Randomized Clinical Trial of 3 Types of Physical Exercise for Patients With Parkinson Disease
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of treadmill exercises and stretching and resistance exercises in improving gait speed, strength, and fitness for patients with Parkinson disease. DESIGN: A comparative, prospective, randomized, single-blinded clinical trial of 3 types of physical exercise. SETTING: The Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Center at the University of Maryland and the Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center. PATIENTS: A total of 67 patients with Parkinson disease who had gait impairment were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 arms of the trial. INTERVENTIONS; (1) A higher-intensity treadmill exercise (30 minutes at 70%-80% of heart rate reserve), (2) a lower-intensity treadmill exercise (50 minutes at 40%-50% of heart rate reserve), and (3) stretching and resistance exercises (2 sets of 10 repetitions on each leg on 3 resistance machines [leg press, leg extension, and curl]). These exercises were performed 3 times a week for 3 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome measures were gait speed (6-minute walk), cardiovascular fitness (peak oxygen consumption per unit time [$$ VO2], and muscle strength (1-repetition maximum strength). RESULTS: All 3 types of physical exercise improved distance on the 6-minute walk: lower-intensity treadmill exercise (12% increase; P=.001), stretching and resistance exercises (9% increase; P<.02), and higher-intensity treadmill exercise (6% increase; P=.07), with no between-group differences. Both treadmill exercises improved peak $$ VO2 (7%-8% increase; P<.05) more than did the stretching and resistance exercises. Only stretching and resistance improved muscle strength (16% increase; P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: The effects of exercise were seen across all 3 exercise groups. The lower-intensity treadmill exercise resulted in the greatest improvement in gait speed. Both the higher- and lower-intensity treadmill exercises improved cardiovascular fitness. Only the stretching and resistance exercises improved muscle strength. Therefore, exercise can improve gait speed, muscle strength, and fitness for patients with Parkinson disease. The combination of treadmill and resistance exercises may result in greater benefit and requires further investigation.
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Studies have reported similar improvements in aerobic capacity for high-intensity and low-intensity training programs.
“Studies have reported similar improvements in gait speed and stride length (Pohl et al., 2003) and aerobic capacity (Ridgel et al., 2009; Shulman et al., 2013) for high-intensity (80% of maximum capacity) and low-intensity (50% of maximum capacity) training programs.”
From Perception of Physical Demand, Mental Demand, and Performance: A Comparison of Two Voice Interventions for Parkinson's Disease (2022) · cites this paper as Shulman et al., 2013
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BackgroundResultInfluentialExercise activates lysosomal function in the brain through AMPK‐SIRT1‐TFEB pathway
Huang, J., Wang, X., Zhu, Y., Li, Z., Zhu, Y., Wu, J., Qin, Z., Xiang, M., & Lin, F. (2019) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/cns.13114 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Kelly, N. A., Ford, M. P., Standaert, D. G., Watts, R. L., Bickel, C. S., Moellering, D. R., Tuggle, S. C., Williams, J. Y., Lieb, L., Windham, S. T., et al. (2014) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01277.2013 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
“shown to improve cardiorespiratory capacity (71) and endur-”
BackgroundChung, C. L. H., Thilarajah, S., & Tan, D. M. L. (2015) · Clinical Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/0269215515570381 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Ellis, T. D., Cavanaugh, J. T., DeAngelis, T. R., Hendron, K. L., Thomas, C. A., Saint‐Hilaire, M., Pencina, K. M., & Latham, N. K. (2018) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/pzy131 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Motivators and Barriers to Exercise in Parkinson’s Disease
Afshari, M., Yang, A., & Bega, D. (2017) · Journal of Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.3233/jpd-171173 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Exercise for Parkinson's disease
Mak, K. Y., & Wong-Yu, I. S. K. (2019) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2019.06.001 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Tollár, J., Nagy, F., & Hortobágyi, T. (2018) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000493127 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Exercise and Parkinson Disease: Comparing Tango, Treadmill, and Stretching
Rawson, K. S., McNeely, M. E., Duncan, R. P., Pickett, K. A., Perlmutter, J. S., & Earhart, G. M. (2018) · Neurology Report · doi:10.1097/npt.0000000000000245 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Exercise-Induced Neuroprotection of the Nigrostriatal Dopamine System in Parkinson's Disease
Hou, L., Chen, W., Liu, X., Qiao, D., & Zhou, F.-M. (2017) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2017.00358 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“…that physical exercise needs to be prescribed to PD patients and be an essential component of the treatment for PD (Ahlskog, 2011; Vina et al., 2012; Shulman et al., 2013; Bloem et al., 2015; Pedersen and Saltin, 2015; LaHue et al., 2016; Lauzé et al., 2016; Reynolds et al., 2016) (Figure 1).”
BackgroundJin, X., Wang, L., Liu, S., Zhu, L., Loprinzi, P. D., & Fan, X. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17010031 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Exercise Guidelines for Gait Function in Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Ni, M., Hazzard, J. B., Signorile, J. F., & Luca, C. C. (2018) · Neurorehabilitation and neural repair · doi:10.1177/1545968318801558 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Lamotte, G., Rafferty, M. R., Prodoehl, J., Kohrt, W. M., Comella, C. L., Simuni, T., & Corcos, D. M. (2015) · Journal of Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.3233/jpd-140425 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Crafting a View of Self-Tracking Data in the Clinical Visit
Mentis, H. M., Komlódi, A., Schrader, K., Phipps, M., Gruber‐Baldini, A. L., Yarbrough, K. L., & Shulman, L. M. (2017) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3025453.3025589 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Beneficial Role of Intensive Exercise on Parkinson Disease Progression
Frazzitta, G., Balbi, P., Maestri, R., Bertotti, G., Boveri, N., & Pezzoli, G. (2013) · American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/phm.0b013e31828cd254 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
“Shulman et al.(74) suggested the importance of a combination of treadmill training and resistance exercise to obtain a greater benefit in patients with PD.”
BackgroundTwo-Year Exercise Program Improves Physical Function in Parkinson’s Disease
Prodoehl, J., Rafferty, M. R., David, F. J., Poon, C., Vaillancourt, D. E., Comella, C. L., Leurgans, S. E., Kohrt, W. M., Corcos, D. M., & Robichaud, J. A. (2014) · Neurorehabilitation and neural repair · doi:10.1177/1545968314539732 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“For example, aerobic treadmill training was shown to be superior to general strength and flexibility exercises on improving walking speed in PD, while general strength and flexibility exercises have been shown to be superior to treadmill training on improving muscle strength.(13) Similarly, progressive resistance exer…”
Ashburn, A., Pickering, R. M., McIntosh, E., Hulbert, S., Rochester, L., Roberts, H. C., Nieuwboer, A., Kunkel, D., Goodwin, V. A., Lamb, S. E., et al. (2019) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta23360 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Parkinson’s disease and intensive exercise therapy — An updated systematic review and meta‐analysis
Gamborg, M., Hvid, L. G., Dalgas, U., & Langeskov‐Christensen, M. (2022) · Acta Neurologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/ane.13579 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Effect of Exercise on Motor and Nonmotor Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease
Dashtipour, K., Johnson, E., Kani, C., Kani, K., Hadi, E., Ghamsary, M. G., Pezeshkian, S., & Chen, J. J. (2015) · Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.1155/2015/586378 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Physical exercise for people with Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
Ernst, M., Folkerts, A., Gollan, R., Lieker, E., Caro-Valenzuela, J., Adams, A., Cryns, N., Monsef, I., Dresen, A., Roheger, M., et al. (2024) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013856.pub3 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Chen, K., Zhang, L., Tan, M., Lai, C. S. W., Li, A., Ren, C., & So, K. (2017) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2017.41 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Yang, Y., Wang, G., Zhang, S., Wang, H., Zhou, W.-S., Ren, F.-F., Liang, H., Wu, D., Ji, X., Hashimoto, M., et al. (2022) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-022-03510-9 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“1 points) [39], and also exceeds high-intensity aerobic exercise (AE) [40], BGT [41] and Stretch [42], but less than PT and Yoga [43].”
BackgroundA pilot study to evaluate multi-dimensional effects of dance for people with Parkinson's disease
Ventura, M. I., Barnes, D. E., Ross, J. M., Lanni, K. E., Sigvardt, K. A., & Disbrow, E. A. (2016) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2016.10.001 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Roeder, L., Costello, J. T., Smith, S. S., Stewart, I. B., & Kerr, G. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0132135 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“Two studies [35,41] compared RT alone with a control group that received standard medical practice; one study (RCT) [40] compared RT with another intervention (Tai Chi or Stretching); four studies [36–38,43] including one RCT [36] compared an intervention that comprised RT combined with another form of exercise (aerob…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialPark, A., Zid, D., Russell, J., Malone, A., Rendon, A., Wehr, A. M., & Li, X. (2013) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2013.10.003 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“Countless studies have shown that a variety of exercises improve the symptoms of PD, including home based exercise [3], treadmill [4], resistance exercise [5], tango dancing [6], tai chi [7], and robot-assisted gait training [8].”
BackgroundCrowley, E. K., Nolan, Y. M., & Sullivan, A. M. (2018) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.11.003 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Chasing Protection in Parkinson’s Disease: Does Exercise Reduce Risk and Progression?
Crotty, G. F., & Schwarzschild, M. A. (2020) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2020.00186 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
What and How Can Physical Activity Prevention Function on Parkinson’s Disease?
Fan, B., Jabeen, R., Bo, B., Guo, C., Meng-jie, H., Zhang, H., Cen, J., Ji, X., & Wei, J. (2020) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2020/4293071 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“The different extent to the loss of neurons may be due to changes in exercise duration and intensity, which could affect the motor benefits of PD patients [89].”
BackgroundAl-Wardat, M. S., Etoom, M., Aldajah, S., Schirinzi, T., Lazzaro, G. D., Salimei, P. S., Mercuri, N. B., & Pisani, A. (2018) · International Journal of Rehabilitation Research · doi:10.1097/mrr.0000000000000312 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Martignon, C., Pedrinolla, A., Ruzzante, F., Giuriato, G., Laginestra, F. G., Bouça‐Machado, R., Ferreira, J. J., Tinazzi, M., Schena, F. F., & Venturelli, M. (2020) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-020-01612-1 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
McKay, J. L., Ting, L. H., & Hackney, M. E. (2016) · Neurology Report · doi:10.1097/npt.0000000000000150 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Colón-Semenza, C., Latham, N. K., Quintiliani, L. M., & Ellis, T. D. (2018) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/mhealth.8074 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“Results of exercise trials in PD reveal the benefits of moderate-intensity walking to reduce disability [9,10].”
Song, J., Ahn, J. H., Choi, I., Mun, J. K., Cho, J. W., & Youn, J. (2020) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.09.034 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Abou, L., Alluri, A., Fliflet, A. M., Du, Y., & Rice, L. A. (2020) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2020.06.025 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Helgerud, J., Thomsen, S. N., Hoff, J., Strandbråten, A., Leivseth, G., Unhjem, R., & Wang, E.-L. (2020) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00208.2020 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“In contrast, resistance training is documented to enhance efferent neural drive (39), alleviate cardinal motor symptoms (12), and improve FGC (30, 38) in PD patients.”
BackgroundResultLifestyle Interventions for the Prevention of Parkinson Disease
Daalen, J. M. J., Schootemeijer, S., Richard, E., Darweesh, S. K. L., & Bloem, B. R. (2022) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000200787 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“As expected, an increase in VO2max was only seen in the treadmill arm, but an improvement in walking speed after 3 months was seen in the aerobic and nonaerobic arms, without between-group differences.(26)”
BackgroundMattson, M. P. (2014) · Journal of Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.3233/jpd-130335 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“High intensity treadmill exercise improves gait and quality of life in PD [75], low intensity treadmill exercise improves gait speed but not muscle strength, whereas resistance exercise improves muscle strength but not gait speed [76].”
Koo, J., & Cho, J. (2017) · Neurotoxicity Research · doi:10.1007/s12640-017-9770-5 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“Our results corroborate those of a previous study, which suggested that the duration and intensity of physical exercise can influence the benefits of exercise in patients with PD (Shulman et al. 2013).”
A Stage-Based Approach to Therapy in Parkinson’s Disease
Carrarini, C., Russo, M., Dono, F., Pietro, M. D., Rispoli, M. G., Stefano, V. D., Ferri, L., Barbone, F., Vitale, M., Thomas, A., et al. (2019) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom9080388 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Specifically, it has been reported that intensive training modalities including stretching and resistance training could improve muscle strength and mobility, therefore giving a better control of some of MS [218,219], whereas aerobic activity is also helpful for cardiovascular fitness [220].”
BackgroundKanegusuku, H., Silva‐Batista, C., Peçanha, T., Nieuwboer, A., da Silva, N. D., Costa, L. A. R., de Mello, M. T., Piemonte, M. E. P., Ugrinowitsch, C., & Forjaz, C. L. M. (2017) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2017.06.009 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Augmented reality-based dance intervention for individuals with Parkinson’s disease: A pilot study
Tunur, T., DeBlois, A., Yates-Horton, E., Rickford, K., & Columna, L. A. (2019) · Disability and health journal · doi:10.1016/j.dhjo.2019.100848 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“05) and subjects matching (F(4, 8)1⁄4 22.”
Tollár, J., Nagy, F., Kovács, N., & Hortobágyi, T. (2018) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2018.05.007 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
The Effect of Physical Activity in Parkinson’s Disease: A Mini-Review
Fayyaz, M., Jaffery, S. S., Anwar, F., Zil‐E‐Ali, A., & Anjum, I. (2018) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.2995 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Mancini, M., Afshari, M., Almeida, Q. J., Huffmaster, S. L. A., Balfany, K., Camicioli, R. M., Christiansen, C. L., Dale, M. L., Dibble, L. E., Earhart, G. M., et al. (2025) · npj Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.1038/s41531-025-00897-1 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“…overground 101,102 , walking on a traditional treadmill 103 – 107 , walking on treadmills that apply concurrent perturbations to the participant 108 – 111 , robot-assisted walking 112 , Nordicwalking 113,114 ,walkinginavirtual-realityenvironment 115 ,walkingon a curved treadmill 116,117 , and…”
Therapies for Parkinson’s diseases: alternatives to current pharmacological interventions
Li, S., Dong, J., Cheng, C., & Le, W. (2016) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-016-1603-9 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Effort training in Parkinson's disease: A systematic review
Tambosco, L., Percebois-Macadré, L., Rapin, A., Nicomette-Bardel, J., & Boyer, F. C. (2014) · Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.rehab.2014.01.003 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Harvey, M., Weston, K. L., Gray, W. K., O’Callaghan, A., Oates, L. L., Davidson, R., & Walker, R. W. (2018) · Clinical Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/0269215518815221 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Progressive resistance training in Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Saltychev, M., Bärlund, E., Paltamaa, J., Katajapuu, N., & Laimi, K. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008756 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“Six studies compared progressive resistance training with weakly defined ‘usual activities’, 16–18 four with different low-intensity strengthening, endurance or balance exercises,(14) 15 19 20 one with the use of vitamins,(17) and one with treadmill training.(22) It is selfevident that most of the patients with PD hav…”
BackgroundEndurance exercise improves function in individuals with Parkinson’s disease: A meta-analysis
Flach, A., Jaegers, L. A., Krieger, M., Bixler, E. A., Kelly, P., Weiss, E. P., & Ahmad, S. O. (2017) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2017.08.076 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Dahmen-Zimmer, K., & Jansen, P. (2017) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2017.00237 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“, for example, proved that endurance as well as strength and flexibility improved by a treadmill, strength and flexibility training (5).”
BackgroundParkinson disease in the elderly adult.
Willis, A. W. (2013) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Complementary and Alternative Medicine and Exercise in Nonmotor Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease
Subramanian, I. (2017) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2017.05.037 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Shulman et al. (2013) studied 67 patients in a RCT of 30 min of high-intensity treadmill vs 50 min of low-intensity treadmill vs stretching and resistance 3 times per week for 3 months.”
BackgroundMethodMustafaoğlu, R., Ahmed, I., & Pang, M. Y. C. (2022) · Acta Neurologica Belgica · doi:10.1007/s13760-022-02070-4 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Chuang, C., Chang, J., Cheng, F., Liu, K., Su, H., & Liu, C. (2017) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2017.10.003 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Cherup, N. P., Buskard, A. N. L., Strand, K. L., Roberson, K. B., Michiels, E. R., Kuhn, J. E., Lopez, F. A. P., & Signorile, J. F. (2019) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2019.110740 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Patterson, C. G., Joslin, E., Gil, A. B., Spigle, W. A., Nemet, T., Chahine, L. M., Christiansen, C. L., Melanson, E., Kohrt, W. M., Mancini, M., et al. (2022) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-022-06703-0 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Second, the distance walked in the 6-min walk test is sensitive to change with respect to endurance exercise [69, 88, 89].”
BackgroundQuinn, L., & Morgan, D. W. (2017) · Neurology Report · doi:10.1097/npt.0000000000000166 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Treatment options for postural instability and gait difficulties in Parkinson’s disease
Müller, M. L. T. M., Marušič, U., Boas, M. V. E., Weiß, D., & Bohnen, N. I. (2019) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2019.1656067 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“direct comparison of aerobic treadmill exercise to combined stretching and resistance exercises showed that both types of exercise can improve gait speed in PD patients, with differential benefits of the treadmill exercises for cardiovascular fitness and the combined stretching and resistance exercise for muscle stren…”
BackgroundKoo, J., & Cho, J. (2017) · Neurotoxicity Research · doi:10.1007/s12640-017-9779-9 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
An Evidence-Based Exercise Regimen for Patients with Mild to Moderate Parkinson’s Disease
Salgado, S. M., Williams, N., Kotian, R., & Salgado, M. W. (2013) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci3010087 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Devasahayam, A. J., Downer, M. B., & Ploughman, M. (2017) · Multiple Sclerosis International · doi:10.1155/2017/4815958 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“[60] found that treadmill and resistance training did not differ in improving gait among people with Parkinson’s disease.”
Chang, H., Lu, C.-S., Chiou, W.-D., Chen, C.-C., Weng, Y.-H., & Chang, Y. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Neurology · doi:10.3988/jcn.2018.14.2.225 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Ferrazzoli, D., Carter, A., Üstün, F. S., Palamara, G., Ortelli, P., Maestri, R., Yücel, M., & Frazzitta, G. (2016) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00121 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Shulman et al. (2013) suggested the importance of a combination of treadmill training and resistance exercise to obtain a greater benefit in patients with PD.”
BackgroundBearss, K. A., & DeSouza, J. F. X. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11070895 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“A growing body of evidence demonstrates that high-intensity interval training (HIIT) can serve as an effective alternate to traditional PD exercise programs, inducing similar or even superior physiological adaptations in healthy individuals and diseased populations [38,39].”
Backgroundde Almeida, F. O., Santana, V. P., Corcos, D. M., Ugrinowitsch, C., & Silva‐Batista, C. (2022) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-022-01650-x · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“(2013) [30] 3 12 36 50 Trigueiro et al.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMoore, C. G., Schenkman, M. L., Kohrt, W. M., Delitto, A., Hall, D. A., & Corcos, D. M. (2013) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2013.06.002 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“In one of these studies, Shulman and colleagues [8] found that of 945 patients assessed for eligibility, 169 (18%) did not meet inclusion criteria, 696 (74%) declined to participate in the exercise trial, and among 80 randomized, 12 (15%) discontinued their exercise intervention.”
BackgroundResultvan der Kolk, N. M., Overeem, S., de Vries, N. M., Kessels, R. P. C., Donders, R., Brouwer, M. A., Berg, D., Post, B., & Bloem, B. R. (2015) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/s12883-015-0312-6 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Similar results were seen in small treadmill studies in PD patients, showing improvement in gait parameters and enhanced physical fitness [5-7].”
ResultGollan, R., Ernst, M., Lieker, E., Caro-Valenzuela, J., Monsef, I., Dresen, A., Roheger, M., Skoetz, N., Kalbe, E., & Folkerts, A. (2022) · Journal of Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.3233/jpd-223252 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Eight studies were held as group sessions [9, 15, 37, 39, 42–44, 46] , whereas Regarding training frequency, in 14 studies RT was conducted on two non-consecutive days of the week [6, 8, 9, 31–33, 38–41, 43–45, 47], in three studies on three non-consecutive days [37, 42, 46], and in one study the…”
InfluentialEarhart, G. M., Duncan, R. P., Huang, J. L., Perlmutter, J. S., & Pickett, K. A. (2015) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/s12883-015-0261-0 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“preferred speed for longer durations is more effective in enhancing gait than training at higher intensity for shorter blocks of time [31,32].”
Background
- Authors
- Shulman, L. M., Katzel, L. I., Ivey, F. M., Sorkin, J. D., Favors, K., Anderson, K. E., Smith, B. A., Reich, S. G., Weiner, W. J., & Macko, R. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
- Corresponding author
- Shulman, Lisa M.
- ORCID
- Venue
- JAMA Neurology
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2013-02-01
- Volume
- 70
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 183
- ISSN
- 2168-6149 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4574905
- OpenAlex
- W2124808208
- Cited by
- 410
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 78 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 50.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- JAMA Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (T32AG000219, R01AG034161, P30AG028747)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL095136, K30HL004518)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK090401)
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (U01AR057967)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Keywords
- Parkinson's disease, physical activity, treadmill exercise, resistance training, stretching, walking speed, cardiorespiratory fitness, peak oxygen uptake, muscle strength, exercise intensity, 6-minute walk test
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Electrocardiography, Exercise Test, Female, Gait, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Parkinson Disease, Prospective Studies, Exercise, Single-Blind Method, Muscle Stretching Exercises, Resistance Training
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