COVID-19 and the Path to Immunity
Open accessAbstract
This Viewpoint reviews what is known about acute and long-term B-cell, antibody, and T-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and explains how each are implicated in vaccine candidates likely to be effective and durably protective again COVID-19.
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Neutralizing antibodies are thought to be an important component of a protective immune response against SARS-CoV-2.
“neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) are thought to be an important component of a protective immune response against SARS-CoV-2 (14, 15).”
From mRNA vaccination boosts cross-variant neutralizing antibodies elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection (2021) · cites this paper as [14]
Humans make SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies, CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells in response to infection.
“Humans make SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies, CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection (Grifoni et al., 2020; Krammer, 2020; Stephens and McElrath, 2020) (Figure 1).”
From Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 (2021) · cites this paper as Stephens and McElrath, 2020
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Convergent Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2 in Convalescent Individuals
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SARS-CoV-2-reactive T cells in healthy donors and patients with COVID-19
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Evaluation of the mRNA-1273 Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in Nonhuman Primates
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The time course of the immune response to experimental coronavirus infection of man
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Rapid Generation of Neutralizing Antibody Responses in COVID-19 Patients
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Self-citationPrimary exposure to SARS-CoV-2 protects against reinfection in rhesus macaques
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Rapid generation of neutralizing antibody responses in COVID-19 patientsPreprint
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Developing a SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine at Warp Speed
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Immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 assessed for up to 8 months after infection.
Dan, J. M., Mateus, J., Kato, Y., Hastie, K. M., Yu, E. D., Faliti, C. E., Grifoni, A., Ramirez, S. I., Haupt, S., Frazier, A., et al. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abf4063 · Cited by 2,656 · see citing works
Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19
Sette, A., & Crotty, S. (2021) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.007 · Cited by 1,860 · see citing works
mRNA vaccination boosts cross-variant neutralizing antibodies elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection
Stamatatos, L., Czartoski, J., Wan, Y.-H., Homad, L. J., Rubin, V., Glantz, H., Neradilek, M., Seydoux, E., Jennewein, M. F., MacCamy, A. J., et al. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abg9175 · Cited by 557 · see citing works
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Self-citationCross-reactive memory T cells and herd immunity to SARS-CoV-2
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Guild-Level Microbiome Signature Associated with COVID-19 Severity and Prognosis
Guo, M., Wu, G., Tan, Y., Li, Y., Jin, X., Qi, W., Guo, X., Zhang, C., Zhu, Z., & Zhao, L. (2023) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.03519-22 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
- Authors
- Stephens, D. S., & McElrath, M. J.
- Affiliations
- Emory University (US)
- Fred Hutch Cancer Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Stephens, David S.
- Venue
- JAMA
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2020-10-06
- Volume
- 324
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- 1279
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- PMC
- PMC12177933
- OpenAlex
- W3086192834
- Cited by
- 217
- References
- 11
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 93 · 2020: 35
- FWCI
- 6.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (UM1AI068618, UM1AI148684)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › vaccines and immunoinformatics approaches
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2, immune response, B cell response, antibody response, T cell response, vaccine candidate, vaccine efficacy, long-term immunity, acute infection
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Vaccines, Antibodies, Viral, Humans, Pneumonia, Viral, T-Lymphocytes, Viral Vaccines, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Coronavirus Infections, Adaptive Immunity, Antibodies, Neutralizing, Pandemics, Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus
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