CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 455

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 18 of the 18 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Treatment of Hypertension: A Review

Carey, Robert M., Moran, Andrew E., Whelton, Paul K.·2022·JAMA
DOI 10.1001/jama.2022.19590
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Importance: Hypertension, defined as persistent systolic blood pressure (SBP) at least 130 mm Hg or diastolic BP (DBP) at least 80 mm Hg, affects approximately 116 million adults in the US and more than 1 billion adults worldwide. Hypertension is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events (coronary heart disease, heart failure, and stroke) and death. Observations: First-line therapy for hypertension is lifestyle modification, including weight loss, healthy dietary pattern that includes low sodium and high potassium intake, physical activity, and moderation or elimination of alcohol consumption. The BP-lowering effects of individual lifestyle components are partially additive and enhance the efficacy of pharmacologic therapy. The decision to initiate antihypertensive medication should be based on the level of BP and the presence of high atherosclerotic CVD risk. First-line drug therapy for hypertension consists of a thiazide or thiazidelike diuretic such as hydrochlorothiazide or chlorthalidone, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker such as enalapril or candesartan, and a calcium channel blocker such as amlodipine and should be titrated according to office and home SBP/DBP levels to achieve in most people an SBP/DBP target (<130/80 mm Hg for adults <65 years and SBP <130 mm Hg in adults ≥65 years). Randomized clinical trials have established the efficacy of BP lowering to reduce the risk of CVD morbidity and mortality. An SBP reduction of 10 mm Hg decreases risk of CVD events by approximately 20% to 30%. Despite the benefits of BP control, only 44% of US adults with hypertension have their SBP/DBP controlled to less than 140/90 mm Hg. Conclusions and Relevance: Hypertension affects approximately 116 million adults in the US and more than 1 billion adults worldwide and is a leading cause of CVD morbidity and mortality. First-line therapy for hypertension is lifestyle modification, consisting of weight loss, dietary sodium reduction and potassium supplementation, healthy dietary pattern, physical activity, and limited alcohol consumption. When drug therapy is required, first-line therapies are thiazide or thiazidelike diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blockers, and calcium channel blockers.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1001/jama.2022.19590

Cites

18 of 18 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 70

  1. Tsao, 2022, Heart disease and stroke statistics–2022 update: a report from the American Heart Association., Circulation, 145, e153, 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001052 · DOI · Paper page
  2. Whelton, 2018, 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines., Hypertension, 71, e13, 10.1161/HYP.0000000000000065 · DOI · Paper page
  3. Chobufo, 2020, Prevalence and control rates of hypertension in the USA: 2017-2018., Int J Cardiol Hypertens, 6, 10.1016/j.ijchy.2020.100044 · DOI
  4. Patel, 2015, Cardiovascular mortality associated with 5 leading risk factors: national and state preventable fractions estimated from survey data., Ann Intern Med, 163, 245, 10.7326/M14-1753 · DOI
  5. Muntner, 2020, Trends in blood pressure control among US adults with hypertension: 1999-2000 to 2017-2018., JAMA, 324, 1190, 10.1001/jama.2020.14545 · DOI
  6. Poorolajal, 2017, How much excess weight loss can reduce the risk of hypertension?, J Public Health (Oxf), 39, e95, 10.1093/pubmed/fdw077 · DOI
  7. Neter, 2003, Influence of weight reduction on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials., Hypertension, 42, 878, 10.1161/01.HYP.0000094221.86888.AE · DOI · Paper page
  8. Zhang, 2013, Association between usual sodium and potassium intake and blood pressure and hypertension among US adults: NHANES 2005-2010., PLoS One, 8, 10.1371/journal.pone.0075289 · DOI
  9. Stamler, 1997, The INTERSALT study: background, methods, findings, and implications., Am J Clin Nutr, 65, 626S, 10.1093/ajcn/65.2.626S · DOI
  10. Filippini, 2021, Blood pressure effects of sodium reduction: dose-response meta-analysis of experimental studies., Circulation, 143, 1542, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.050371 · DOI
  11. Filippini, 2017, The effect of potassium supplementation on blood pressure in hypertensive subjects: a systematic review and meta-analysis., Int J Cardiol, 230, 127, 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.12.048 · DOI
  12. Filippini, 2020, Potassium intake and blood pressure: a dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials., J Am Heart Assoc, 9, 10.1161/JAHA.119.015719 · DOI
  13. Appel, 1997, A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure., N Engl J Med, 336, 1117, 10.1056/NEJM199704173361601 · DOI · Paper page
  14. Liu, 2017, Dose-response association between physical activity and incident hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies., Hypertension, 69, 813, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.08994 · DOI
  15. Naci, 2019, How does exercise treatment compare with antihypertensive medications? a network meta-analysis of 391 randomised controlled trials assessing exercise and medication effects on systolic blood pressure., Br J Sports Med, 53, 859, 10.1136/bjsports-2018-099921 · DOI · Paper page
  16. Lichtenstein, 2021, 2021 Dietary guidance to improve cardiovascular health: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association., Circulation, 144, e472, 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001031 · DOI · Paper page
  17. Whelton, 1998, Sodium reduction and weight loss in the treatment of hypertension in older persons: a randomized controlled trial of nonpharmacologic interventions in the elderly (TONE)., JAMA, 279, 839, 10.1001/jama.279.11.839 · DOI · Paper page
  18. Hall, 2021, Weight-loss strategies for prevention and treatment of hypertension: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association., Hypertension, 78, e38, 10.1161/HYP.0000000000000202 · DOI
  19. Arterburn, 2020, Benefits and risks of bariatric surgery in adults: a review., JAMA, 324, 879, 10.1001/jama.2020.12567 · DOI · Paper page
  20. 1992, The effects of nonpharmacologic interventions on blood pressure of persons with high normal levels: results of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention, phase I., JAMA, 267, 1213, 10.1001/jama.1992.03480090061028 · DOI
  21. Whelton, 1997, Effects of oral potassium on blood pressure: meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials., JAMA, 277, 1624, 10.1001/jama.1997.03540440058033 · DOI
  22. Pescatello, 2019, Physical activity to prevent and treat hypertension: a systematic review., Med Sci Sports Exerc, 51, 1314, 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001943 · DOI
  23. Börjesson, 2016, Physical activity and exercise lower blood pressure in individuals with hypertension: narrative review of 27 RCTs., Br J Sports Med, 50, 356, 10.1136/bjsports-2015-095786 · DOI
  24. Fuchs, 2007, Is the cardioprotective effect of alcohol real?, Alcohol, 41, 399, 10.1016/j.alcohol.2007.05.004 · DOI
  25. Lewington, 2002, Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies., Lancet, 360, 1903, 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11911-8 · DOI · Paper page
  26. Whelton, 2020, Association of normal systolic blood pressure level with cardiovascular disease in the absence of risk factors., JAMA Cardiol, 5, 1011, 10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1731 · DOI
  27. Muntner, 2017, Using predicted cardiovascular disease risk in conjunction with blood pressure to guide antihypertensive medication treatment., J Am Coll Cardiol, 69, 2446, 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.02.066 · DOI
  28. Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists’ Collaboration, 2014, Blood pressure–lowering treatment based on cardiovascular risk: a meta-analysis of individual patient data., Lancet, 384, 591, 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61212-5 · DOI · Paper page
  29. Herrett, 2019, Eligibility and subsequent burden of cardiovascular disease of four strategies for blood pressure–lowering treatment: a retrospective cohort study., Lancet, 394, 663, 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31359-5 · DOI
  30. Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists’ Collaboration, 2021, Pharmacological blood pressure lowering for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease across different levels of blood pressure: an individual participant-level data meta-analysis., Lancet, 397, 1625, 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00590-0 · DOI · Paper page
  31. Jackson, 2008, Will screening individuals at high risk of cardiovascular events deliver large benefits? yes., BMJ, 337, a1371, 10.1136/bmj.a1371 · DOI
  32. Whelton, 2020, Strategies for prevention of cardiovascular disease in adults with hypertension., J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich), 22, 132, 10.1111/jch.v22.2 · DOI
  33. Capewell, 2008, Will screening individuals at high risk of cardiovascular events deliver large benefits? no., BMJ, 337, a1395, 10.1136/bmj.a1395 · DOI
  34. Jaeger, 2022, Predicted cardiovascular risk for United States adults with diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and at least 65 years of age., J Hypertens, 40, 94, 10.1097/HJH.0000000000002982 · DOI
  35. Benavente, 2013, Blood-pressure targets in patients with recent lacunar stroke: the SPS3 randomised trial., Lancet, 382, 507, 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60852-1 · DOI
  36. Williamson, 2016, Intensive vs standard blood pressure control and cardiovascular disease outcomes in adults aged =75 years: a randomized clinical trial., JAMA, 315, 2673, 10.1001/jama.2016.7050 · DOI · Paper page
  37. Juraschek, 2020, Orthostatic hypotension, cardiovascular outcomes, and adverse events: results from SPRINT., Hypertension, 75, 660, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.14309 · DOI
  38. Juraschek, 2021, Effects of intensive blood pressure treatment on orthostatic hypotension: a systematic review and individual participant-based meta-analysis., Ann Intern Med, 174, 58, 10.7326/M20-4298 · DOI
  39. Yano, 2018, Association of blood pressure classification in young adults using the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association blood pressure guideline with cardiovascular events later in life., JAMA, 320, 1774, 10.1001/jama.2018.13551 · DOI
  40. Lee, 2020, Cardiovascular risk of isolated systolic or diastolic hypertension in young adults., Circulation, 141, 1778, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.044838 · DOI
  41. Jones, 2021, Management of stage 1 hypertension in adults with a low 10-year risk for cardiovascular disease: filling a guidance gap: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association., Hypertension, 77, e58, 10.1161/HYP.0000000000000195 · DOI
  42. Manisty, 2013, Meta-analysis of the comparative effects of different classes of antihypertensive agents on brachial and central systolic blood pressure, and augmentation index., Br J Clin Pharmacol, 75, 79, 10.1111/bcp.2013.75.issue-1 · DOI
  43. Sakima, 2019, Optimal blood pressure targets for patients with hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis., Hypertens Res, 42, 483, 10.1038/s41440-018-0123-4 · DOI
  44. Kitagawa, 2019, Effect of standard vs intensive blood pressure control on the risk of recurrent stroke: a randomized clinical trial and meta-analysis., JAMA Neurol, 76, 1309, 10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.2167 · DOI
  45. Rocco, 2020, Effects of intensive systolic blood pressure control on all-cause hospitalizations., Hypertension, 76, 1717, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15868 · DOI
  46. Carey, 2020, The evidence for the universal blood pressure goal of <130/80 mm Hg is strong: controversies in hypertension—pro side of the argument., Hypertension, 76, 1384, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.14647 · DOI
  47. American Diabetes Association, 2021, 10. Cardiovascular disease and risk management: standards of medical care in diabetes-2021., Diabetes Care, 44, S125, 10.2337/dc21-ad09a · DOI
  48. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Blood Pressure Work Group, 2021, KDIGO 2021 clinical practice guideline for the management of blood pressure in chronic kidney disease., Kidney Int, 99, S1, 10.1016/j.kint.2020.11.003 · DOI · Paper page
  49. Carey, 2018, Prevention and control of hypertension: JACC health promotion series., J Am Coll Cardiol, 72, 1278, 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.07.008 · DOI
  50. Carey, 2021, Guideline-driven management of hypertension: an evidence-based update., Circ Res, 128, 827, 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.121.318083 · DOI
  51. Muntner, 2019, Measurement of blood pressure in humans: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association., Hypertension, 73, e35, 10.1161/HYP.0000000000000087 · DOI · Paper page
  52. Burnier, 2019, Adherence in hypertension., Circ Res, 124, 1124, 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.313220 · DOI · Paper page
  53. Chow, 2021, Initial treatment with a single pill containing quadruple combination of quarter doses of blood pressure medicines versus standard dose monotherapy in patients with hypertension (QUARTET): a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, active-controlled trial., Lancet, 398, 1043, 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01922-X · DOI
  54. Carter, 2004, Hydrochlorothiazide versus chlorthalidone: evidence supporting their interchangeability., Hypertension, 43, 4, 10.1161/01.HYP.0000103632.19915.0E · DOI
  55. Peterzan, 2012, Meta-analysis of dose-response relationships for hydrochlorothiazide, chlorthalidone, and bendroflumethiazide on blood pressure, serum potassium, and urate., Hypertension, 59, 1104, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.190637 · DOI
  56. Bakris, 2012, Antihypertensive efficacy of hydrochlorothiazide vs chlorthalidone combined with azilsartan medoxomil., Am J Med, 125, 1229e1, 10.1016/j.amjmed.2012.05.023 · DOI · Paper page
  57. Chen, 2015, Cardioprotective effect of thiazide-like diuretics: a meta-analysis., Am J Hypertens, 28, 1453, 10.1093/ajh/hpv050 · DOI
  58. Carey, 2018, Resistant hypertension: detection, evaluation, and management: a scientific statement of the American Heart Association., Hypertension, 72, e53, 10.1161/HYP.0000000000000084 · DOI · Paper page
  59. Egan, 2021, Hypertension control in the United States 2009 to 2018: factors underlying falling control rates during 2015 to 2018 across age- and race-ethnicity groups., Hypertension, 78, 578, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.16418 · DOI
  60. Havranek, 2015, Social determinants of risk and outcomes for cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association., Circulation, 132, 873, 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000228 · DOI · Paper page
  61. Commodore-Mensah, 2021, Associations between social determinants and hypertension, stage 2 hypertension, and controlled blood pressure among men and women in the United States., Am J Hypertens, 34, 707, 10.1093/ajh/hpab011 · DOI
  62. Xiao, 2019, Where we live: the impact of neighborhoods and community factors on cardiovascular health in the United States., Clin Cardiol, 42, 184, 10.1002/clc.2019.42.issue-1 · DOI
  63. Kaiser, 2016, Neighborhood environments and incident hypertension in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis., Am J Epidemiol, 183, 988, 10.1093/aje/kwv296 · DOI
  64. Victor, 2018, A cluster-randomized trial of blood-pressure reduction in Black barbershops., N Engl J Med, 378, 1291, 10.1056/NEJMoa1717250 · DOI
  65. Schoenthaler, 2018, Cluster randomized clinical trial of FAITH (Faith-Based Approaches in the Treatment of Hypertension) in Blacks., Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes, 11, 10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.118.004691 · DOI
  66. Mills, 2018, Comparative effectiveness of implementation strategies for blood pressure control in hypertensive patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis., Ann Intern Med, 168, 110, 10.7326/M17-1805 · DOI · Paper page
  67. Chang, 2019, National rates of nonadherence to antihypertensive medications among insured adults with hypertension, 2015., Hypertension, 74, 1324, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.13616 · DOI
  68. Hamdidouche, 2017, Routine urinary detection of antihypertensive drugs for systematic evaluation of adherence to treatment in hypertensive patients., J Hypertens, 35, 1891, 10.1097/HJH.0000000000001402 · DOI
  69. Gallagher, 2015, Are two commonly used self-report questionnaires useful for identifying antihypertensive medication nonadherence?, J Hypertens, 33, 1108, 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000503 · DOI · Paper page
  70. Fuller, 2018, Improving medication adherence in patients with cardiovascular disease: a systematic review., Heart, 104, 1238, 10.1136/heartjnl-2017-312571 · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Metadata

Authors
Carey, R. M., Moran, A. E., & Whelton, P. K.
Affiliations
  • Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville
  • Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
  • Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
Venue
JAMA
Publisher
American Medical Association (AMA)
Published
2022-11-08
Volume
328
Issue
18
Pages
1849
ISSN
0098-7484
DOI
10.1001/jama.2022.19590
Cited by
455
References
18
Language
en

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review