Cited by 715Blood Pressure and Hypertension StudiesDiabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and LipoproteinsChronic Kidney Disease and Diabetes

Diabetes and hypertension: a position statement by the American Diabetes Association

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de Boer, Ian H., Bangalore, Sripal, Benetos, Athanase, Davis, Andrew M., Michos, Erin D., Muntner, Paul, Rossing, Peter, Zoungas, Sophia +1 more·2017·Diabetes Care

Abstract

Hypertension is common among patients with diabetes, with the prevalence depending on type and duration of diabetes, age, sex, race/ethnicity, BMI, history of glycemic control, and the presence of kidney disease, among other factors (1-3).Furthermore, hypertension is a strong risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), heart failure, and microvascular complications.ASCVDddefined as acute coronary syndrome, myocardial infarction (MI), angina, coronary or other arterial revascularization, stroke, transient ischemic attack, or peripheral arterial disease presumed to be of atherosclerotic origindis the leading cause of morbidity and mortality for individuals with diabetes and is the largest contributor to the direct and indirect costs of diabetes.Numerous studies have shown that antihypertensive therapy reduces ASCVD events, heart failure, and microvascular complications in people with diabetes (4-8).Large benefits are seen when multiple risk factors are addressed simultaneously (9).There is evidence that ASCVD morbidity and mortality have decreased for people with diabetes since 1990 (10,11) likely due in large part to improvements in blood pressure control (12-14).This Position Statement is intended to update the assessment and treatment of hypertension among people with diabetes, including advances in care since the American Diabetes Association (ADA) last published a Position Statement on this topic in 2003 (3). DEFINITIONS, SCREENING, AND DIAGNOSISRecommendations c Blood pressure should be measured at every routine clinical care visit.Patients found to have an elevated blood pressure ($140/90 mmHg) should have blood pressure confirmed using multiple readings, including measurements on a separate day, to diagnose hypertension.B c All hypertensive patients with diabetes should have home blood pressure monitored to identify white-coat hypertension.B c Orthostatic measurement of blood pressure should be performed during initial evaluation of hypertension and periodically at follow-up, or when symptoms of orthostatic hypotension are present, and regularly if orthostatic hypotension has been diagnosed.

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  • There is strong evidence from clinical trials of the value of treating hypertension in older adults.

    “There is strong evidence from clinical trials of the value of treating hypertension in older adults (70,71), with treatment of hypertension to individualized target levels indicated in most.”

    From 13. Older Adults: <i>Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024</i> (2024) · cites this paper as [71]

    The “Meta-analyses of Trials” section says clinical-trial evidence clearly demonstrates benefits of antihypertensive treatment in people with diabetes. The “Older Adults (Aged ≥65 Years)” section recommends treatment strategies for older adults with diabetes, but the paper does not establish the same trial-evidence claim for older adults generally, regardless of diabetes status. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)

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  • There is strong evidence from clinical trials of the value of treating hypertension in older adults.

    “There is strong evidence from clinical trials of the value of treating hypertension in older adults (72,73), with treatment of hypertension to individualized target levels indicated in most.”

    From 13. Older Adults: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025 (2025) · cites this paper as [73]

    The “Meta-analyses of Trials” section reports clear clinical-trial evidence that treating hypertension reduces adverse outcomes among people with diabetes. The “OLDER ADULTS (AGED ≥65 YEARS)” section recommends treatment strategies for older adults with diabetes, but does not present trial evidence specifically establishing the benefit for older adults generally. The claim extends the trial finding beyond the population addressed by the source. (LLM, conf=0.83)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • There is strong evidence from clinical trials of the value of treating hypertension in older adults.

    “There is strong evidence from clinical trials of the value of treating hypertension in older adults”

    From 13. Older Adults: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026 (2026) · cites this paper as [80]

    The Meta-analyses of Trials section reports that clinical-trial evidence supports benefits from treating hypertension in people with diabetes. The Older Adults section recommends treatment strategies for older adults with diabetes, but the paper does not establish the claimed trial evidence for older adults generally, regardless of diabetes status. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Antihypertensive therapy reduces the risk of albuminuria.

    “Antihypertensive therapy reduces the risk of albuminuria (67)(68)(69)(70), and among people with type 1 or 2 diabetes with established CKD (eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73m 2 and UACR $300 mg/g creatinine), ACE inhibitor or ARB therapy reduces the risk of progression to ESKD (71)(72)(73)(74)(75)(76)(77)(78)(79)(80).”
  • For individuals with albuminuria (UACR $30 mg/g), initial treatment should include an ACE inhibitor or ARB to reduce the risk of progressive kidney disease.

    “For individuals with albuminuria (urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio [UACR] $30 mg/g), initial treatment should include an ACE inhibitor or ARB to reduce the risk of progressive kidney disease (21) (Fig. 10.2).”

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Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. [30]30. Pickering TG, Eguchi K, Kario K. Masked hy- pertension: a review. Hypertens Res 2007;30: 479-488
  2. [52]52. Lin JS, O'Connor EA, Evans CV, Senger CA, Rowland MG, Groom HC. Behavioral Counseling to Promote a Healthy Lifestyle for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Persons With Cardiovascu- lar Risk Factors: An Updated Systematic Evidence Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force [Internet], 2014. Rockville, MD, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US), 2014. Avail- able from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/ NBK241537/. Accessed 11 November 2016

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Authors
de Boer, I. H., Bangalore, S., Benetos, A., Davis, A. M., Michos, E. D., Muntner, P., Rossing, P., Zoungas, S., & Bakris, G.
Affiliations
  • University of Washington, Seattle, WA
  • New York University (US)
  • Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
  • University of Chicago (US)
  • Johns Hopkins University (US)
  • University of Alabama at Birmingham (US)
  • University of Copenhagen (DK)
  • Monash University (AU)
Corresponding author
Bakris, George
Venue
Diabetes Care
Published
2017-08-14
Volume
40
Issue
9
Pages
1273-1284
ISSN
  • 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
  • 1935-5548
OpenAlex
W2748201042
Cited by
714
References
145
Citations by year
2026: 30 · 2025: 67 · 2024: 89 · 2023: 69 · 2022: 102 · 2021: 113 · 2020: 83 · 2019: 81 · 2018: 71 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 2 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1
FWCI
9.25
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Diabetes Care (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion)
  • Monash University Research Portal (Monash University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders
  • Amgen
  • Bristol-Myers Squibb
  • Eli Lilly and Company
  • Pfizer
  • AstraZeneca
  • GlaxoSmithKline
  • Sanofi
  • Ironwood Pharmaceuticals, Incorporated
  • Medicines Company
  • Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen (SDCC 3.A Complications)
  • Novo Nordisk
  • Astellas Pharma
  • Novo Nordisk Fonden (NNF14OC0013659)
  • Servier
  • Sanofi Australia
  • Abbott Vascular
  • Defense Acquisition Program Administration
  • Relypsa
  • National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
  • Cilag
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Chronic Kidney Disease and Diabetes
Keywords
hypertension, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, heart failure, microvascular complications, antihypertensive therapy, blood pressure screening, home blood pressure monitoring, white coat hypertension, orthostatic hypotension, blood pressure control, risk factors

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