The DOI matches its Crossref record; 131 of the 131 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 8 of the 42 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Exercise for depression
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Depression is a common and important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Depression is commonly treated with antidepressants and/or psychotherapy, but some people may prefer alternative approaches such as exercise. There are a number of theoretical reasons why exercise may improve depression. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effectiveness of exercise in the treatment of depression. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched Medline, Embase, Sports Discus, PsycINFO, the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews for eligible studies in March 2007. In addition, we hand-searched several relevant journals, contacted experts in the field, searched bibliographies of retrieved articles, and performed citation searches of identified studies. We also searched www.controlled-trials.com in May 2008. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials in which exercise was compared to standard treatment, no treatment or a placebo treatment in adults (aged 18 and over) with depression, as defined by trial authors. We excluded trials of post-natal depression. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We calculated effect sizes for each trial using Cohen's method and a standardised mean difference (SMD) for the overall pooled effect, using a random effects model. Where trials used a number of different tools to assess depression, we included the main outcome measure only in the meta-analysis. MAIN RESULTS: Twenty-eight trials fulfilled our inclusion criteria, of which 25 provided data for meta-analyses. Randomisation was adequately concealed in a minority of studies, most did not use intention to treat analyses and most used self-reported symptoms as outcome measures. For the 23 trials (907 participants) comparing exercise with no treatment or a control intervention, the pooled SMD was -0.82 (95% CI -1.12, -0.51), indicating a large clinical effect. However, when we included only the three trials with adequate allocation concealment and intention to treat analysis and blinded outcome assessment, the pooled SMD was -0.42 (95% CI -0.88, 0.03) i.e. moderate, non-significant effect. The effect of exercise was not significantly different from that of cognitive therapy. There was insufficient data to determine risks and costs. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Exercise seems to improve depressive symptoms in people with a diagnosis of depression, but when only methodologically robust trials are included, the effect sizes are only moderate and not statistically significant. Further, more methodologically robust trials should be performed to obtain more accurate estimates of effect sizes, and to determine risks and costs. Further systematic reviews could be performed to investigate the effect of exercise in people with dysthymia who do not fulfil diagnostic criteria for depression.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This Cochrane review found that exercise reduced depressive symptoms compared with no treatment/control, but the effect became moderate and non-significant when only methodologically robust trials were pooled. Exercise was not significantly different from cognitive therapy or antidepressants, and evidence was insufficient to determine optimal exercise parameters, risks, or costs.
Key findings
- For 23 trials (907 participants) comparing exercise with no treatment/control, the pooled SMD was -0.82 (95% CI -1.12 to -0.51), indicating a large clinical effect; heterogeneity was significant (I² = 77%).
- For the 3 trials (216 participants) with adequate allocation concealment, intention-to-treat analysis, and blinded outcome assessment, the pooled SMD was -0.42 (95% CI -0.88 to 0.03), a moderate but non-significant effect.
- Exercise versus cognitive therapy showed no significant difference (6 trials, 152 participants; SMD -0.17, 95% CI -0.51 to 0.18), and exercise versus antidepressants also showed no significant difference (2 trials, 201 participants; SMD -0.04, 95% CI -0.31 to 0.24). One trial found exercise superior to bright light therapy (WMD -6.40, 95% CI -10.20 to -2.60).
- At follow-up, 5 trials (218 participants) found a moderate effect (SMD -0.44, 95% CI -0.71 to -0.18), suggesting benefits may diminish after the intervention ends.
Methods
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials; searched Medline, Embase, Sports Discus, PsycINFO, the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews in March 2007, plus handsearching, author contact, citation searches, and www.controlled-trials.com in May 2008.
- Included adults aged 18 and over with depression as defined by trial authors; excluded trials of post-natal depression; compared any exercise with no treatment/waitlist/placebo or other treatments. Twenty-eight trials met inclusion criteria, and 25 provided data for meta-analyses.
- Calculated effect sizes using Cohen’s method and pooled standardised mean differences (SMD) with a random effects model; sensitivity analyses examined publication type, allocation concealment, intention-to-treat analysis, and blinding.
Limitations
- The paper states that most trials had methodological weaknesses: randomisation was adequately concealed in a minority, most did not use intention-to-treat analyses, and most used self-reported outcome measures; publication bias is possible, and data on risks and costs were insufficient.
- The paper states that it cannot determine the optimum type, frequency, or duration of exercise, nor whether exercise should be supervised or unsupervised, indoors or outdoors, or group versus individual; it also cannot comment on dysthymia or sub-clinical depression, and made several post-hoc exclusions.
- Evident from the text: the main comparison had significant heterogeneity (I² = 77%); funnel plot inspection suggested asymmetry, though Begg’s test (p = 0.13) and Egger’s test (p = 0.09) were not conclusive; one trial stopped recruitment when the main outcome became statistically significant, which the review states probably biased results in favour of exercise.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
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Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
8 of 42 cited sources checked · 6 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“One trial found no difference between supervised and home-based exercise (Blumenthal 2007).”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Intensity of exercise
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Blumenthal 2007 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports no difference in depression remission rates between supervised and home-based exercise, but cautions that the trial was not powered to establish that they were comparable for depressive symptoms. The Results also report better aerobic fitness with supervised exercise, so the unqualified claim of 'no difference' is too broad. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“For the two trials (201 participants) that compared exercise with antidepressants (Blumenthal 1999; Blumenthal 2007) the SMD was -0.04 (95% CI -0.31, 0.24), indicating no significant difference between the two interventions.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > COMPARISON 4: EXERCISE VERSUS ANTIDEPRES-SANTS Primary outcome (Graph 4.1)
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Blumenthal 1999 source
- Supportedcites Blumenthal 2007 source
The citation identifies the 2007 study as one of the two trials pooled by the citing paper; it does not attribute the pooled SMD to this individual trial. The cited paper’s Results report no significant difference in depressive-symptom scores between its exercise and medication groups (p = .514). (LLM, conf=0.91)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesEvery source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“One trial found significantly higher rates of diarrhoea and loose stool in the sertraline than the exercise group (Blumenthal 2007).”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Secondary outcomes
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Blumenthal 2007 source
The Results (Side Effects) report a statistically significant difference between treatment groups (p = .03) in worsening diarrhoea and loose stools. The rate was 31% with sertraline, versus 21% with home-based exercise and 10% with supervised exercise. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Randomisation was adequately concealed in a minority of studies, most did not use intention to treat analyses and most used self-reported symptoms as outcome measures.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Main results
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The effect of exercise was not significantly different from that of cognitive therapy.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Main results
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Randomisation was adequately concealed in a minority of studies, most did not use intention to treat analyses and most used self-reported symptoms as outcome measures.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Main results
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, when we included only the three trials with adequate allocation concealment and intention to treat analysis and blinded outcome assessment, the pooled SMD was -0.42 (95% CI -0.88, 0.03) i.e. moderate, nonsignificant effect.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Main results
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was insufficient data to determine risks and costs.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Main results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Randomisation was adequately concealed in a minority of studies, most did not use intention to treat analyses and most used self-reported symptoms as outcome measures.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Main results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“One trial found that exercise was superior to bright light therapy in reducing depression symptoms (Pinchasov 2000) (WMD -6.40, 95% CI -10.20, -2.60).”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > COMPARISON 3: EXERCISE VERSUS BRIGHT LIGHT THERAPY Primary outcome (Graph 3.1)
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pinchasov 2000 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
- Probably not a substantial claim. 24
- It may state two separate claims as one. 30
- The quote only partly states this claim. 6
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“A total of 28 trials fulfilled our criteria, of which 14 had already been identified in 2001 (Lawlor 2001).”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Results of the search
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Lawlor 2001 source
The cited 2001 paper’s Study inclusion and characteristics section reports that 16 articles describing 14 studies fulfilled its inclusion criteria. The citing paper attributes the earlier identification of 14 studies to Lawlor; its total of 28 trials is its own finding, not a total attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“One trial (Nabkasorn 2005) provided data in graphical form only which we were able to include after manually converting the graph into mean and SD values.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Results of the search
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Nabkasorn 2005 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (page unavailable) direct readers to Figure 1 for changes in CES-D depression scores, supporting the claim that relevant outcome data were presented graphically. But the Results also give numerical baseline CES-D scores, and other outcomes appear in a table, so “data in graphical form only” is too broad. The citing authors’ manual conversion is their own action, not something this trial could document. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Three trials (Blumenthal 1999, Blumenthal 2007;Mather 2001) provided data on whether patients fulfilled diagnostic criteria for depression at the end of the study, as well as depression scales.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Results of the search
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Blumenthal 1999 source
- Supportedcites Blumenthal 2007 source
The Methods describe this paper as a randomized trial with depression assessments at baseline and after 16 weeks. The Results report both whether participants still met diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder after treatment and their posttreatment HAM-D depression scores. This confirms the data attributed to Blumenthal 2007; it does not require this paper to document the other two trials. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Not matchedcites Mather 2001
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Two meta-analyses which included assessments of study quality both cautiously concluded that exercise may be effective, but recommended that further welldesigned trials are required (Sjosten 2006;Lawlor 2001).”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Why it is important to do this review
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sjosten 2006 source
- Supportedcites Lawlor 2001 source
The Study quality section describes an assessment of allocation concealment, intention-to-treat analysis, and blinding. The Quality of the studies section says exercise may be efficacious but cautions that much of the evidence is poor; the Implications section calls for well-designed randomised controlled trials. This confirms the portion of the two-analysis sentence attributed to Lawlor 2001, not the separate claim about Sjosten 2006. (LLM, conf=0.94)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The literature was systematically searched in 2001 (Lawlor 2001).”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Overall completeness and applicability of evidence
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Lawlor 2001 source
The cited sentence attributes only the 2001 systematic literature search to Lawlor and Hopker. The paper’s Methods, under “Identification of the studies” (page not given in our copy), describes searches of multiple databases, examination of bibliographies, contact with experts, and hand-searching. The expanded claim’s reference to a 2007 search is not part of the printed citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.92)
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Twenty-eight trials fulfilled our inclusion criteria, of which 25 provided data for meta-analyses.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Main results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the 23 trials (907 participants) comparing exercise with no treatment or a control intervention, the pooled SMD was -0.82 (95% CI -1.12, -0.51), indicating a large clinical effect.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Main results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Amongst these 116 excluded studies, there were 67 papers describing clinical trials.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Results of the search
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Preliminary information published in abstract form is also included in the systematic review but data are not currently available for meta-analysis, but may be available for future versions of the review (Vickers 2005).”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Results of the search
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Vickers 2005
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the 144 potentially relevant papers retrieved for scrutinisation, we excluded 116 studies.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Results of the search
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“19 were peer reviewed papers”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Results of the search
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Six trials recruited participants from clinical populations (i.e.hospital in-patients or”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Types of study design
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 6Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“three were published in abstract form only (Mutrie 1988;Reuter 1984;Vickers 2005)”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Results of the search
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“21 trials recruited participants from non-clinical populations”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Types of study design
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 21Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The SMD for aerobic exercise indicated a moderate clinical effect (SMD -0.63, 95% CI -0.95, -0.30), whilst the SMDs for both mixed exercise (SMD -1.47, 95% CI -2.56, -0.37) and resistance exercise (SMD -1.34, 95% CI -2.07, -0.61) indicated large effect sizes, but confidence intervals were wide.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Subgroup analyses Type of exercise
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“six were doctoral dissertations (Bonnet 2005;Epstein 1986;Fetsch 1979;Hess-Homeier 1981;Setaro 1985;Orth 1979)”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Results of the search
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Eight trials measured indices of fitness and correlated these with mood (Blumenthal 1999;Doyne 1987;Fremont 1987;Knuppen 2007;Martinsen 1985;Pinchasov 2000;Singh 2005; Veale 1992).Of these, four trials found that mood correlated with fitness ( Blumenthal 1999;Pinchasov 2000;Martinsen 1985;Singh 2005) whilst the other four trials found no relationship.”
- Also stated in: § Summary of main results · plain
“Only half of the trials which related mood to indices of physical fitness found significant correlations.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Intensity of exercise
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Summary of main results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The pooled SMD from the five trials (Klein 1985;Blumenthal 1999;Singh 1997;Mather 2001;Fremont 1987) (218 participants) that provided long-term follow-up data found only a moderate effect (SMD -0.44, 95% CI -0.71 to -0.18).No statistical heterogeneity was indicated.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Reduction in symptom severity at follow-up (Graph 1.2)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Total (95% CI) 111 105 100.0 % -0.42 [ -0.88, 0.03 ] Heterogeneity: Tau 2 = 0.09; Chi 2 = 4.84, df = 2 (P = 0.09); I 2 =59% Test for overall effect: Z = 1.84 (P = 0.066)”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Characteristics of included studies [ordered by study ID]
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Total (95% CI) 452 415 100.0 % -0.66 [ -0.95, -0.37 ] Heterogeneity: Tau 2 = 0.29; Chi 2 = 73.10,df = 20 (P<0.00001);I 2 =73% Test for overall effect: Z = 4.46 (P < 0.00001)”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Characteristics of included studies [ordered by study ID]
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“A further review included only older people (Sjosten 2006), whereas we included all ages of participants.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Agreements and disagreements with other studies or reviews
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sjosten 2006 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Total (95% CI) 104 97 100.0 % -0.04 [ -0.31, 0.24 ] Heterogeneity: Tau 2 = 0.0; Chi 2 = 0.49, df = 1 (P = 0.48); I 2 =0.0%Test for overall effect: Z = 0.27 (P = 0.79)”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Characteristics of included studies [ordered by study ID]
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Total (95% CI) 226 204 100.0 % -0.77 [ -1.12, -0.42 ] Heterogeneity: Tau 2 = 0.16; Chi 2 = 20.15,df = 7 (P = 0.01); I 2 =65% Test for overall effect: Z = 4.31 (P = 0.000016)”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Characteristics of included studies [ordered by study ID]
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the three trials (Blumenthal 2007, DOSE 2002, Mather 2001) (216 participants) with adequate allocation concealment and intention to treat analyses and blinded outcome assessment, the SMD was -0.42 (95% CI -0.88, 0.03) i.e. a moderate clinical effect, which was not statistically significant.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Allocation concealment, intention to treat analysis and blinded outcome assessment (Graph 6.6)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 216Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Altogether, 144 full references were obtained and carefully scrutinised, of which 28 trials fulfilled our criteria.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Overall completeness and applicability of evidence
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Total (95% CI) 210 193 100.0 % -0.63 [ -1.16, -0.10 ] Heterogeneity: Tau 2 = 0.43; Chi 2 = 39.32,df = 8 (P<0.00001);I 2 =80% Test for overall effect: Z = 2.34 (P = 0.020)”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Characteristics of included studies [ordered by study ID]
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only five trials reported adverse events (DOSE 2002, Knuppen 2007, Singh 1997, Singh 2005;Blumenthal 2007); adverse events were generally uncommon.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Summary of main results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“1 Reduction in depression symptoms post-treatment 1 18 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) -6.4 [-10.20,-2.60]”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Characteristics of included studies [ordered by study ID]
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The different depression outcome scales used across included studies measure the same underlying construct and can be validly pooled using standardized mean differences.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Visual inspection suggested asymmetry, indicating a relationship between intervention effect and study size, suggesting either publication bias or a systematic difference between small and larger studies (small study effects).However, there was no conclusive statistical evidence for small study bias (Beggs test p = 0.13, Egger test p = 0.09).”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Publication bias
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Total (95% CI) 74 78 100.0 % -0.17 [ -0.51, 0.18 ] Heterogeneity: Tau 2 = 0.02; Chi 2 = 5.50, df = 5 (P = 0.36); I 2 =9% Test for overall effect: Z = 0.96 (P = 0.34)”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Characteristics of included studies [ordered by study ID]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A substantial number of people dropped out from both the exercise and control interventions, and even those who remained in the trial until the outcome assessments were not able to attend all exercise sessions.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Summary of main results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were more women than men, and there was a wide range in mean ages (22 years to 87.5 years).”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Overall completeness and applicability of evidence
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Exercise seems to improve depressive symptoms in people with a diagnosis of depression, but when only methodologically robust trials are included, the effect sizes are only moderate and not statistically significant.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Authors' conclusions
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Exercise seems to improve depressive symptoms in people with a diagnosis of depression, but when only methodologically robust trials are included, the effect sizes are only moderate and not statistically significant.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Authors' conclusions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“Physical activity may have physiological effects such as changes in endorphin and monoamine levels, or reduction in the levels of the stress hormone cortisol (Duclos 2003) which all may improve mood.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > How the intervention might work
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Duclos 2003 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recent studies have suggested that exercise stimulated growth of new nerve cells and release of proteins known to improve health and survival of nerve cells, e.g.brainderived growth neurotrophic factor (Cotman 2002;Ernst 2005).”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > How the intervention might work
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cotman 2002 source
- Not matchedcites Ernst 2005
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, a recent systematic review of Exercise on Prescription Schemes found limited evidence about their effectiveness and recommended further research (Sorensen 2006).”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Description of intervention
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sorensen 2006 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Several meta-analyses (Craft 1998;Carlson 1991;North 1990;Lawlor 2001;Stathopoulou 2006;Sjosten 2006) have looked at the effect of exercise on depression and all found that exercise was of benefit.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Why it is important to do this review
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Depression is a well-recognised reason for seeking alternative therapies (Astin 1998).”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Description of intervention
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Astin 1998 source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, three of these reviews pooled data from a range of study types that included uncontrolled studies and randomised as well as non-randomised controlled trials, and pooled data from trials that compared exercise and no treatment with data from trials that compared exercise and other forms of treatment (Craft 1998;Carlson 1991;North 1990).”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Why it is important to do this review
What the sources say
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Exercise may act as a diversion from negative thoughts, and the mastery of a new skill may be important (LePore 1997).”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > How the intervention might work
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites LePore 1997 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“NICE (NICE 2006) concluded that there was insufficient evidence to recommend Exercise Referral Schemes other than as part of research studies to evaluate their effectiveness.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Description of intervention
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites NICE 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, it is possible that we have missed unpublished trials.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Overall completeness and applicability of evidence
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Based on our subgroup analyses, we have stated that 'we cannot give people accurate information about how effective exercise might be, nor can recommendations be made about the relative benefits of aerobic exercise, resistance exercise or mixed exercise, whether group or individual exercises are better, nor about the optimum duration of exercise'.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Reply of Dr Gillian Mead, 10 November 2009
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Seven trials included blinding of outcome assessor (Blumenthal 1999;Blumenthal 2007;DOSE 2002;Klein 1985;Mather 2001;Singh 2005, Knuppen 2007).”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Incomplete outcome data
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Previous systematic reviews which found that exercise improved depression included uncontrolled trials (North 1990;Craft 1998;Carlson 1991, so the results of these reviews are probably biased in favour of exercise.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Agreements and disagreements with other studies or reviews
What the sources say
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, we accept that some publication bias is inevitable.This is likely to lead to an overestimate of effect sizes, because positive trials are more likely to be published than negative trials.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Potential biases in the review process
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Positive trials are more likely to be published than negative trials.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The data we extracted on aspects of feasibility (see additional Table 1) suggest that a large number of people need to be screened to identify suitable participants, unless recruiting from a clinical population e.g.in-patients with depression.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Summary of main results
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Effect sizes were higher for mixed exercise and resistance exercise than aerobic exercise alone, but confidence intervals were wide and other methodological aspects of the trials may have confounded these analyses.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Summary of main results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We attempted to avoid bias by ensuring that we had identified all relevant studies through comprehensive systematic searching of the literature and contact with authors of the trials to identify other trials, both published and unpublished.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Potential biases in the review process
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If participants do not actually attend exercise sessions, trial results are more likely to be negative.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Implications for research
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper relies on this without support.
Further randomised trials have been published since the prior systematic reviews and meta-analyses.
“We have become aware that futher randomised trials have been published since these systematic reviews and meta-analyses.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Positive trials are more likely to be published than negative or inconclusive trials.
“even though it is widely acknowledged that positive trials are more likely to be published than negative or inconclusive trials.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Antidepressants may have adverse side effects, adherence can be poor, and there is a lag time between starting antidepressants and improvements in mood.
“Furthermore, antidepressants may have adverse side effects, adherence can be poor, and there is a lag time between starting antidepres-sants and improvements in mood.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Social contact may be part of the mechanism by which exercise improves mood.
“Social contact may be part of the mechanism.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Positive trials are more likely to be published than negative trials.
“because positive trials are more likely to be published than negative trials.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The different depression outcome scales used across included studies measure the same underlying construct and can be validly pooled using standardized mean differences.
“Std.Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“as well as to improve depressive symptoms to some degree,54”
From Association of depressive disorders, depression characteristics and antidepressant medication with inflammation (2012) · cites this paper as [54]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Singh 1997 has conflicting data and effect sizes in the same comparison
MajorThe main exercise-versus-control analysis gives Singh 1997 standard deviations of 2.4 and 2 and an effect size of -1.75. The publication-type sensitivity analysis uses standard deviations of 9.8 and 7.7 for the same group sizes and means, changing the effect size to -0.44.
“Singh 1997 17 9.8 (9.8) 15 13.8 (7.7) 5.2 % -0.44 [ -1.14, 0.26 ]”
“Singh 1997 17 9.8 (2.4) 15 13.8 (2) 4.4 % -1.75 [ -2.59, -0.92 ]”
Reuter 1984 is counted in two categories of two-arm trials
MinorThe description places Reuter 1984 both among trials comparing exercise with CBT and among trials comparing CBT plus exercise with CBT alone. Its study entry describes only running plus counselling versus counselling alone.
“exercise was compared with CBT in two trials (Fetsch 1979;Reuter 1984), two trials compared CBT plus exercise versus CBT alone (Bonnet 2005, Reuter 1984)”
“1. Supervised running for at least 20 minutes 3 times a week for 10 weeks plus counselling 2. Counselling only”
Blinded-assessment analysis reports two participant totals
MinorThe narrative reports 411 participants for the seven blinded-assessment trials, whereas the corresponding analysis table reports 418.
“For the seven trials (411 participants) with blinded outcome assessments”
“5 Reduction in depression symptoms post-treatment: studies with blinded outcome assessment 7 418”
Two different maximum mean ages are reported
MinorOne section states that mean ages reached 87.5 years; another gives 82.7 years as the upper end of the mean-age range.
“there was a wide range in mean ages (22 years to 87.5 years).”
“mean age ranged from 22 years (Orth 1979) to 82.7 years (Tsang 2006).”
Shortest intervention is stated as both 10 days and one week
MinorThe reported intervention-duration range starts at 10 days, but the included Pinchasov 2000 study specifies a one-week exercise intervention.
“The duration of the intervention ranged from 10 days (Knuppen 2007) to 16 weeks (Blumenthal 1999;Blumenthal 2007;Tsang 2006).”
“54 minutes per day of cycling on stationary bicycle for 1 week”
Citations
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Parametric measures of effect size.
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Effects of exercise training on older patients with major depression
Blumenthal, J. A., Babyak, M. A., Moore, K. A., Craighead, W. E., Herman, S., Khatri, P., Waugh, R., Napolitano, M. A., Forman, L. M., Appelbaum, M., et al. (1999) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.159.19.2349 · Cited by 1,277
Exercise treatment for depression
Dunn, A. L., Trivedi, M. H., Kampert, J. B., Clark, C. G., & Chambliss, H. O. (2005) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2004.09.003 · Cited by 1,208
Flagged first, then by citations
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 368
Influence of Physical Exercise on Neuroimmunological Functioning and Health: Aging and Stress
Archer, T., Fredriksson, A., Schϋtz, E., & Kostrzewa, R. M. (2010) · Neurotoxicity Research · doi:10.1007/s12640-010-9224-9 · Cited by 84
Immune and Neuroprotective Effects of Physical Activity on the Brain in Depression
Phillips, C., & Fahimi, A. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00498 · Cited by 89
“Some reports suggest that PA outcomes compare favorably to antidepressant and cognitive behavioral therapy in mild to moderate depression (Mead et al., 2009).”
ResultTai chi and reduction of depressive symptoms for older adults: A meta‐analysis of randomized trials
Chi, I., Jordan‐Marsh, M., Guo, M., Xie, B., & Bai, Z. (2012) · Geriatrics and gerontology international/Geriatrics & gerontology international · doi:10.1111/j.1447-0594.2012.00882.x · Cited by 82
Stanton, R., Happell, B., & Reaburn, P. R. J. (2014) · Nursing Research and Reviews · doi:10.2147/nrr.s41956 · Cited by 94
“Despite previous reviews calling for the need for better reporting, 16,22,23 there remains significant heterogeneity surrounding the program variables employed in studies investigating the effects of exercise in people with depression.”
BackgroundDavidson, C. L., Babson, K. A., Bonn‐Miller, M. O., Souter, T., & Vannoy, S. (2013) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12014 · Cited by 71
“Research has consistently demonstrated that exercise is associated with lower levels of clinical and subclinical depression in cross-sectional and experimental studies (Conn, 2010; De Moor, Beem, Stubbe, Boomsma, & De Geus, 2006; Goodwin, 2003; Hoffman et al., 2011; Mead et al., 2009).”
BackgroundAccelerating response to antidepressant treatment in depression: A review and clinical suggestions
Nakajima, S., Suzuki, T., Watanabe, K., Kashima, H., & Uchida, H. (2009) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.12.001 · Cited by 74
Exercise is medicine for patients with major depressive disorders : but only if the “pill” is taken!
Gerber, M., Holsboer-Trachsler, E., Pühse, U., & Brand, S. (2016) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s110656 · Cited by 74
Rodgers, M., Asaria, M., Walker, S., McMillan, D., Lucock, M. P., Harden, M., Palmer, S., & Eastwood, A. J. (2012) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta16280 · Cited by 66
“#73 (bicycl* or cycle* or cycling):ti,ab (15,471) #74 (run* or jog* or treadmill*):ti,ab (9264) #75 ((tai NEXT ji) or taiji or taijiquan or (tai NEXT chi) or (t NEXT ai NEXT chi) or taichi or (shadow NEXT boxing)):ti,ab (194) #76 (yoga or yogic or pilates or danc*):ti,ab (444) #77 (#66 OR #67 OR #68 OR #69 OR #70 OR #…”
InfluentialPedometer Use Increases Daily Steps and Functional Status in Older Adults
Snyder, A., Colvin, B. N., & Gammack, J. K. (2010) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2010.06.007 · Cited by 67
Lindegård, A., Jónsdóttir, I. H., Börjesson, M., Lindwall, M., & Gerber, M. (2015) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-015-0642-3 · Cited by 68
Towards ageing well: Use it or lose it: Exercise, epigenetics and cognition
Rea, I. M. (2017) · Biogerontology · doi:10.1007/s10522-017-9719-3 · Cited by 76
“In the 2009, Cochrane Review, Mead et al. (2009), concluded that regular moderate exercise may boost wellbeing, although the authors noted that the methodological quality of studies was variable.”
BackgroundExercise in the treatment of depression
Greer, T. L., & Trivedi, M. H. (2009) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-009-0071-4 · Cited by 68
Decline in Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Odds of Incident Depression
Dishman, R. K., Sui, X., Church, T. S., Hand, G. A., Trivedi, M. H., & Blair, S. N. (2012) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2012.06.011 · Cited by 72
Netz, Y. (2017) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2017.00257 · Cited by 69
“…and major depressive symptoms is extensive, with exceptionally numerous reviews perhaps outnumbering randomized controlled trials (RCTs) (e.g., Mead et al., 2009; Rethorst et al., 2009; Krogh et al., 2011; Rimer et al., 2012; Robertson et al., 2012; Cooney et al., 2013; Danielsson et al.,…”
BackgroundEmotional Outlook on Life Predicts Increases in Physical Activity Among Initially Inactive Men
Baruth, M., Lee, D.-C., Sui, X., Church, T. S., Marcus, B. H., Wilcox, S., & Blair, S. N. (2011) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/1090198110376352 · Cited by 65
Dance/Movement Therapy (D/MT) for depression: A scoping review
Malá, A., Karkou, V., & Meekums, B. (2012) · The Arts in Psychotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.aip.2012.04.002 · Cited by 67
“In Dance/Movement Therapy (D/MT) in particular, Meekums (2010) argues that practitioners have at times tended to be misinformed and consequently demonize the EBP paradigm.”
BackgroundMetabolic dysregulation and late-life depression: a prospective study
Marijnissen, R. M., Vogelzangs, N., Mulder, M., van den Brink, R. H. S., Comijs, H. C., & Voshaar, R. C. O. (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291716003196 · Cited by 64
“Furthermore, a physical exercise programme enhancing muscle and skeletal strengths, normalizes metabolic dysregulation (You & Nicklas, 2008) and improves depressive symptoms (Mather et al. 2002; Mead et al. 2009; Rethorst et al. 2009; Garcia-Toro et al. 2014).”
BackgroundRoberts, L., Jones, G., & Brooks, R. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01642 · Cited by 71
“Evidence suggests that maintenance of a positive mood requires adherence to long term physical activity (Mead et al., 2009).”
Nurses' views on physical activity for people with serious mental illness
Happell, B., Scott, D., Platania‐Phung, C., & Nankivell, J. (2012) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2012.02.005 · Cited by 55
Chien, C.-L., Lee, C., Wu, Y., & Wu, Y.-T. (2011) · Journal of physiotherapy · doi:10.1016/s1836-9553(11)70036-4 · Cited by 61
“Exercise improves depression and anxiety scores in the general population and in some clinical populations (Herring et al 2010, Mead et al 2009).”
BackgroundSiqueira, C. C., Valiengo, L. D. C. L., Carvalho, A. F., Silva, P. R. S., Missio, G., SOUSA, R. T. D., Natale, G. D., Gattaz, W. F., Moreno, R. A., & Machado‐Vieira, R. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0154195 · Cited by 62
“concluded that although exercise is more effective in treating depression than lack of treatment, exercise is not more effective than antidepressants or psychotherapy [28].”
BackgroundKarg‐Hefner, N., Dorscht, L., Kornhuber, J., & Luttenberger, K. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02518-y · Cited by 61
Decline in Physical Activity Level in the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study Cohort
Wilson, C. L., Stratton, K. L., Leisenring, W. M., Oeffinger, K. C., Nathan, P. C., Wasilewski‐Masker, K. J., Hudson, M. M., Castellino, S. M., Stovall, M., Armstrong, G. T., et al. (2014) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-0213 · Cited by 59
“Our lack of an association between medication use and declining activity may be, in part, due to the alleviation of depressive symptoms over time, due to effective pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, lifestyle strategies, including physical activity, which have been shown to improve mood (40, 41).”
Legrand, F. D., & Neff, E. M. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.11.047 · Cited by 58
Harrison, E. L., & Baune, B. T. (2014) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2014.31 · Cited by 60
Jacka, F. N., & Berk, M. (2013) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/mja12.10508 · Cited by 58
Exercise versus Nonexercise Activity
Reichert, M., Tost, H., Reinhard, I., Schlotz, W., Zipf, A., Salize, H. J., Meyer‐Lindenberg, A., & Ebner‐Priemer, U. (2016) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001149 · Cited by 58
Growth hormone, prolactin and cortisol response to exercise in patients with depression
Krogh, J., Nordentoft, M., Mohammad-Nezhad, M., & Westrin, Å. (2010) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.01.009 · Cited by 56
“00 exercise potentially has an antidepressant effect (Mead et al., 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialActive and Sedentary Behaviors Influence Feelings of Energy and Fatigue in Women
Ellingson, L. D., Kuffel, A. E., Vack, N. J., & Cook, D. B. (2013) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3182a036ab · Cited by 62
“mented (31,40), and there is promising evidence demonstrating that exercise has the potential to be a viable treatment”
BackgroundFarm Animal-Assisted Intervention for People with Clinical Depression: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Pedersen, I., Martinsen, E. W., Berget, B., & Braastad, B. O. (2012) · Anthrozoös · doi:10.2752/175303712x13316289505260 · Cited by 68
“The work tasks provided during the intervention could enhance physical activity, which is seen to be beneficial in the treatment of depression and anxiety (Martinsen 2008; Mead et al. 2009).”
BackgroundPoole, L., Steptoe, A., Wawrzyniak, A. J., Bostock, S., Mitchell, E. S., & Hamer, M. (2011) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01184.x · Cited by 57
“Several large-scale epidemiological studies have demonstrated an association between higher levels of physical activity and a reduced risk of future depressive symptomatology (KritzSilverstein, Barrett-Connor, &Corbeau, 2001;Mead et al., 2009; vanGool et al., 2003).”
BackgroundDepression and Exercise: A Clinical Review and Management Guideline
Ranjbar, E., Memari, A. H., Hafizi, S., Shayestehfar, M., Mirfazeli, F. S., & Eshghi, M. A. (2015) · Asian Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.5812/asjsm.6(2)2015.24055 · Cited by 69
“occupational, recreational, household, and transportation) may also help to decrease depressive symptoms (42).”
BackgroundLamb, J. D., Johnstone, E. B., Rousseau, J.-A., Jones, C. L., Pasch, L. A., Cedars, M. I., & Huddleston, H. G. (2011) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2010.12.006 · Cited by 59
Haase, A. M., Taylor, A. H., Fox, K. R., Thorp, H., & Lewis, G. (2010) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2010.09.004 · Cited by 57
Self-management of mood and/or anxiety disorders through physical activity/exercise
Pelletier, L., Shanmugasegaram, S., Patten, S. B., & Demers, A. A. (2017) · Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada · doi:10.24095/hpcdp.37.5.03 · Cited by 61
The Multifaceted Relationship Between Physical Activity and Affect
Emerson, J. A., & Williams, D. M. (2015) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12190 · Cited by 53
Physical Activity and Alzheimer’s Disease
Weih, M., Degirmenci, Ü., Kreil, S., & Kornhuber, J. (2010) · GeroPsych · doi:10.1024/1662-9647/a000005 · Cited by 54
Wright, K. A., Everson-Hock, E., & Taylor, A. H. (2009) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2009.09.001 · Cited by 57
Shariat, A., Alizadeh, R., Moradi, V., Afsharnia, E., Hakakzadeh, A., Ansari, N. N., Ingle, L., Shaw, B. S., & Shaw, I. (2019) · Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation · doi:10.12965/jer.1938490.245 · Cited by 52
“The finding in this study and in previous studies that exercise is equally powerful to psychotherapy in improving anxiety and depression is essential in that many individuals avoid psychotherapy because of perceived stigma (Mead et al., 2009).”
ResultThe Effects of Exercise on Anxiety and Depression
Arent, S. M., Walker, A. J., & Arent, M. A. (2020) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119568124.ch42 · Cited by 55
Milligen, B. A. L.-V., Verhoeven, J. E., Schmaal, L., van Velzen, L. S., Révész, D., Black, C. N., Han, L. K. M., Horsfall, M., Batelaan, N. M., van Balkom, A. J. L. M., et al. (2019) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-019-2404-0 · Cited by 52
“…both disorders is largely comparable and both disorders are treated often with similar treatment regimen (antidepressants) and running therapy has shown to be effective in reducing both depressive as anxiety symptoms (Strawn et al., 2016, Cipriani et al., 2018, Mead et al. 2009, Carek et al. 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialExercise-induced release of cytokines in patients with major depressive disorder
Hallberg, L., Janelidze, S., Engström, G., Wisén, A. G. M., Westrin, Å., & Brundin, L. (2010) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.02.133 · Cited by 51
“Such a finding would potentially contribute to a long-term beneficial effect of chronic exercise on depressive symptoms, which has been described (Mead et al., 2009).”
BackgroundSelf-Reported Depression and Physical Activity in Adults With Mobility Impairments
Rosenberg, D. E., Bombardier, C. H., Artherholt, S. B., Jensen, M. P., & Motl, R. W. (2012) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2012.11.014 · Cited by 48
Impact of aerobic exercise on neurobehavioral outcomes
Smith, P. J., Potter, G. G., McLaren, M. E., & Blumenthal, J. A. (2013) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2013.06.008 · Cited by 52
“Systematic and met-analytic reviews have generally reported positive effects of exercise on depressive symptoms among randomized trials (Mead et al., 2009; Rethorst, Wipfli, & Landers, 2009; Silveira et al., 2013; Stathopoulou et al., 2006), with some exceptions (Lawlor & Hopker, 2001).”
BackgroundPsoriasis and sport: a new ally?
Balato, N., Megna, M., Palmisano, F., Patruno, C., Napolitano, M., Scalvenzi, M., & Ayala, F. (2015) · Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · doi:10.1111/jdv.12607 · Cited by 48
The impact of exercise on Quality of Life within exercise and depression trials: A systematic review
Schuch, F. B., Vasconcelos-Moreno, M. P., & Fleck, M. P. D. A. (2011) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2011.06.002 · Cited by 44
“Nevertheless, some authors suggest that more studies are necessary due to methodological weaknesses present in many studies (Lawlor & Hopker, 2001; Mead et al., 2009).”
BackgroundTsai, A. C.-H., Chi, S., & Wang, J. (2013) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.04.021 · Cited by 46
Feldstain, A., Lebel, S., & Chasen, M. R. (2015) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-015-2751-4 · Cited by 48
Neighbourhood walking and regeneration in deprived communities
Mason, P., Kearns, A., & Bond, L. M. (2011) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2011.01.010 · Cited by 46
Workplace exercise intervention to prevent depression: A pilot randomized controlled trial
de Zeeuw, E. L., Tak, E. C. P. M., Dusseldorp, E., & Hendriksen, I. J. M. (2010) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2010.09.002 · Cited by 45
“8 (Rethorst, Wipfli, & Landers, 2009), although this effect is halved when only high-quality studies are included (Mead et al., 2009).”
InfluentialSherwood, A., Blumenthal, J. A., Smith, P. J., Watkins, L. L., Hoffman, B. M., & Hinderliter, A. L. (2016) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000301 · Cited by 44
“High-density lipoprotein, ng/ml 56 (13) 55 (14) 58 (21) 58 (15) 57 (16) .”
Aquino, G., Iuliano, E., di Cagno, A., Vardaro, A., Fiorilli, G., Costanzo, A. D., Calcagno, G., Simone, G. D., & Moffa, S. (2016) · International Journal of COPD · doi:10.2147/copd.s96663 · Cited by 43
“logical well-being through the reduction of cortisol, which causes an antidepressive effect.(32) The mood state improvement may indirectly facilitate the cognitive functions.”
BackgroundYeh, S., Lin, L.-W., Chuang, Y.-K., Liu, C.-L., Tsai, L.-J., Tsuei, F.-S., Lee, M.-T., Hsiao, C.-Y., & Yang, K. D. (2015) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2015/135893 · Cited by 34
“Some studies have shown positive effects of physical exercise on improvement of depression [15] and cognitive performance [16].”
BackgroundAlzahrani, M. A., Dean, C. M., Ada, L., Dorsch, S., & Canning, C. G. (2011) · Stroke Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2012/470648 · Cited by 40
“Although the evidence for the benefit of exercise in managing depression is not clear-cut in the nonstroke population [63], there is some evidence that it may be effective in stroke [64–68].”
BackgroundRuusunen, A. A., Voutilainen, S., Karhunen, L. J., Lehto, S. M., Tolmunen, T., Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, S. M., Eriksson, J. G., Tuomilehto, J., Uusitupa, M. I. J., & Lindström, J. (2012) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2012.03602.x · Cited by 44
El-Kade, S. M. A., & Al-Jiffri, O. H. (2017) · African Health Sciences · doi:10.4314/ahs.v16i4.25 · Cited by 44
Maintaining sleep and physical activity alleviate mood instability
Bowen, R., Balbuena, L., Baetz, M., & Schwartz, L. E. (2013) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.06.025 · Cited by 39
Executive function deficits associated with current and past major depressive symptoms
Bredemeier, K., Warren, S. L., Berenbaum, H., Miller, G. A., & Heller, W. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.03.070 · Cited by 45
“Such interventions could prove useful for treating or preventing depression (see Mead et al., 2009, for evidence that exercise improves mood/depression).”
BackgroundStrategies to Enhance Wellness in Emergency Medicine Residency Training Programs
Ross, S., Liu, E. L., Rose, C. C., Chou, A., & Battaglioli, N. (2017) · Annals of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2017.07.007 · Cited by 38
El-Kader, S. M. A., & Al-Jiffri, O. H. (2020) · African Health Sciences · doi:10.4314/ahs.v20i4.29 · Cited by 39
Oxidant/antioxidant imbalance is an inherent feature of depression
Talarowska, M. E., Szemraj, J., Berk, M., Maes, M. H. J., & Gałecki, P. (2015) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-015-0454-5 · Cited by 37
“60% – three or more such stages (3–4 on average) [3].”
BackgroundReid, D. W., Yamabayashi, Goodridge, D. M., Chung, Hunt, M. A., Marciniuk, Brooks, Chen, Camp, & Hoens, A. M. (2012) · International Journal of COPD · doi:10.2147/copd.s29750 · Cited by 33
“96 Exercise training also decreases the risk of mortality in older adults, 50 and in those with COPD 39 or ischemic heart disease.”
Kim, C., Kim, D. J., & Park, H. (2011) · The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing · doi:10.1097/jcn.0b013e3181ec02ae · Cited by 34
“Meta-analyses have shown that exercise may be efficacious in reducing depressive symptoms.(61,62) However, a randomized controlled trial with long-term follow-up is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of exercise in reducing depression.”
BackgroundThe Association between Physical Activity and Eating Self-Regulation in Overweight and Obese Women
Carraça, E. V., Silva, M. N., Coutinho, S. R., Vieira, P. N., Minderico, C. S., Sardinha, L. B., & Teixeira, P. J. (2013) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000356449 · Cited by 38
The eCHAT Program to Facilitate Healthy Changes in New Zealand Primary Care
Goodyear‐Smith, F., Warren, J., & Elley, C. R. (2013) · The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine · doi:10.3122/jabfm.2013.02.120221 · Cited by 35
“People with comorbidities are more likely to be anxious, depressed, or both,(3) and these relationships may be bidirectional.(4) Addressing risky behaviors such as substance use and physical inactivity has the potential for primary and secondary prevention of chronic illness.”
BackgroundPapadopoulos, N. L. R., & Röhricht, F. (2013) · Body Movement and Dance in Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/17432979.2013.847499 · Cited by 37
“Exercising was found to improve depressive symptoms in people with a diagnosis of depression, but the effect sizes are only moderate (Mead et al., 2009).”
BackgroundMorgan, J. A., Olagunju, A. T., Corrigan, F., & Baune, B. T. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.02.058 · Cited by 34
Berntson, J., Stewart, K. R., Vrany, E. A., Khambaty, T., & Stewart, J. C. (2015) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.05.041 · Cited by 38
General Practitioners' beliefs about physical activity for managing depression in primary care
Searle, A., Calnan, M., Turner, K., Lawlor, D., Campbell, J., Chalder, M., & Lewis, G. (2012) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2011.11.001 · Cited by 39
Self-citationMelas, P. A., Lennartsson, A., Vakifahmetoglu-Norberg, H., Wei, Y. B., Åberg, E., Werme, M. J. H., Rogdaki, M., Mannervik, M., Wegener, G., Brené, S., et al. (2013) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2013.31 · Cited by 33
“Physical activity has been suggested to have antidepressant effects and recruit processes that confer stress resilience in humans.(71,72) Physical activity intervention studies, in combination with molecular experiments exploring genes like NPY and BDNF, are thus warranted in clinical settings and could provide insigh…”
BackgroundPositionspapier zur Bedeutung psychosozialer Faktoren in der Kardiologie
Ladwig, K., Lederbogen, F., Albus, C., Angermann, C., Borggrefe, M., Fischer, D., Fritzsche, K., Haass, M., Jordan, J., Jünger, J., et al. (2013) · Der Kardiologe · doi:10.1007/s12181-012-0478-8 · Cited by 32
Haßdenteufel, K., Feißt, M., Brusniak, K., Lingenfelder, K., Matthies, L. M., Wallwiener, M., & Wallwiener, S. (2020) · Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics · doi:10.1007/s00404-020-05570-x · Cited by 35
Bracht, T., Jones, D. K., Bells, S., Walther, S., Drakesmith, M., & Linden, D. E. J. (2016) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-016-1183-3 · Cited by 33
“Interestingly, PA may improve symptoms in aforementioned neuropsychiatric disorders (Mead et al. 2009; Heyn et al. 2004; Rosenbaum et al. 2014; Malchow et al. 2015).”
BackgroundLegrand, F. D., & Mille, C. (2009) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2009.09.002 · Cited by 32
Positioning mental health nursing practice within a positive health paradigm
Wand, T. (2012) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1447-0349.2012.00848.x · Cited by 34
Wang, J. T., Hoffman, B. M., & Blumenthal, J. A. (2010) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1517/14656566.2010.513701 · Cited by 30
Physical function as predictor for the persistence of depressive and anxiety disorders
Milligen, B. A. L.-V., Vogelzangs, N., Smit, J. H., & Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2011) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.09.030 · Cited by 31
Abrantes, A. M., McLaughlin, N. C. R., Greenberg, B. D., Strong, D. R., Riebe, D. A., Mancebo, M. C., Rasmussen, S. A., Desaulniers, J. A., & Brown, R. A. (2012) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2012.06.002 · Cited by 31
“…Macarthur, & Winter, 2007; Dinas, Koutedakis, & Flouris, 2011; Kirby, 2005; Larun, Nordheim, Ekeland, Hagen, & Heian, 2006; Lawlor & Hopker, 2001; Mead et al., 2009; Palmer, 2005; Salmon, 2001; Strohle, 2009), with exercise being shown to be as effective as cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy…”
BackgroundScreen time, physical activity and depression risk in minority women
Breland, J. Y., FOX, A. M., & Horowitz, C. R. (2012) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2012.08.002 · Cited by 32
“A significant amount of research suggests that physical activity is an effective way to prevent and treat depression (Conn, 2010; Mead et al., 2009; Rethorst, Wipfli, & Landers, 2009), but this research is not often conducted in minority populations (Conn, 2010).”
BackgroundRosenberg, D. E., Lin, E. H. B., Peterson, D., Ludman, E. J., Korff, M. V., & Katon, W. J. (2013) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2013.10.017 · Cited by 32
“Increased physical activity is associated with improvements in depression [7,8], as well as decreased risk of cardiovascular disease mortality [9].”
BackgroundKinser, P. A., & Masho, S. W. (2015) · Women s Health Issues · doi:10.1016/j.whi.2014.11.007 · Cited by 29
“Incorporating gentle physical activity, relaxation, and breathing techniques into one integrative practice, yoga has garnered recent attention as a promising, innovative, and potentially cost-effective complementary therapy for depression (Battle, Uebelacker, Howard, & Castaneda, 2010; Jain et al., 2007; Jorm, Morgan,…”
BackgroundUsage and reported helpfulness of self-help strategies by adults with sub-threshold depression
Morgan, A. J., Jorm, A. F., & Mackinnon, A. J. (2011) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.11.015 · Cited by 29
Perraton, L. G., Machotka, & Kumar, S. (2009) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s8052 · Cited by 29
“28–31”
Is exercise effective in promoting mental well-being in older age? A systematic review
Rosenbaum, S., & Sherrington, C. (2011) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2011-090466 · Cited by 29
Depression and Psychosis in Neurological Practice
Murray, E. D., Buttner, E. A., & Price, B. H. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4377-0434-1.00009-8 · Cited by 29
Blumenthal, J. A. (2011) · Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine · doi:10.3949/ccjm.78.s1.06 · Cited by 28
Sampasa‐Kanyinga, H., Colman, I., Dumuid, D., Janssen, I., Goldfield, G. S., Wang, J., Patte, K. A., Leatherdale, S. T., & Chaput, J. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0256867 · Cited by 28
“Moreover, physical activity has been identified as an effective firstline treatment for mild-to-moderate depression, improving depressive symptoms to a comparable extent as pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy [59,60].”
BackgroundCircadian entrainment and its role in depression: a mechanistic review
Lall, G. S., Atkinson, L., Corlett, S. A., Broadbridge, P., & Bonsall, D. R. (2012) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-012-0858-z · Cited by 28
“However, other studies remain inconclusive on the positive influences of exercise alone in improving depressive symptoms in patients (Chalder et al. 2012; Mead et al. 2009).”
ResultRosenbaum, S., Tiedemann, A., Sherrington, C., & van der Ploeg, H. P. (2014) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/1756-0500-7-576 · Cited by 29
“Regular physical activity, or structured exercise, has been shown to have anti-depressant and anxiolytic qualities [7,8], although no randomised controlled trials have evaluated the effects of structured physical activity on symptoms of PTSD [9,10].”
BackgroundRecovery from Work During Off-Job Time
Geurts, S. A. E. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5640-3_12 · Cited by 29
Depressive symptoms and rates of bone loss at the hip in older men
Diem, S. J., Harrison, S. L., Haney, E. M., Cauley, J. A., Stone, K. L., ORWOLL, E. S., & Ensrud, K. E. (2012) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-012-1975-0 · Cited by 29
“Future research might focus on interventions to increase exercise in this population: structured physical activity has been shown to improve performance on measures of physical function, including gait speed and ability to rise from a chair [44, 45], and some evidence suggests that exercise can improve the symptoms of…”
Schmitter, M., Spijker, J., Smit, F., Tendolkar, I., Derksen, A.-M., Oostelbos, P., Wijnen, B. F. M., van Doesum, T., Smits, J. A. J., & Vrijsen, J. N. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02989-z · Cited by 27
Wisén, A. G. M., Ekberg, K., Wohlfart, B., Ekman, R., & Westrin, Å. (2010) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.09.002 · Cited by 27
van der Waerden, J. E. B., Hoefnagels, C., Hosman, C. M. H., Souren, P. M., & Jansen, M. W. J. (2013) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.05.015 · Cited by 30
“Findings from several studies exploring the doseeresponse relation of exercise and reduction in depressive symptoms are conflicting (Mead et al., 2009; Teychenne, Ball, & Salmon, 2008).”
BackgroundDepression Treatment Preferences After Acute Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury
Fann, J. R., Crane, D. A., Graves, D. E., Kalpakjian, C. Z., Tate, D. G., & Bombardier, C. H. (2013) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2013.07.004 · Cited by 27
Low-grade inflammation and depressive symptoms as predictors of abdominal obesity
Valtonen, M., Laaksonen, D. E., Laukkanen, J. A., Tolmunen, T., Viinamäki, H. T., Lakka, H., Lakka, T. A., NISKANEN, L. K., & Kauhanen, J. (2012) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/1403494812461730 · Cited by 26
“Behavioural factors are also associated with inflammation and depression [23,24].”
BackgroundBipolar disorder and leisure-time physical activity: Results from a national survey of Canadians
Cairney, J., Veldhuizen, S., Faulkner, G., Schaffer, A., & Rodriguez, M. C. (2009) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2009.09.003 · Cited by 25
de la Tremblaye, P. B., O’Neil, D. A., LaPorte, M. J., B, J. P. C. A., Beitchman, J. A., Thomas, T. C., Bondi, C. O., & Kline, A. E. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.05.022 · Cited by 25
“Appropriate daily exercise improves sleep, controls weight, increases cerebral integrity and neurocognition, mediates the HPA axis in response to stress, and elevates mood (Mead et al., 2008; Fatouros et al., 2010; Hoffman et al., 2010; Archer, 2012).”
Dobney, D. M., Grilli, L., Kocilowicz, H., et al. (2017) · Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/htr.0000000000000339 · Cited by 25
Gerber, M., Isoard‐Gautheur, S., Schilling, R., Ludyga, S., Brand, S., & Colledge, F. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02097 · Cited by 27
Metadata
- Authors
- Mead, G. E., Morley, W., Campbell, P., Greig, C. A., McMurdo, M., & Lawlor, D. A.
- Affiliations
- Edinburgh Royal Infirmary (GB)
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
- University of Dundee (GB)
- University of Bristol (GB)
- Venue
- Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
- Publisher
- John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
- Published
- 2009-07-08
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- CD004366-CD004366
- ISSN
- 1361-6137 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4211045040
- Semantic Scholar
- cf8567b35012b31afc3a118a0f152e76ad257625
- Cited by
- 364
- References
- 130
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 41 · 2012: 54
- Type
- reference entry
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Discovery Research Portal (University of Dundee) (publishedVersion)
- Discovery Research Portal (University of Dundee) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- physical activity, depression, exercise therapy, antidepressant effects, cognitive therapy, methodological quality of trials, allocation concealment, intention-to-treat analysis, depressive symptoms, adults with depression, exercise duration, exercise frequency, exercise intensity
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Depression, Humans, Middle Aged, Exercise, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Treatment Outcome, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-16, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-16 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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