Association Between Plant-Based Dietary Patterns and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
IMPORTANCE: Accumulating epidemiologic evidence has suggested favorable associations between plant-based dietary patterns and risk of type 2 diabetes, although there is a lack of a quantitative summary of evidence substantiating this important association. OBJECTIVE: To quantitatively synthesize available prospective observational evidence on the association between plant-based dietary patterns and risk of type 2 diabetes. DATA SOURCES: A systematic search of PubMed and MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and reference lists through February 15, 2019, was conducted. Data analysis was conducted between December 2018 and February 2019. STUDY SELECTION: All prospective observational studies that examined the association between adherence to plant-based dietary patterns and incidence of type 2 diabetes among adults 18 years or older were identified. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines for data abstraction and reporting were followed, and a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute assessment tool was used to evaluate study quality. Two authors independently conducted full-text assessments and data abstraction. Meta-analysis was conducted using the random-effects method to calculate the overall relative risk (RR) and 95% CI. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Level of adherence to a plant-based diet and incidence of type 2 diabetes. RESULTS: A total of 9 studies were identified, totaling 307 099 participants with 23 544 cases of incident type 2 diabetes. A significant inverse association was observed between higher adherence to a plant-based dietary pattern and risk of type 2 diabetes (RR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.71-0.84) in comparison with poorer adherence, with modest heterogeneity across studies (I2 = 44.5%; P = .07 for heterogeneity). Similar findings were obtained when using the fixed-effects model (RR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.75-0.84). Consistent associations were observed across predefined subgroups. This association was strengthened when healthy plant-based foods, such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, and nuts, were included in the definition of plant-based patterns (RR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.62-0.79). Most studies were deemed to have good quality in terms of dietary assessment, disease outcomes, and statistical adjustment for confounding factors. Using restricted cubic splines, a significant inverse linear dose-response association was identified between plant-based dietary indices and risk of type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Plant-based dietary patterns, especially when they are enriched with healthful plant-based foods, may be beneficial for the primary prevention of type 2 diabetes.
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Low-fat meal plans within a comprehensive lifestyle intervention promote weight loss, improve glucose tolerance, and prevent diabetes in large randomized trials of people with obesity and impaired glucose tolerance.
“Low-fat meal plans in the context of a comprehensive lifestyle intervention have been shown to promote weight loss, improve glucose tolerance, and prevent DM in large RCTs enrolling persons with obesity and IGT.811,822–828”
From American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline: Developing a Diabetes Mellitus Comprehensive Care Plan-2022 Update. (2022) · cites this paper as [827]
The Discussion (page not provided) reports that plant-based diets may help with weight control and that small interventional studies found improved glycemic control. The paper’s diabetes-risk findings come from prospective observational studies, not large randomized trials; it does not establish that low-fat plans within comprehensive lifestyle interventions prevent diabetes in people with obesity and impaired glucose tolerance. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredStructured lifestyle interventions that include reduced-calorie low-fat diets in people with overweight or obesity prevent progression from prediabetes to diabetes and lower A1C, blood pressure, and triglycerides in people with type 2 diabetes.
“Structured lifestyle interventions that include reduced-calorie low-fat diets in persons with overweight or obesity have been shown to prevent progression from prediabetes to DM,690,811,827 and to lower A1C, BP, and triglycerides in persons with T2D.678,690,702–704,927,928”
From American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline: Developing a Diabetes Mellitus Comprehensive Care Plan-2022 Update. (2022) · cites this paper as [827]
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThree major randomized trials-the Diabetes Prevention Program, the Finnish Diabetes Study, and the Da Qing Study-showed that lifestyle/behavioral therapy with a reduced-calorie diet and physical activity is highly effective in preventing type 2 diabetes.
“Regarding lifestyle interventions in persons who have ABCD and prediabetes, 3 major RCTs, the Diabetes Prevention Program, the Finnish Diabetes Study, and the Da Qing Study, all demonstrated that lifestyle/behavioral therapy featuring a reduced-calorie diet (eg, caloric deficits of 500 to 1000 calories/day) and physical activity are highly effective in preventing T2D.811,822–828”
From American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline: Developing a Diabetes Mellitus Comprehensive Care Plan-2022 Update. (2022) · cites this paper as [827]
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 2 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredA shift from a more animal-based to a plant-based food pattern may reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk.
“A shift from a more animal-based to a plant-based food pattern may also reduce ASCVD risk.[83][84][85]”
From 2023 ESC guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. (2023) · cites this paper as [83]
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“Research indicates that these diets improve insulin sensitivity, reduce HbA1c levels, and lower the risk of developing diabetes by up to 34% [12].”
- Authors
- Qian, F., Liu, G., Hu, F. B., Bhupathiraju, S. N., & Sun, Q.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sun, Qi
- Venue
- JAMA Internal Medicine
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2019-10-01
- Volume
- 179
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1335
- ISSN
- 2168-6106 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6646993
- OpenAlex
- W2963089208
- Cited by
- 366
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 47 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 52 · 2023: 65 · 2022: 58 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 32.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- JAMA Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Agriculture Sustainability and Environmental Impact
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes, dietary habits, diabetes incidence, dietary adherence, dose-response relationship, Fabaceae, nuts, whole grains, fruits and vegetables, dietary indices, type 2 diabetes risk, diabetes prevention, lifestyle modification
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