Vegetarian diets in the prevention and management of diabetes and its complications
Open accessAbstract
Epidemiological studies have found a lower prevalence of type 2 diabetes among vegetarians compared to nonvegetarians. This reduced risk is likely a function of improved weight status, higher intake of dietary fiber, and the absence of animal protein and heme iron in the diet. Interventional studies have shown that vegetarian diets, especially a vegan diet, are effective tools in glycemic control and that these diets control plasma glucose to a greater level than do control diets, including diets traditionally recommended for patients with diabetes (e.g., diets based on carbohydrate counting). Vegetarian diets are associated with improvement in secondary outcomes such as weight reduction, serum lipid profile, and blood pressure. Studies indicate that vegetarian diets can be universally used in type 2 diabetes prevention and as tools to improve blood glucose management.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The Mediterranean, low-carbohydrate, and vegetarian or plant-based eating patterns are examples of healthful eating patterns that have shown positive results in research for individuals with type 2 diabetes.
“The Mediterranean (130,134-136), lowcarbohydrate (137-139), and vegetarian or plant-based (135,136,140,141) eating patterns are all examples of healthful eating patterns that have shown positive results in research for individuals with type 2 diabetes, but individualized meal planning should focus on personal preferences, needs, and goals.”
From 5. Facilitating Positive Health Behaviors and Well-being to Improve Health Outcomes:<i>Standards of Care in Diabetes—2023</i> (2023) · cites this paper as [141]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
International Diabetes Federation 2017
Carracher, A. M., Marathe, P. H., & Close, K. L. (2018) · Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1111/1753-0407.12644 · Cited by 13,369 · see citing works
Nutrition therapy recommendations for the management of adults with diabetes
Evert, A. B., Boucher, J. L., Cypress, M., Dunbar, S. A., Franz, M. J., Mayer-Davis, E. J., Neumiller, J. J., Nwankwo, R., Verdi, C. L., Urbanski, P., et al. (2013) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc13-2042 · Cited by 1,129 · see citing works
Satija, A., Bhupathiraju, S. N., Rimm, E. B., Spiegelman, D., Chiuve, S. E., Borgi, L., Willett, W. C., Manson, J. E., Sun, Q., & Hu, F. B. (2016) · PLOS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002039 · Cited by 1,069 · see citing works
Type of vegetarian diet, body weight, and prevalence of type 2 diabetes
Tonstad, S., Butler, T., Yan, R., & Fraser, G. E. (2009) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc08-1886 · Cited by 641 · see citing works
Aune, D., Norat, T., Romundstad, P., & Vatten, L. J. (2013) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-013-9852-5 · Cited by 539 · see citing works
Barnard, N. D., Cohen, J., Jenkins, D. J. A., Turner-McGrievy, G., Gloede, L., Jaster, B., Seidl, K., Green, A. A., & Talpers, S. (2006) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc06-0606 · Cited by 468 · see citing works
Vegetarian diets and incidence of diabetes in the Adventist Health Study-2
Tonstad, S., Stewart, K., Oda, K., Batech, M., Herring, R. P., & Fraser, G. E. (2013) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2011.07.004 · Cited by 442 · see citing works
Li, M., Fan, Y., Zhang, X., Hou, W., & Tang, Z. (2014) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005497 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
Crowe, F. L., Appleby, P. N., Allen, N. E., & Key, T. J. (2011) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.d4131 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Sluijs, I., Beulens, J. W. J., van der A, D. L., Spijkerman, A. M. W., Grobbee, D. E., & van der Schouw, Y. T. (2010) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc09-1321 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Kahleova, H., Matoulek, M., Malinska, H., Oliyarnik, O., Kazdova, L., Neskudla, T., Skoch, A., Hajek, M., Hill, M., Kahle, M., et al. (2011) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.03209.x · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Hu, F. B., Cho, E., Rexrode, K. M., Albert, C. M., & Manson, J. E. (2003) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000062644.42133.5f · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Shin, J. Y., Xun, P., Nakamura, Y., & He, K. (2013) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.051318 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Dietary fiber intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: a dose–response analysis of prospective studies
Yao, B., Fang, H., Xu, W., Yan, Y., Xu, H., Liu, Y., Mo, M., Zhang, H., & Zhao, Y. (2014) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-013-9876-x · Cited by 281 · see citing works
How prevalent is vitamin B12deficiency among vegetarians?
Pawlak, R., Parrott, J. S., Raj, S., Cullum‐Dugan, D., & Lucus, D. (2013) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/nure.12001 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Self-citationCrowe, F. L., Appleby, P. N., Travis, R. C., & Key, T. J. (2013) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.044073 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Vegetarian Diets and the Incidence of Cancer in a Low-risk Population
Tantamango-Bartley, Y., Jaceldo‐Siegl, K., Fan, J., & Fraser, G. E. (2012) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-12-1060 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Vegetarian diets and glycemic control in diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
(2014) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.3978/j.issn.2223-3652.2014.10.04 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Comparative fracture risk in vegetarians and nonvegetarians in EPIC-Oxford
Appleby, P., Roddam, A., Allen, N., & Key, T. (2007) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602659 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Pettersen, B. J., Anousheh, R., Fan, J., Jaceldo‐Siegl, K., & Fraser, G. E. (2012) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980011003454 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Effects of plant-based diets on plasma lipids
Ferdowsian, H. R., & Barnard, N. D. (2009) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.05.032 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Vitamin B12 Status in Metformin Treated Patients: Systematic Review
Liu, Q., Li, S., Quan, H., & Li, J. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0100379 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Vegetarian and vegan diets in type 2 diabetes management
Barnard, N. D., Katcher, H. I., Jenkins, D. J., Cohen, J., & Turner-McGrievy, G. (2009) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00198.x · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Type of vegetarian diet, obesity and diabetes in adult Indian population
Agrawal, S., Millett, C. J., Dhillon, P. K., Subramanian, S. V., & Ebrahim, S. B. J. (2014) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/1475-2891-13-89 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Lee, Y., Kim, S.-A., Lee, I., Kim, J., Park, K., Jeong, J.-Y., Jeon, J., Shin, J.-Y., & Lee, D. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0155918 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
The role of metformin on vitamin B12 deficiency: a meta-analysis review
Niafar, M., Hai, F., Porhomayon, J., & Nader, N. D. (2014) · Internal and Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11739-014-1157-5 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Egg consumption and risk of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes: A meta-analysis
Li, Y., Zhou, C., Zhou, X., & Li, L. (2013) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.04.003 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Viguiliouk, E., Stewart, S., Jayalath, V., Ng, A., Mirrahimi, A., De Souza, R., Hanley, A., Bazinet, R., Blanco Mejia, S., Leiter, L., et al. (2015) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu7125509 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Is Vitamin B12 Deficiency a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease in Vegetarians?
Pawlak, R. (2015) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2015.02.009 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Self-citationSanders, T. A. B. (2009) · Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids · doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2009.05.013 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Iron Status of Vegetarian Adults: A Review of Literature
Pawlak, R., Berger, J., & Hines, I. N. (2016) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/1559827616682933 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Self-citationSala-Vila, A., Díaz-López, A., Valls-Pedret, C., Cofán, M., García-Layana, A., Lamuela-Raventós, R.-M., Castañer, O., Zanon-Moreno, V., Martinez-Gonzalez, M. A., Toledo, E., et al. (2016) · JAMA Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2016.2906 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Chan, J., Jaceldo‐Siegl, K., & Fraser, G. E. (2009) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.26736x · Cited by 118 · see citing works
van Wijngaarden, J. P., Doets, E. L., Szczecińska, A., Souverein, O. W., Duffy, M. E., Dullemeijer, C., Cavelaars, A. E. J. M., Pietruszka, B., Veer, P. V., Brzozowska, A., et al. (2013) · Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1155/2013/486186 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Comerford, K. B., & Pasin, G. (2016) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu8080446 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
A dietary intervention for chronic diabetic neuropathy pain: a randomized controlled pilot study
Bunner, A. E., Wells, C. L., Gonzales, J., Agarwal, U., Bayat, E., & Barnard, N. D. (2015) · Nutrition and Diabetes · doi:10.1038/nutd.2015.8 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Taiwanese Vegetarians and Omnivores: Dietary Composition, Prevalence of Diabetes and IFG
Chiu, T. H. T., Huang, H., Chiu, Y., Pan, W.-H., Kao, H., Chiu, J., Lin, M., & Lin, C. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088547 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Diet, vegetarianism, and cataract risk
Appleby, P. N., Allen, N. E., & Key, T. J. (2011) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.004028 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Rinaldi, S., Campbell, E. E., Fournier, J., O'Connor, C., & Madill, J. (2016) · Canadian Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2016.02.011 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
White, D., & Collinson, A. (2013) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.3945/an.113.003681 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Sk, G., Sawhney, R. C., Rai, L., Chavan, V., Dani, S., Arora, R. C., Selvamurthy, W., Chopra, H. K., & Nanda, N. C. (2011) · PubMed · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Han, E., Yun, Y., Kim, G., Lee, Y., Wang, H. J., Lee, B., Soo, B., Kim, B. S., & Kang, E. S. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0154683 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Fruit intake decreases risk of incident type 2 diabetes: an updated meta-analysis
Li, S., Miao, S., Huang, Y., Liu, Z., Tian, H., Yin, X., Tang, W., Steffen, L. M., & Xi, B. (2014) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-014-0351-6 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Xu, C. B., Yan, W. S., Liu, G., et al. (2014) · Diagnostic Pathology · doi:10.1186/s13000-014-0167-y · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Lee, V., McKay, T., & Ardern, C. I. (2015) · Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1155/2015/236234 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Association of homocysteine with peripheral neuropathy in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes
Li, J., Yuche, C., Ming, S., Jingrong, T., Qing, D., Zhang, Y., Jiawei, C., & Hongxing, W. (2011) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2011.03.020 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Calcium balance in young adults on a vegan and lactovegetarian diet
Kohlenberg‐Mueller, K., & Raschka, L. (2003) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism · doi:10.1007/s007740300005 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Barsotti, G., Navalesi, R., Giampietro, O., et al. (2015) · Contributions to nephrology · doi:10.1159/000415752 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Kim, H., Park, S., Yang, H., Choi, Y. J., Huh, K. B., & Chang, N. (2015) · Nutrition Research and Practice · doi:10.4162/nrp.2015.9.5.496 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Renal Function Parameters of Thai Vegans Compared with Non-Vegans
Wiwanitkit, V. (2007) · Renal Failure · doi:10.1080/08860220601098912 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [54]Vegetarian Resource Group Vegan diet for people with diabetes [Internet]. Available from https://www.vrg.org/journal/vj2003issue2/2003_issue2_diabetes.php. Accessed 8 November 2016
- [55]Vegetarian Resource Group Vegetarian Journal’s guide to vegetarian and vegan restaurants in the U.S. and Canada [Internet]. Available from http://www.vrg.org/restaurant/index.php. Accessed 8 November 2016
Cited by
Sorted by citations
5. Lifestyle Management:<i>Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2019</i>
American Diabetes Association (2019) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc19-s005 · Cited by 700 · see citing works
4. Lifestyle Management: <i>Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2018</i>
American Diabetes Association (2018) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc18-s004 · Cited by 563 · see citing works
Blonde, L., Umpierrez, G. E., Reddy, S. S., McGill, J. B., Berga, S. L., Bush, M., Chandrasekaran, S., DeFronzo, R. A., Einhorn, D., Galindo, R. J., et al. (2022) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2022.08.002 · Cited by 507 · see citing works
Qian, F., Liu, G., Hu, F. B., Bhupathiraju, S. N., & Sun, Q. (2019) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.2195 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
ElSayed, N. A., Aleppo, G., Aroda, V. R., Bannuru, R. R., Brown, F. M., Bruemmer, D., Collins, B. S., Hilliard, M. E., Isaacs, D., Johnson, E. L., et al. (2023) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc23-s005 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee (2022) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc22-s005 · Cited by 445 · see citing works
Mediterranean diet nutrients to turn the tide against insulin resistance and related diseases
Mirabelli, M., Chiefari, E., Arcidiacono, B., Corigliano, D. M., Brunetti, F. S., Maggisano, V., Russo, D., Foti, D. P., & Brunetti, A. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12041066 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
“With this in mind, the MedDiet [33,34], and other plant-based [35,36] nutritional approaches, all associated with positive outcomes in clinical research conditions, can be endorsed as suitable treatment measures to achieve glycemic control, so that the need for pharmacological medications would be minimized.”
Background
- Authors
- Pawlak, R.
- Affiliations
- East Carolina University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Pawlak, Roman
- ORCID
- Pawlak, Roman
- Venue
- Diabetes Spectrum
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2017-05-01
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 82-88
- ISSN
- 1040-9165 (ISSN-L)
- 1944-7353
- PMC
- PMC5439360
- OpenAlex
- W2615362894
- Cited by
- 90
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2025: 5 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 9.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Diabetes Spectrum (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- The Scholarship East Carolina University's Institutional Repository (East Carolina University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Agriculture Sustainability and Environmental Impact
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Diet and metabolism studies
- Keywords
- vegetarian diet, type 2 diabetes, diabetes prevention, diabetes management, glycemic control, vegan diet, dietary fiber, heme iron, animal protein, weight loss, lipid profile, blood pressure, diabetes complications
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
