoking, high body mass index, high blood pressure, high fasting plasma glucose, physical inactivity, and alcohol use. Among 34 OECD countries between 1990 and 2010, the US rank for the age-standardized death rate changed from 18th to 27th, for the age-standardized YLL rate from 23rd to 28th, for the age-standardized YLD rate from 5th to 6th, for life expectancy at birth from 20th to 27th, and for HALE from 14th to 26th. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: From 1990 to 2010, the United States made substantial progress in improving health. Life expectancy at birth and HALE increased, all-cause death rates at all ages decreased, and age-specific rates of years lived with disability remained stable. However, morbidity and chronic disability now account for nearly half of the US health burden, and improvements in population health in the United States have not kept pace with advances in population health in other wealthy nations.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
From 1990 to 2010, US life expectancy rose from 75.2 to 78.2 years and healthy life expectancy from 65.8 to 68.1 years, but morbidity and chronic disability accounted for nearly half of the US health burden. US improvements did not keep pace with other wealthy nations, with US ranks worsening across mortality-based OECD comparisons.
Key findings
- US life expectancy for both sexes combined increased from 75.2 years in 1990 to 78.2 years in 2010; HALE increased from 65.8 to 68.1 years, and the gap between life expectancy and HALE increased from 9.4 to 10.1 years.
- The diseases and injuries with the largest YLLs in 2010 were ischemic heart disease, lung cancer, stroke, COPD, and road injury; age-standardized YLL rates increased for Alzheimer disease, drug use disorders, chronic kidney disease, kidney cancer, and falls. The largest YLDs in 2010 were low back pain, major depressive disorder, other musculoskeletal disorders, neck pain, and anxiety disorders; YLDs rose from 40% of DALYs in 1990 to 45% in 2010.
- Leading risk factors related to DALYs were dietary risks, tobacco smoking, high BMI, high blood pressure, high fasting plasma glucose, physical inactivity, and alcohol use. Diet was associated with 26% of deaths and 14% of DALYs; BMI greater than 21.0-23.0 was associated with 14% of deaths and 11% of DALYs.
- Among 34 OECD countries from 1990 to 2010, the US rank changed from 18th to 27th for age-standardized death rate, 23rd to 28th for age-standardized YLL rate, 5th to 6th for age-standardized YLD rate, 20th to 27th for life expectancy at birth, and 14th to 26th for HALE.
Methods
- The study used the Global Burden of Disease 2010 framework to analyze 291 diseases and injuries, 1160 sequelae, and 67 risk factors or risk factor clusters for 187 countries from 1990 to 2010, comparing US outcomes with 34 OECD countries.
- YLLs were computed by multiplying deaths at each age by a reference life expectancy at that age (86.0 years at birth); YLDs were calculated as prevalence multiplied by disability weight; DALYs were the sum of YLLs and YLDs; HALE summarized overall population health. Prevalence estimates used systematic reviews and DisMod-MR, and disability weights came from more than 30 000 respondents, including 3323 US telephone survey respondents and 7180 US Internet survey respondents.
- Risk factor burden was estimated using convincing or probable risk-outcome evidence, exposure distributions, theoretical minimum risk exposure distributions, and 1000 draws for uncertainty; age-standardized rates used the WHO age standard, and OECD comparisons used a 1-sided test at P<.05.
Limitations
- The paper states inherent data limitations for prevalence estimates and disability weights across countries, including no data for some sequelae in some or many countries; disability weights may be biased if lay descriptions were misunderstood and may vary across populations or subgroups.
- The paper states that uncertainty intervals may be underestimated or exaggerated, country ranks may be affected by death certification and coding practices, and some Alzheimer disease increase may relate to changes in certification and coding; live birth definition differences could affect early neonatal comparisons but account for only 0.5% of deaths and 2.6% of YLLs.
- The paper states that risk factor analysis excluded social determinants of health because of evidence criteria and data availability, and that this omission should not imply they are less important; the text also makes evident that diet components were analyzed separately, which may overestimate individual effects and not fully capture complex dietary relationships, and that many diet studies had limited follow-up.
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Claims the paper makes
64 Own result · 34 Not checked yet · 32 No basis given · 24 Own method · 18 Own interpretation
In the paper
“the correlation between results from the United States and from the combined sample was 0.97.26”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] Salomon JA Vos T Hogan DR Common values in assessing health outcomes from disease and injury: disability weights measurement study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 9859 2129 2143 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61680-8 23245605 PMC10782811
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“US life expectancy for both sexes combined increased from 75.2 years in 1990 to 78.2 years in 2010”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Abstract > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“all-cause death rates at all ages decreased”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Abstract > Conclusions and Relevance
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As the US population has aged, YLDs have comprised a larger share of DALYs than have YLLs.”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Abstract > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“for the age-standardized YLD rate from 5th to 6th”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Abstract > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and for HALE from 14th to 26th.”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Abstract > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among 34 OECD countries between 1990 and 2010, the US rank for the age-standardized death rate changed from 18th to 27th”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Abstract > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“morbidity and chronic disability now account for nearly half of the US health burden”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Abstract > Conclusions and Relevance
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The leading risk factors related to DALYs were dietary risks, tobacco smoking, high body mass index, high blood pressure, high fasting plasma glucose, physical inactivity, and alcohol use.”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Abstract > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“for life expectancy at birth from 20th to 27th”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Abstract > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 58
- It may state two separate claims as one. 45
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The diseases and injuries with the largest number of YLLs in 2010 were ischemic heart disease, lung cancer, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and road injury.”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Abstract > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Age-standardized YLL rates increased for Alzheimer disease, drug use disorders, chronic kidney disease, kidney cancer, and falls.”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Abstract > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The diseases with the largest number of YLDs in 2010 were low back pain, major depressive disorder, other musculoskeletal disorders, neck pain, and anxiety disorders.”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Abstract > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but both are declining in terms of the number of YLLs and age-standardized rates.”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Results > Years of Life Lost
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ambient particulate matter pollution remains in the top 10 risk factors associated with DALYs in the United States but declined by 35% since 1990.”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Results > Disability-Adjusted Life-Years
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The next 3 leading diseases contributing to YLLs, diabetes, cirrhosis and Alzheimer disease, all increased in rank and the number of YLLs from 1990 to 2010.”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Results > Years of Life Lost
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were the second and fourth leading diseases contributing to YLLs, respectively.”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Results > Years of Life Lost
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“the recent PREDIMED54 trial reported significant benefits of healthful diet patterns on clinical cardiovascular events, and the magnitudes of benefits in that trial are highly consistent with our predicted risk estimates”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Discussion > Diet, BMI, and Disease Burden
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [54] Estruch R Ros E Salas-Salvadó J PREDIMED Study Investigators Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet N Engl J Med 2013 368 14 1279 1290 10.1056/NEJMoa1200303 23432189
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The overall relationship of diet with health outcomes assumes that the contribution of each dietary component is multiplicative and that the individual dietary contributions are independent.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both diseases are increasing in absolute terms but have declining age-standardized rates”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Results > Years of Life Lost
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The largest cluster of risk factors was the composition of diet, which was associated with 26% of deaths and 14% of DALYs”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Results > Disability-Adjusted Life-Years
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“falls (from 33rd to 29th)”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Results > Years of Life Lost
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The YLLs related to HIV decreased by 64% and declined in rank from seventh to 23rd.”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Results > Years of Life Lost
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Colorectal cancer (10th), breast cancer (13th for both sexes combined and fifth in women), and pancreatic cancer (18th) are in the top 20 diseases and injuries contributing to premature death.”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Results > Years of Life Lost
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“High blood pressure (greater than 110-115 mm Hg), high fasting plasma glucose level (greater than 88-95 mg/dL [4.9-5.3 mmol/L]), and physical inactivity or low activity are the next leading risk factors.”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Results > Disability-Adjusted Life-Years
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were the second and fourth leading diseases contributing to YLLs, respectively.”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Results > Years of Life Lost
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“kidney cancer (from 35th to 24th)”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Results > Years of Life Lost
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mental and behavioral disorders, musculoskeletal disorders, vision and hearing loss, anemias, and neurological disorders all contribute to the increases in chronic disability.”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“poisonings (from 31st to 26th)”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Results > Years of Life Lost
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Colorectal cancer (10th), breast cancer (13th for both sexes combined and fifth in women), and pancreatic cancer (18th) are in the top 20 diseases and injuries contributing to premature death.”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Results > Years of Life Lost
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In terms of DALYs, body mass index (BMI, calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) greater than 21.0-23.0 is the third ranked risk factor, associated with 14% deaths and 11% of DALYs.”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Results > Disability-Adjusted Life-Years
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and in women, eighth and 16th, respectively.”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Results > Years of Life Lost
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“4.3% of YLLs were related to stroke”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Results > Years of Life Lost
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Other disorders contributing to DALYs not in the top 30 that have also increased by more than 30% in the past 2 decades include liver cancer, atrial fibrillation, kidney cancers, eating disorders, and poisoning.”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Results > Disability-Adjusted Life-Years
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the DALYs related to tobacco, including secondhand smoke, declined by 9% from 1990 to 2010”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Results > Disability-Adjusted Life-Years
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“in men, they are ranked third and fourth”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Results > Years of Life Lost
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and chronic respiratory diseases are all related to YLDs, but the largest contributors are the mental and behavioral disorders and the musculoskeletal disorders”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Results > Years Lived With Disability
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, the United States ranks toward the top for YLDs, fifth in 1990 and sixth in 2010, but wide uncertainty intervals mean that some countries have rates that are statistically indistinguishable from the United States.”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Results > Comparison With OECD Countries
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The number of YLDs from the top 18 diseases and injuries increased between 1990 and 2010, driven mostly by the population increase and aging of the US population, as age-standardized rates have largely remain unchanged”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Results > Years Lived With Disability
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Other examples of higher than mean rates with substantial potential to reduce YLLs include interpersonal violence, COPD, preterm birth complications, and diabetes, followed by drug use disorders, Alzheimer disease, and poisonings.”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Results > Comparison With OECD Countries
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“liver cancer (from 39th to 30th) also increased.”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Results > Years of Life Lost
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the mean value for high blood pressure related to DALYs in the United States is lower than the mean of all OECD countries, blood pressure is seventh on the list of potential targets for reducing disease burden in the population.”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Results > Comparison With OECD Countries
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“15.9% of YLLs were related to ischemic heart disease”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Results > Years of Life Lost
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The most important dietary risks in the United States are diets low in fruits, low in nuts and seeds, high in sodium, high in processed meats, low in vegetables, and high in trans fats.”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Results > Disability-Adjusted Life-Years
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, the burden associated with drug use disorders increased by 64%.”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Results > Disability-Adjusted Life-Years
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“chronic kidney disease (CKD) (from 21st to 16th)”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Results > Years of Life Lost
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 1990, 40% of DALYs were due to YLDs increasing to 45% in 2010.”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Results > Disability-Adjusted Life-Years
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Age-standardized rates increased by 20% or more from 1990 to 2010 for drug use disorders, stroke, and eating disorders”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Results > Years Lived With Disability
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Colorectal cancer (10th), breast cancer (13th for both sexes combined and fifth in women), and pancreatic cancer (18th) are in the top 20 diseases and injuries contributing to premature death.”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Results > Years of Life Lost
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“DALYs related to high cholesterol levels (greater than 145-155 mg/dL [3.8-4.0 mmol/L]) declined by 36%, decreasing from the fifth to the eighth leading risk factor.”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Results > Disability-Adjusted Life-Years
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the same time, the US rates were below the mean in men for stroke, colorectal cancer, and falls and in women for stroke.”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Discussion > Comparison With OECD Countries
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Relative to other OECD nations, the United States has below-average age-standardized DALY rates for low back pain, stroke, falls, and colorectal cancer.”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Discussion > Comparison With OECD Countries
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Neurological conditions increased from 2.0% of DALYs in 1990 to 3.0% in 2010.”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Discussion > Diabetes, Kidney Disease, and Neurological Disorders
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Age-standardized YLLs related to road injuries in the United States are exceeded only by those of South Korea, Greece, and Mexico.”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Discussion > Road Injury
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, road injuries remained the second and fifth disease or injury contributing to YLLs for males and females, respectively, in 2010.”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Discussion > Road Injury
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Migraine and epilepsy are also ranked 14th and 30th as diseases contributing to YLDs, respectively.”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Discussion > Diabetes, Kidney Disease, and Neurological Disorders
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We estimate in this study that in 2010, 23.5% of CKD and 76.0% of diabetes DALYs were related to BMI, increases from 18.1% and 64.3% in 1990, respectively.”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Discussion > Diabetes, Kidney Disease, and Neurological Disorders
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease are associated with large increases in DALYs.”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Discussion > Diabetes, Kidney Disease, and Neurological Disorders
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Life expectancy at birth and HALE have in-creased and all-cause death rates at all ages have decreased.”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“risk-outcome pairs were included when evidence met the criteria for “convincing” or “probable” evidence.45”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45] World Cancer Research Fund, American Institute for Cancer Research Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective Washington, DC American Institute for Cancer Research 2007
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Any outcome appears in the GBD cause and sequelae list only once to avoid double counting.”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Methods
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We included only risks for which there was convincing or probable evidence for pairs of risk factors and specific outcomes and that had sufficient epidemiological data to estimate risk factor–specific effect sizes, eg, relative risks.”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“High costs with mediocre population health outcomes at the national level are compounded by marked disparities across communities, socioeconomic groups, and race and ethnicity groups.5,6”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Abstract > Conclusions and Relevance
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] Williams DR Collins C US socioeconomic and racial differences in health: patterns and explanations Annu Rev Sociol 1995 21 349
- Not checked yetcites [6] Lantz PMHJ House JS Lepkowski JM Williams DR Mero RP Chen J Socioeconomic factors, health behaviors, and mortality: results from a nationally representative prospective study of US adults JAMA 1998 279 21 1703 1708 10.1001/jama.279.21.1703 9624022
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results from population surveys in developing countries and the United States were highly consistent, suggesting a common construct of health”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Methods
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although overall life expectancy has slowly risen, the increase has been slower than for many other high-income countries.3”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Abstract > Conclusions and Relevance
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] Wang H Dwyer-Lindgren L Lofgren KT Age-specific and sex-specific mortality in 187 countries, 1970-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 9859 2071 2094 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61719-X 23245603
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In other words, individuals in the United States are living longer but are not necessarily in good health.”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The higher prevalence of sickle cell disorders in the United States is also likely related to a higher birth prevalence than in other OECD countries.”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Results > Comparison With OECD Countries
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“These same assessments suggest that levels of physical activity may be improving at the same time that overweight and obesity rates are increasing.58”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Discussion > Diet, BMI, and Disease Burden
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [58] Dwyer-Lindgren L Freedman GD Engell RE Prevalence of physical activity and obesity in US counties, 2001-2011: a road map for action Popul Health Metr 2013 11 7 23842197 PMC3718620
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These pooling studies reported a stronger and more consistent relationship across a range of BMI values than did the Flegal meta-analysis, with excess mortality increasing steadily beginning at a BMI of 21.0 to 23.0.63-65”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Discussion > Diet, BMI, and Disease Burden
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [63] Calle EE Thun MJ Petrelli JM Rodriguez C Heath CW Jr Body-mass index and mortality in a prospective cohort of US adults N Engl J Med 1999 341 15 1097 1105 10.1056/NEJM199910073411501 10511607
- Not checked yetcites [64] Peto R Whitlock G Jha P Effects of obesity and smoking on US life expectancy N Engl J Med 2010 362 9 855 856 10.1056/NEJMc1000079 20200394
- Not checked yetcites [65] Willett WCHF Hu FB Thun M Overweight, obesity, and all-cause mortality JAMA 2013 309 16 1681 1682 10.1001/jama.2013.3075 23613066
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results for diet are limited by difficulties in measurement, various levels of conflicting evidence, and potential influence of unmeasured confounders and mediators.”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Discussion > Diet, BMI, and Disease Burden
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, because each component of diet is analyzed separately, the complex relationships among components of diet may not be fully considered or understood, which might overestimate the effects of each component.”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Discussion > Diet, BMI, and Disease Burden
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The overall relationship of diet with health outcomes assumes that the contribution of each dietary component is multiplicative and that the individual dietary contributions are independent.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The progressive and likely irreversible shift in the disease burden profile to these causes also has implications for the type of resources needed in the US health system.”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Another limitation of the evidence on diet is that many studies have limited periods of follow-up, whereas the chronic diseases related to diet develop over decades.”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Discussion > Diet, BMI, and Disease Burden
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The increase in YLLs associated with liver cancer may be related to a hepatitis C cohort effect.50”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Results > Years of Life Lost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [50] El-Serag HB Mason AC Risk factors for the rising rates of primary liver cancer in the United States Arch Intern Med 2000 160 21 3227 3230 11088082
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Improved survival among persons with diabetes by effective management of major cardiovascular and renal risks such as hyperglycemia, hypertension, and high cholesterol may improve overall population health but will likely increase costs as well.”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Discussion > Diabetes, Kidney Disease, and Neurological Disorders
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the increase in Alzheimer disease may be confounded by changes in ascertainment and coding practice, these increases suggest an important trend.”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Discussion > Diabetes, Kidney Disease, and Neurological Disorders
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Concerns have been raised that in some countries, variable implementation of the World Health Organization's definition of a live birth may affect comparisons of early neonatal death rates76 across countries”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Discussion > Limitations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [76] Kramer MS Platt RW Yang H Haglund B Cnattingius S Bergsjo P Registration artifacts in international comparisons of infant mortality Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2002 16 1 16 22 11862950
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The reporting of 95% uncertainty intervals that incorporate both sampling error and error from model estimation provides some information on the extent and quality of the information available for the United States.”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Discussion > Limitations
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the nature of the estimation process both for causes of death and the prevalence of sequelae more generally exaggerate uncertainty intervals in a high-income country such as the United States.”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Discussion > Limitations
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“although age-standardized YLD rates are measured with wider uncertainty intervals than age-standardized YLL rates.”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Discussion > Comparison With OECD Countries
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“How much of the US advantage for these conditions is related to risk factors and how much is related to health care cannot be determined from the GBD data alone.”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Discussion > Comparison With OECD Countries
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Five-year survival for breast cancer and colorectal cancer are higher in the United States than in many OECD countries.75”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Discussion > Comparison With OECD Countries
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [75] Coleman MP Quaresma M Berrino F CONCORD Working Group Cancer survival in five continents: a worldwide population-based study (CONCORD) Lancet Oncol 2008 9 8 730 756 10.1016/S1470-2045(08)70179-7 18639491
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it is possible that disability weights may vary across different populations or across socioeconomic or race and ethnicity groups within populations.”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Discussion > Limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both aging and increasing age-standardized prevalence rates are contributing to a growing challenge of neurological disease.”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Discussion > Diabetes, Kidney Disease, and Neurological Disorders
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Country ranks across age-standardized YLL rates could still be affected by differences in national death certification practice”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Discussion > Limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the same problems related to how countries define and count diseases, injuries, and risk factors could affect estimates of other diseases included in these analysis.”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Discussion > Limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Although Salomon et al26 found little evidence of variation in disability weights as a function of population or educational status”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Discussion > Limitations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] Salomon JA Vos T Hogan DR Common values in assessing health outcomes from disease and injury: disability weights measurement study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 9859 2129 2143 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61680-8 23245605 PMC10782811
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“although exposure in terms of miles driven per capita may be higher in the United States.”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Discussion > Road Injury
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A study of this scope has many limitations, including most of those of the GBD 2010.3,19,25-27,29-31”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Discussion > Limitations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] Wang H Dwyer-Lindgren L Lofgren KT Age-specific and sex-specific mortality in 187 countries, 1970-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 9859 2071 2094 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61719-X 23245603
- Not checked yetcites [19] Murray CJ Ezzati M Flaxman AD GBD 2010: design, definitions, and metrics Lancet 2012 380 9859 2063 2066 23245602
- Not checked yetcites [25] Vos T Flaxman AD Naghavi M Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 9859 2163 2196 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2 23245607 PMC6350784
- Not checked yetcites [26] Salomon JA Vos T Hogan DR Common values in assessing health outcomes from disease and injury: disability weights measurement study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 9859 2129 2143 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61680-8 23245605 PMC10782811
- Not checked yetcites [27] Salomon JA Wang H Freeman MK Healthy life expectancy for 187 countries, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 9859 2144 2162 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61690-0 23245606
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Evidence that diabetes can be substantially prevented or postponed in people with prediabetes through focused lifestyle or drug therapy has accumulated over the past few years.70”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Discussion > Diabetes, Kidney Disease, and Neurological Disorders
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] Knowler WC Barrett-Connor E Fowler SE Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin N Engl J Med 2002 346 6 393 403 10.1056/NEJMoa012512 11832527 PMC1370926
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“to the extent that the general population did not understand the lay descriptions used to elicit judgments about levels of health, disability weights may be biased.”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Discussion > Limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Third, the analysis of risk factors in this study focused on behavioral, environmental, and metabolic risks and did not evaluate the social determinants of health.”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Discussion > Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, there are limitations related to the extent, quality, and consistency of some information used in the analyses and estimates in this study.”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Discussion > Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“However, some of the increase in Alzheimer disease from 1990 to 2010 may be related to changes in certification and coding.72”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Discussion > Limitations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [72] Izquierdo FA Ramírez BA McWilliams JMM Ayuso JP The endurance of the effects of the penalty point system in Spain 3 years after: main influencing factors Accid Anal Prev 2011 43 3 911 922 10.1016/j.aap.2010.11.014 21376883
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Recent data indicate improvements in the quality of care for diabetes.69”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Discussion > Diabetes, Kidney Disease, and Neurological Disorders
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [69] Ali MK Bullard KM Saaddine JB Cowie CC Imperatore G Gregg EW Achievement of goals in US diabetes care, 1999-2010 N Engl J Med 2013 368 17 1613 1624 10.1056/NEJMsa1213829 23614587
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Uncertainty could be underestimated for a range of reasons, such as unrecognized bias in published studies.”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Discussion > Limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Sweden is pursuing Vision Zero, which seeks to eliminate all road injury deaths through a range of interventions.71”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Discussion > Road Injury
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [71] Whitelegg J Haq G Vision zero: adopting a target of zero for road traffic fatalities and serious injuries 2006 http://www.sei-international.org/mediamanager/documents/Publications/Future/vision_zero_FinalReportMarch06.pdf Accessed April 30, 2013
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Important sources of data may not have been identified or been available or these data may not have been collected.”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Discussion > Limitations
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Much of the substantial body of evidence on the important influence of socioeconomic factors relates determinants such as income, education, and inequality to all-cause outcomes.”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Discussion > Limitations
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The absence of these in this current assessment should not be taken as implying that they are less important than the more proximal factors studied here.”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Discussion > Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Despite their omission, the evidence suggests that interventions to reduce behavioral, environmental, and metabolic risks can have substantial benefits across diverse socioeconomic groups.70,83,84”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Discussion > Limitations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] Knowler WC Barrett-Connor E Fowler SE Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin N Engl J Med 2002 346 6 393 403 10.1056/NEJMoa012512 11832527 PMC1370926
- Not checked yetcites [83] Fisher ES Paying for performance–risks and recommendations N Engl J Med 2006 355 18 1845 1847 10.1056/NEJMp068221 17079757
- Not checked yetcites [84] Volpp KG Troxel AB Pauly MV A randomized, controlled trial of financial incentives for smoking cessation N Engl J Med 2009 360 7 699 709 10.1056/NEJMsa0806819 19213683
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The authors state this as an assumption.
The overall relationship of diet with health outcomes assumes that the contribution of each dietary component is multiplicative and that the individual dietary contributions are independent.
“The overall relationship of diet with health outcomes assumes the contribution of each component is multiplicative; that is, that the individual dietary contributions are independent.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The United States lacks universal health coverage.
“lacks universal health coverage”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Suboptimal diet is the leading risk factor for death and disability in the US and worldwide.1, 2”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“A considerable body of observational and experimental evidence also links these behaviours to the measures of health-related quality of life, mental illness and psychiatric comorbidities.4–7”
From Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England (2014) · cites this paper as [6]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Results > Years of Life Lost
“in men, they are ranked third and fourth and in women, eighth and 16th, respectively.”
§ The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors > Discussion > Road Injury
“Nevertheless, road injuries remained the second and fifth disease or injury contributing to YLLs for males and females, respectively, in 2010.”
Citations
Cites
1 retracted
RETRACTED: Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease with a Mediterranean Diet
Estruch, R., Ros, E., Salas-Salvadó, J., Covas, M.-I., Corella, D., Arós, F., Gómez-Gracia, E., Ruiz-Gutiérrez, V., Fiol, M., Lapetra, J., et al. (2013) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1200303 · Cited by 4,257
RetractedReduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin
(2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa012512 · Cited by 19,011
Lozano, R., Naghavi, M., Foreman, K., Lim, S., Shibuya, K., Aboyans, V., Abraham, J., Adair, T., Aggarwal, R., Ahn, S. Y., et al. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61728-0 · Cited by 14,070
Lim, S. S., Vos, T., Flaxman, A. D., Danaei, G., Shibuya, K., Adair-Rohani, H., AlMazroa, M. A., Amann, M., Anderson, H. R., Andrews, K. G., et al. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61766-8 · Cited by 11,805
Murray, C. J. L., Vos, T., Lozano, R., Naghavi, M., Flaxman, A. D., Michaud, C., Ezzati, M., Shibuya, K., Salomon, J. A., Abdalla, S., et al. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61689-4 · Cited by 8,888
Self-citationVos, T., Flaxman, A. D., Naghavi, M., Lozano, R., Michaud, C., Ezzati, M., Shibuya, K., Salomon, J. A., Abdalla, S., Aboyans, V., et al. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61729-2 · Cited by 8,291 · cited 7×
“Drug use disorders 44 (24-49) 15 (8-28) 3.”
InfluentialSelf-citationA Clinical Trial of the Effects of Dietary Patterns on Blood Pressure
Appel, L. J., Moore, T. J., Obarzanek, E., Vollmer, W. M., Svetkey, L. P., Sacks, F. M., Bray, G. A., Vogt, T. M., Cutler, J. A., Windhauser, M. M., et al. (1997) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199704173361601 · Cited by 5,981
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Lloyd-Jones, D. M., Hong, Y., Labarthe, D., Mozaffarian, D., Appel, L. J., Van Horn, L., Greenlund, K., Daniels, S., Nichol, G., Tomaselli, G. F., et al. (2010) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.109.192703 · Cited by 4,750
Economic Costs of Diabetes in the U.S. in 2002
American Diabetes Association (2003) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.26.3.917 · Cited by 4,147
Flegal, K. M., Kit, B. K., Orpana, H., & Graubard, B. I. (2013) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2012.113905 · Cited by 3,998
Body-Mass Index and Mortality in a Prospective Cohort of U.S. Adults
Calle, E. E., Thun, M. J., Petrelli, J. M., Rodriguez, C., & Heath, C. W. (1999) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199910073411501 · Cited by 3,643
Danaei, G., Ding, E. L., Mozaffarian, D., Taylor, B., Rehm, J., Murray, C. J. L., & Ezzati, M. (2009) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000058 · Cited by 2,860 · cited 7×
“Drug use disorders 44 (24-49) 15 (8-28) 3.”
InfluentialSelf-citationChanges in diet and lifestyle and long-term weight gain in women and men
Mozaffarian, D., Hao, T., Rimm, E. B., Willett, W. C., & Hu, F. B. (2011) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1014296 · Cited by 2,527
The Social Determinants of Health: Coming of Age
Braveman, P., Egerter, S., & Williams, D. R. (2011) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031210-101218 · Cited by 2,476
Economic Costs of Diabetes in the U.S. in 2012
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InfluentialRace, socioeconomic status, and health: Complexities, ongoing challenges, and research opportunities
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Socioeconomic Disparities in Health in the United States: What the Patterns Tell Us
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InfluentialSelf-citationGBD 2010: design, definitions, and metrics
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InfluentialSelf-citationThe Public Health and Economic Benefits of Taxing Sugar-Sweetened Beverages
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InfluentialComponents of a Cardioprotective Diet: New Insights
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InfluentialSelf-citationMigraine: the seventh disabler
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Self-citationWomen and tobacco: a call for including gender in tobacco control research, policy and practice
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InfluentialSelf-citationGBD 2010: a multi-investigator collaboration for global comparative descriptive epidemiology
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InfluentialSelf-citationThe Epidemiologic Transition Revisited: Compositional Models for Causes of Death by Age and Sex
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Self-citationPrevalence of physical activity and obesity in US counties, 2001–2011: a road map for action
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Metadata
- Authors
- Murray, C. J. L.
- Affiliations
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (US)
- Corresponding author
- Murray, Christopher J. L.
- Venue
- JAMA
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2013-08-14
- Volume
- 310
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 591
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- PMC
- PMC5436627
- OpenAlex
- W2121393149
- Semantic Scholar
- ca486a7cc542ef9dfa3eac6ff20e1f82c1480e96
- Cited by
- 2,438
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 63 · 2025: 100 · 2024: 127 · 2023: 137 · 2022: 145 · 2021: 195 · 2020: 217 · 2019: 237 · 2018: 255 · 2017: 231 · 2016: 239 · 2015: 252 · 2014: 196 · 2013: 39
- FWCI
- 654.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- NSUWorks (Nova Southeastern University) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (CC999999)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (Z01ES043012)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Demography › Insurance, Mortality, Demography, Risk Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Healthcare Systems and Public Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Global Health and Epidemiology
- Keywords
- disease burden, years of life lost, years lived with disability, disability-adjusted life years, healthy life expectancy, premature mortality, life expectancy, ischemic heart disease, road traffic injuries, low back pain, depression, musculoskeletal disorders, population aging, health policy, OECD comparison, 1990-2010 trends
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Child, Child, Preschool, Chronic Disease, Female, Persons with Disabilities, Health Status, Humans, Infant, Life Expectancy, Male, Middle Aged, Morbidity, Risk Factors, United States, Global Health, Wounds and Injuries, Cost of Illness, Developed Countries, Mortality, Premature
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
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