The DOI matches its Crossref record; 132 of the 132 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 8 of the 42 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Exercise for depression
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Depression is a common and important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Depression is commonly treated with antidepressants and/or psychotherapy, but some people may prefer alternative approaches such as exercise. There are a number of theoretical reasons why exercise may improve depression. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effectiveness of exercise in the treatment of depression. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched Medline, Embase, Sports Discus, PsycINFO, the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews for eligible studies in March 2007. In addition, we hand-searched several relevant journals, contacted experts in the field, searched bibliographies of retrieved articles, and performed citation searches of identified studies. We also searched www.controlled-trials.com in May 2008. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials in which exercise was compared to standard treatment, no treatment or a placebo treatment in adults (aged 18 and over) with depression, as defined by trial authors. We excluded trials of post-natal depression. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We calculated effect sizes for each trial using Cohen's method and a standardised mean difference (SMD) for the overall pooled effect, using a random effects model. Where trials used a number of different tools to assess depression, we included the main outcome measure only in the meta-analysis. MAIN RESULTS: Twenty-eight trials fulfilled our inclusion criteria, of which 25 provided data for meta-analyses. Randomisation was adequately concealed in a minority of studies, most did not use intention to treat analyses and most used self-reported symptoms as outcome measures. For the 23 trials (907 participants) comparing exercise with no treatment or a control intervention, the pooled SMD was -0.82 (95% CI -1.12, -0.51), indicating a large clinical effect. However, when we included only the three trials with adequate allocation concealment and intention to treat analysis and blinded outcome assessment, the pooled SMD was -0.42 (95% CI -0.88, 0.03) i.e. moderate, non-significant effect. The effect of exercise was not significantly different from that of cognitive therapy. There was insufficient data to determine risks and costs. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Exercise seems to improve depressive symptoms in people with a diagnosis of depression, but when only methodologically robust trials are included, the effect sizes are only moderate and not statistically significant. Further, more methodologically robust trials should be performed to obtain more accurate estimates of effect sizes, and to determine risks and costs. Further systematic reviews could be performed to investigate the effect of exercise in people with dysthymia who do not fulfil diagnostic criteria for depression.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This Cochrane review found that exercise reduced depressive symptoms compared with no treatment/control, but the effect became moderate and non-significant when only methodologically robust trials were pooled. Exercise was not significantly different from cognitive therapy or antidepressants, and evidence was insufficient to determine optimal exercise parameters, risks, or costs.
Key findings
- For 23 trials (907 participants) comparing exercise with no treatment/control, the pooled SMD was -0.82 (95% CI -1.12 to -0.51), indicating a large clinical effect; heterogeneity was significant (I² = 77%).
- For the 3 trials (216 participants) with adequate allocation concealment, intention-to-treat analysis, and blinded outcome assessment, the pooled SMD was -0.42 (95% CI -0.88 to 0.03), a moderate but non-significant effect.
- Exercise versus cognitive therapy showed no significant difference (6 trials, 152 participants; SMD -0.17, 95% CI -0.51 to 0.18), and exercise versus antidepressants also showed no significant difference (2 trials, 201 participants; SMD -0.04, 95% CI -0.31 to 0.24). One trial found exercise superior to bright light therapy (WMD -6.40, 95% CI -10.20 to -2.60).
- At follow-up, 5 trials (218 participants) found a moderate effect (SMD -0.44, 95% CI -0.71 to -0.18), suggesting benefits may diminish after the intervention ends.
Methods
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials; searched Medline, Embase, Sports Discus, PsycINFO, the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews in March 2007, plus handsearching, author contact, citation searches, and www.controlled-trials.com in May 2008.
- Included adults aged 18 and over with depression as defined by trial authors; excluded trials of post-natal depression; compared any exercise with no treatment/waitlist/placebo or other treatments. Twenty-eight trials met inclusion criteria, and 25 provided data for meta-analyses.
- Calculated effect sizes using Cohen’s method and pooled standardised mean differences (SMD) with a random effects model; sensitivity analyses examined publication type, allocation concealment, intention-to-treat analysis, and blinding.
Limitations
- The paper states that most trials had methodological weaknesses: randomisation was adequately concealed in a minority, most did not use intention-to-treat analyses, and most used self-reported outcome measures; publication bias is possible, and data on risks and costs were insufficient.
- The paper states that it cannot determine the optimum type, frequency, or duration of exercise, nor whether exercise should be supervised or unsupervised, indoors or outdoors, or group versus individual; it also cannot comment on dysthymia or sub-clinical depression, and made several post-hoc exclusions.
- Evident from the text: the main comparison had significant heterogeneity (I² = 77%); funnel plot inspection suggested asymmetry, though Begg’s test (p = 0.13) and Egger’s test (p = 0.09) were not conclusive; one trial stopped recruitment when the main outcome became statistically significant, which the review states probably biased results in favour of exercise.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
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Verification
Claims the paper makes
58 Own result · 14 Own interpretation · 12 No full text of the sources · 7 Own method · 6 Not checked yet · 6 No basis given · 4 Sources not found · 3 Supported · 3 Supported so far · 2 Partly supported · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“One trial found no difference between supervised and home-based exercise (Blumenthal 2007).”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Intensity of exercise
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Blumenthal 2007 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports no difference in depression remission rates between supervised and home-based exercise, but cautions that the trial was not powered to establish that they were comparable for depressive symptoms. The Results also report better aerobic fitness with supervised exercise, so the unqualified claim of 'no difference' is too broad. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“For the two trials (201 participants) that compared exercise with antidepressants (Blumenthal 1999; Blumenthal 2007) the SMD was -0.04 (95% CI -0.31, 0.24), indicating no significant difference between the two interventions.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > COMPARISON 4: EXERCISE VERSUS ANTIDEPRES-SANTS Primary outcome (Graph 4.1)
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Blumenthal 1999 source
- Supportedcites Blumenthal 2007 source
The citation identifies the 2007 study as one of the two trials pooled by the citing paper; it does not attribute the pooled SMD to this individual trial. The cited paper’s Results report no significant difference in depressive-symptom scores between its exercise and medication groups (p = .514). (LLM, conf=0.91)
hedgedn = 201- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“One trial found significantly higher rates of diarrhoea and loose stool in the sertraline than the exercise group (Blumenthal 2007).”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Secondary outcomes
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Blumenthal 2007 source
The Results (Side Effects) report a statistically significant difference between treatment groups (p = .03) in worsening diarrhoea and loose stools. The rate was 31% with sertraline, versus 21% with home-based exercise and 10% with supervised exercise. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Randomisation was adequately concealed in a minority of studies, most did not use intention to treat analyses and most used self-reported symptoms as outcome measures.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Main results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The effect of exercise was not significantly different from that of cognitive therapy.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Main results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Randomisation was adequately concealed in a minority of studies, most did not use intention to treat analyses and most used self-reported symptoms as outcome measures.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Main results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, when we included only the three trials with adequate allocation concealment and intention to treat analysis and blinded outcome assessment, the pooled SMD was -0.42 (95% CI -0.88, 0.03) i.e. moderate, nonsignificant effect.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Main results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was insufficient data to determine risks and costs.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Main results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Randomisation was adequately concealed in a minority of studies, most did not use intention to treat analyses and most used self-reported symptoms as outcome measures.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Main results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“One trial found that exercise was superior to bright light therapy in reducing depression symptoms (Pinchasov 2000) (WMD -6.40, 95% CI -10.20, -2.60).”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > COMPARISON 3: EXERCISE VERSUS BRIGHT LIGHT THERAPY Primary outcome (Graph 3.1)
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pinchasov 2000 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 24
- It may state two separate claims as one. 30
- The quote only partly states this claim. 6
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“A total of 28 trials fulfilled our criteria, of which 14 had already been identified in 2001 (Lawlor 2001).”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Results of the search
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Lawlor 2001 source
The cited 2001 paper’s Study inclusion and characteristics section reports that 16 articles describing 14 studies fulfilled its inclusion criteria. The citing paper attributes the earlier identification of 14 studies to Lawlor; its total of 28 trials is its own finding, not a total attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“One trial (Nabkasorn 2005) provided data in graphical form only which we were able to include after manually converting the graph into mean and SD values.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Results of the search
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Nabkasorn 2005 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (page unavailable) direct readers to Figure 1 for changes in CES-D depression scores, supporting the claim that relevant outcome data were presented graphically. But the Results also give numerical baseline CES-D scores, and other outcomes appear in a table, so “data in graphical form only” is too broad. The citing authors’ manual conversion is their own action, not something this trial could document. (LLM, conf=0.82)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Three trials (Blumenthal 1999, Blumenthal 2007;Mather 2001) provided data on whether patients fulfilled diagnostic criteria for depression at the end of the study, as well as depression scales.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Results of the search
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Blumenthal 1999 source
- Supportedcites Blumenthal 2007 source
The Methods describe this paper as a randomized trial with depression assessments at baseline and after 16 weeks. The Results report both whether participants still met diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder after treatment and their posttreatment HAM-D depression scores. This confirms the data attributed to Blumenthal 2007; it does not require this paper to document the other two trials. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Not matchedcites Mather 2001
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Two meta-analyses which included assessments of study quality both cautiously concluded that exercise may be effective, but recommended that further welldesigned trials are required (Sjosten 2006;Lawlor 2001).”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Why it is important to do this review
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sjosten 2006 source
- Supportedcites Lawlor 2001 source
The Study quality section describes an assessment of allocation concealment, intention-to-treat analysis, and blinding. The Quality of the studies section says exercise may be efficacious but cautions that much of the evidence is poor; the Implications section calls for well-designed randomised controlled trials. This confirms the portion of the two-analysis sentence attributed to Lawlor 2001, not the separate claim about Sjosten 2006. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The literature was systematically searched in 2001 (Lawlor 2001).”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Overall completeness and applicability of evidence
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Lawlor 2001 source
The cited sentence attributes only the 2001 systematic literature search to Lawlor and Hopker. The paper’s Methods, under “Identification of the studies” (page not given in our copy), describes searches of multiple databases, examination of bibliographies, contact with experts, and hand-searching. The expanded claim’s reference to a 2007 search is not part of the printed citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Twenty-eight trials fulfilled our inclusion criteria, of which 25 provided data for meta-analyses.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Main results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the 23 trials (907 participants) comparing exercise with no treatment or a control intervention, the pooled SMD was -0.82 (95% CI -1.12, -0.51), indicating a large clinical effect.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Main results
hedgeddirectn = 907- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Amongst these 116 excluded studies, there were 67 papers describing clinical trials.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Results of the search
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Preliminary information published in abstract form is also included in the systematic review but data are not currently available for meta-analysis, but may be available for future versions of the review (Vickers 2005).”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Results of the search
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Vickers 2005
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the 144 potentially relevant papers retrieved for scrutinisation, we excluded 116 studies.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Results of the search
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“19 were peer reviewed papers”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Results of the search
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Six trials recruited participants from clinical populations (i.e.hospital in-patients or”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Types of study design
plainn = 6- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“three were published in abstract form only (Mutrie 1988;Reuter 1984;Vickers 2005)”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Results of the search
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“21 trials recruited participants from non-clinical populations”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Types of study design
plainn = 21- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The SMD for aerobic exercise indicated a moderate clinical effect (SMD -0.63, 95% CI -0.95, -0.30), whilst the SMDs for both mixed exercise (SMD -1.47, 95% CI -2.56, -0.37) and resistance exercise (SMD -1.34, 95% CI -2.07, -0.61) indicated large effect sizes, but confidence intervals were wide.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Subgroup analyses Type of exercise
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“six were doctoral dissertations (Bonnet 2005;Epstein 1986;Fetsch 1979;Hess-Homeier 1981;Setaro 1985;Orth 1979)”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Results of the search
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Eight trials measured indices of fitness and correlated these with mood (Blumenthal 1999;Doyne 1987;Fremont 1987;Knuppen 2007;Martinsen 1985;Pinchasov 2000;Singh 2005; Veale 1992).Of these, four trials found that mood correlated with fitness ( Blumenthal 1999;Pinchasov 2000;Martinsen 1985;Singh 2005) whilst the other four trials found no relationship.”
- Also stated in: § Summary of main results · plain
“Only half of the trials which related mood to indices of physical fitness found significant correlations.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Intensity of exercise
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Summary of main results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The pooled SMD from the five trials (Klein 1985;Blumenthal 1999;Singh 1997;Mather 2001;Fremont 1987) (218 participants) that provided long-term follow-up data found only a moderate effect (SMD -0.44, 95% CI -0.71 to -0.18).No statistical heterogeneity was indicated.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Reduction in symptom severity at follow-up (Graph 1.2)
plaindirectn = 218- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Total (95% CI) 111 105 100.0 % -0.42 [ -0.88, 0.03 ] Heterogeneity: Tau 2 = 0.09; Chi 2 = 4.84, df = 2 (P = 0.09); I 2 =59% Test for overall effect: Z = 1.84 (P = 0.066)”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Characteristics of included studies [ordered by study ID]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Total (95% CI) 452 415 100.0 % -0.66 [ -0.95, -0.37 ] Heterogeneity: Tau 2 = 0.29; Chi 2 = 73.10,df = 20 (P<0.00001);I 2 =73% Test for overall effect: Z = 4.46 (P < 0.00001)”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Characteristics of included studies [ordered by study ID]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“A further review included only older people (Sjosten 2006), whereas we included all ages of participants.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Agreements and disagreements with other studies or reviews
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sjosten 2006 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Total (95% CI) 104 97 100.0 % -0.04 [ -0.31, 0.24 ] Heterogeneity: Tau 2 = 0.0; Chi 2 = 0.49, df = 1 (P = 0.48); I 2 =0.0%Test for overall effect: Z = 0.27 (P = 0.79)”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Characteristics of included studies [ordered by study ID]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Total (95% CI) 226 204 100.0 % -0.77 [ -1.12, -0.42 ] Heterogeneity: Tau 2 = 0.16; Chi 2 = 20.15,df = 7 (P = 0.01); I 2 =65% Test for overall effect: Z = 4.31 (P = 0.000016)”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Characteristics of included studies [ordered by study ID]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the three trials (Blumenthal 2007, DOSE 2002, Mather 2001) (216 participants) with adequate allocation concealment and intention to treat analyses and blinded outcome assessment, the SMD was -0.42 (95% CI -0.88, 0.03) i.e. a moderate clinical effect, which was not statistically significant.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Allocation concealment, intention to treat analysis and blinded outcome assessment (Graph 6.6)
plainn = 216- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Altogether, 144 full references were obtained and carefully scrutinised, of which 28 trials fulfilled our criteria.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Overall completeness and applicability of evidence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Total (95% CI) 210 193 100.0 % -0.63 [ -1.16, -0.10 ] Heterogeneity: Tau 2 = 0.43; Chi 2 = 39.32,df = 8 (P<0.00001);I 2 =80% Test for overall effect: Z = 2.34 (P = 0.020)”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Characteristics of included studies [ordered by study ID]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only five trials reported adverse events (DOSE 2002, Knuppen 2007, Singh 1997, Singh 2005;Blumenthal 2007); adverse events were generally uncommon.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Summary of main results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“1 Reduction in depression symptoms post-treatment 1 18 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) -6.4 [-10.20,-2.60]”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Characteristics of included studies [ordered by study ID]
plaindirectn = 18- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The different depression outcome scales used across included studies measure the same underlying construct and can be validly pooled using standardized mean differences.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Visual inspection suggested asymmetry, indicating a relationship between intervention effect and study size, suggesting either publication bias or a systematic difference between small and larger studies (small study effects).However, there was no conclusive statistical evidence for small study bias (Beggs test p = 0.13, Egger test p = 0.09).”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Publication bias
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Total (95% CI) 74 78 100.0 % -0.17 [ -0.51, 0.18 ] Heterogeneity: Tau 2 = 0.02; Chi 2 = 5.50, df = 5 (P = 0.36); I 2 =9% Test for overall effect: Z = 0.96 (P = 0.34)”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Characteristics of included studies [ordered by study ID]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A substantial number of people dropped out from both the exercise and control interventions, and even those who remained in the trial until the outcome assessments were not able to attend all exercise sessions.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Summary of main results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were more women than men, and there was a wide range in mean ages (22 years to 87.5 years).”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Overall completeness and applicability of evidence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Exercise seems to improve depressive symptoms in people with a diagnosis of depression, but when only methodologically robust trials are included, the effect sizes are only moderate and not statistically significant.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Authors' conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Exercise seems to improve depressive symptoms in people with a diagnosis of depression, but when only methodologically robust trials are included, the effect sizes are only moderate and not statistically significant.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Authors' conclusions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“Physical activity may have physiological effects such as changes in endorphin and monoamine levels, or reduction in the levels of the stress hormone cortisol (Duclos 2003) which all may improve mood.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > How the intervention might work
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Duclos 2003 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recent studies have suggested that exercise stimulated growth of new nerve cells and release of proteins known to improve health and survival of nerve cells, e.g.brainderived growth neurotrophic factor (Cotman 2002;Ernst 2005).”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > How the intervention might work
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cotman 2002 source
- Not matchedcites Ernst 2005
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, a recent systematic review of Exercise on Prescription Schemes found limited evidence about their effectiveness and recommended further research (Sorensen 2006).”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Description of intervention
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sorensen 2006 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Several meta-analyses (Craft 1998;Carlson 1991;North 1990;Lawlor 2001;Stathopoulou 2006;Sjosten 2006) have looked at the effect of exercise on depression and all found that exercise was of benefit.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Why it is important to do this review
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Depression is a well-recognised reason for seeking alternative therapies (Astin 1998).”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Description of intervention
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Astin 1998 source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, three of these reviews pooled data from a range of study types that included uncontrolled studies and randomised as well as non-randomised controlled trials, and pooled data from trials that compared exercise and no treatment with data from trials that compared exercise and other forms of treatment (Craft 1998;Carlson 1991;North 1990).”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Why it is important to do this review
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Exercise may act as a diversion from negative thoughts, and the mastery of a new skill may be important (LePore 1997).”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > How the intervention might work
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites LePore 1997 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“NICE (NICE 2006) concluded that there was insufficient evidence to recommend Exercise Referral Schemes other than as part of research studies to evaluate their effectiveness.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Description of intervention
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites NICE 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, it is possible that we have missed unpublished trials.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Overall completeness and applicability of evidence
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Based on our subgroup analyses, we have stated that 'we cannot give people accurate information about how effective exercise might be, nor can recommendations be made about the relative benefits of aerobic exercise, resistance exercise or mixed exercise, whether group or individual exercises are better, nor about the optimum duration of exercise'.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Reply of Dr Gillian Mead, 10 November 2009
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Seven trials included blinding of outcome assessor (Blumenthal 1999;Blumenthal 2007;DOSE 2002;Klein 1985;Mather 2001;Singh 2005, Knuppen 2007).”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Incomplete outcome data
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Previous systematic reviews which found that exercise improved depression included uncontrolled trials (North 1990;Craft 1998;Carlson 1991, so the results of these reviews are probably biased in favour of exercise.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Agreements and disagreements with other studies or reviews
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, we accept that some publication bias is inevitable.This is likely to lead to an overestimate of effect sizes, because positive trials are more likely to be published than negative trials.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Potential biases in the review process
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Positive trials are more likely to be published than negative trials.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The data we extracted on aspects of feasibility (see additional Table 1) suggest that a large number of people need to be screened to identify suitable participants, unless recruiting from a clinical population e.g.in-patients with depression.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Summary of main results
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Effect sizes were higher for mixed exercise and resistance exercise than aerobic exercise alone, but confidence intervals were wide and other methodological aspects of the trials may have confounded these analyses.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Summary of main results
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We attempted to avoid bias by ensuring that we had identified all relevant studies through comprehensive systematic searching of the literature and contact with authors of the trials to identify other trials, both published and unpublished.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Potential biases in the review process
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If participants do not actually attend exercise sessions, trial results are more likely to be negative.”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Implications for research
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper relies on this without support.
Further randomised trials have been published since the prior systematic reviews and meta-analyses.
“We have become aware that futher randomised trials have been published since these systematic reviews and meta-analyses.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Positive trials are more likely to be published than negative or inconclusive trials.
“even though it is widely acknowledged that positive trials are more likely to be published than negative or inconclusive trials.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Antidepressants may have adverse side effects, adherence can be poor, and there is a lag time between starting antidepressants and improvements in mood.
“Furthermore, antidepressants may have adverse side effects, adherence can be poor, and there is a lag time between starting antidepres-sants and improvements in mood.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Social contact may be part of the mechanism by which exercise improves mood.
“Social contact may be part of the mechanism.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Positive trials are more likely to be published than negative trials.
“because positive trials are more likely to be published than negative trials.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The different depression outcome scales used across included studies measure the same underlying construct and can be validly pooled using standardized mean differences.
“Std.Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“as well as to improve depressive symptoms to some degree,54”
From Association of depressive disorders, depression characteristics and antidepressant medication with inflammation (2012) · cites this paper as [54]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Characteristics of included studies [ordered by study ID]
“Singh 1997 17 9.8 (9.8) 15 13.8 (7.7) 5.2 % -0.44 [ -1.14, 0.26 ]”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Characteristics of included studies [ordered by study ID]
“Singh 1997 17 9.8 (2.4) 15 13.8 (2) 4.4 % -1.75 [ -2.59, -0.92 ]”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Types of study design
“exercise was compared with CBT in two trials (Fetsch 1979;Reuter 1984), two trials compared CBT plus exercise versus CBT alone (Bonnet 2005, Reuter 1984)”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Characteristics of included studies [ordered by study ID]
“1. Supervised running for at least 20 minutes 3 times a week for 10 weeks plus counselling 2. Counselling only”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Use of intention to treat analysis (Graph 6.4)
“For the seven trials (411 participants) with blinded outcome assessments”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Characteristics of included studies [ordered by study ID]
“5 Reduction in depression symptoms post-treatment: studies with blinded outcome assessment 7 418”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Overall completeness and applicability of evidence
“there was a wide range in mean ages (22 years to 87.5 years).”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > External sources
“mean age ranged from 22 years (Orth 1979) to 82.7 years (Tsang 2006).”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Types of Interventions
“The duration of the intervention ranged from 10 days (Knuppen 2007) to 16 weeks (Blumenthal 1999;Blumenthal 2007;Tsang 2006).”
§ [Intervention Review] Exercise for depression > Characteristics of included studies [ordered by study ID]
“54 minutes per day of cycling on stationary bicycle for 1 week”
Citations
Cites
Meta-analysis in clinical trials
DerSimonian, R., & Laird, N. (1986) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/0197-2456(86)90046-2 · Cited by 39,552
Schulz (1995) · doi:10.1001/jama.1995.03520290060030 · Cited by 5,634
Depression, chronic diseases, and decrements in health: results from the World Health Surveys
Moussavi, S., Chatterji, S., Verdes, E., Tandon, A., Patel, V., & Ustun, B. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61415-9 · Cited by 4,070
The Handbook of Research Synthesis.
Howel, D., Cooper, H., & Hedges, L. V. (1995) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2533295 · Cited by 3,657
Why Patients Use Alternative Medicine: Results of a National Study
Astin, J. A. (1998) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.279.19.1548 · Cited by 2,865
Exercise: a behavioral intervention to enhance brain health and plasticity
Cotman, C. (2002) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(02)02143-4 · Cited by 2,739
Parametric measures of effect size.
Rosenthal, R. (1994) · Cited by 1,856
Effects of physical exercise on anxiety, depression, and sensitivity to stress
Salmon, P. (2001) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(99)00032-x · Cited by 1,363
Effects of exercise training on older patients with major depression
Blumenthal, J. A., Babyak, M. A., Moore, K. A., Craighead, W. E., Herman, S., Khatri, P., Waugh, R., Napolitano, M. A., Forman, L. M., Appelbaum, M., et al. (1999) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.159.19.2349 · Cited by 1,277
Exercise treatment for depression
Dunn, A. L., Trivedi, M. H., Kampert, J. B., Clark, C. G., & Chambliss, H. O. (2005) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2004.09.003 · Cited by 1,208
Research works printed but not linked: 35
- Bonnet, 2005, Effects of aerobic exercise in combination with cognitive therapy on self reported depression [dissertation]
- Epstein, 1986, Aerobic activity versus group cognitive therapy: an evaluative study of contrasting interventions for the alleviation of clinical depression [dissertation]
- Fetsch, 1979, Dissertation
- Hess-Homeier, 1981, A comparison of Beck's cognitive therapy and jogging as treatments for depression [dissertation]
- Mutrie N Exercise as a treatment for moderate depression in the UK National Health Service [abstract] Proceedings of sport, health psychology and exercise symposium 1988 96 105
- Reuter, 1984, Running as an adjunct to counseling in the treatment of depression [unpublished manuscript]
- Setaro, 1985, Aerobic exercise and group counseling in the treatment of anxiety and depression [dissertation]
- Antonelli, 1982, Sport and depression therapy, International Journal of Sport Psychology, 13, 187
- Berlin, 2003, The effect of Aquatic Therapy Interventions on Patients with Depression: A Comparison Study, Annual in Therapeutic Recreation, 12, 7
- Bosscher, 1993, Running and mixed physical exercises with depressed psychiatric patients, International Journal of Sport Psychology, 24, 170
- Boyll, 1986, The effects of active and passive electronic muscle stimulation on self-concept, anxiety and depression [dissertation]
- Buffone, 1980, Pyschological changes associated with cognitive-behavioural therapy and an aerobic running programme in the treatment of depression, Dissertation Abstracts International, 41, 0102
- D'Amato, 1990, The relative efficacy of structured reminiscence and physical exercise on clinically depressed geriatric inpatients [dissertation]
- Dalton, 1981, Effects of exercise and Vitamin B12 supplementation on the depression scale scores of a wheelchair confined population [dissertation]
- DeVaney, 1991, Comparative effects of exercise reduction and relaxation training on Type A behaviour and dysphoric mood states in habitual aerobic exercisers [dissertation]
- Giardinelli, 1996, Depression and psychomotor retardation: exercise intervention combined with a pharmacological treatment of inpatients, Minerva Psichiatrica, 37, 179
- Hembree, 2001, Exercise and its effect on hopelessness and depression in an aging female population in eastern Oklahoma [dissertation]
- Herrera, 1994, The efficacy of a psychological intervention for depression in patients on haemodyalysis, Psiquis, 15, 39
- Kupecz, 2001, Effects of a structured exercise program in older veteran patients [dissertation]
- Kurz, 1998, Effect of early morning exercises on mood and circadian rhythm in seasonal affective disorder, International Journal of Sports Medicine, 19, S81
- Lacombe, 1987, The role of aerobic conditioning and psychosocial factors in mediating the effect of exercise on depression [dissertation]
- Margolis, 1981, The use of exercise and group cognitive therapy in the treatment of depression [depression]
- Moreau, 1981, The effectiveness of jogging as a treatment for depression [dissertation]
- Passmore, 2006, Exercise as a treatment for depression: A therapeutic recreation intervention, American Journal of Recreation Therapy, 5, 31
- Pezzarossa, 1991, Physical activity and psychopathological variables, Psichiatria e Psicoterapia Analitica, 10, 163
- Rhodes, 1980, Mens Sana Corpore Sano: A study of the effect of jogging on depression anxiety and self concept [dissertation]
- Roth, 1986, An experimental comparison of the cardiovascular and self-reported health effects of aerobic exercise and progressive relaxation [dissertation]
- Sanstead, 1983, The treatment of depression through a graduated aerobic exercise intervention [dissertation]
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Exercise as medicine - evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in 26 different chronic diseases
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“The findings from the Cochrane Review (Thomas et al., 2006) agree with the conclusions from a 2001 meta-analysis, which also evaluated the impact of a minimum 8-week training program on glycemic control (Boule et al., 2001).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialWinstein, C. J., Stein, J., Arena, R., Bates, B., Cherney, L. R., Cramer, S. C., Deruyter, F., Eng, J. J., Fisher, B., Harvey, R. L., et al. (2016) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/str.0000000000000098 · Cited by 3,293
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Exercise as a treatment for depression: A meta-analysis
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“Further, we did not manage to obtain the results from an unpublished manuscript (Reuter et al., 1984) included in some previous meta-analyses (Cooney et al., 2013; Mead et al., 2009; Rimer et al., 2012).”
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Exercise for the treatment of depression and anxiety
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“A Cochrane meta-analysis of 25 randomized controlled trials comparing exercise and placebo or a control intervention found that the exercise groups had a significant improvement in depressive symptoms when compared to the placebo or control group [45].”
MethodDepression and coronary heart disease
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Effects of exercise and physical activity on depression
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“Furthermore, aside from Krogh et al. (2011), other earlier metaanalyses (Stathopoulou et al., 2006; Mead et al., 2009; Rethorst et al., 2009) have also included trials using placebo conditions that are associated with reductions in depression and anxiety.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialAnxiety disorders and inflammation in a large adult cohort
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“Another complementary modality that may increase activity, improve fatigue and revitalize interest is regular exercise, which has proven efficacy in depression (Mead et al. 2009).”
BackgroundExercise reduces depression and inflammation but intensity matters
Paolucci, E. M., Loukov, D., Bowdish, D. M. E., & Heisz, J. J. (2018) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.01.015 · Cited by 461
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Exercise as Treatment for Anxiety: Systematic Review and Analysis
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Breath of Life: The Respiratory Vagal Stimulation Model of Contemplative Activity
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“Furthermore, behavioral interventions, such as exercise, have been shown to normalize immune and metabolic dysregulation, 53 as well as to improve depressive symptoms to some degree, 54 and might therefore be an indicated treatment for a immune/metabolic depression subgroup.”
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Depression gets old fast: do stress and depression accelerate cell aging?
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A systematic review of comparative efficacy of treatments and controls for depression
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“An increasing number of studies have shown that exercise may reduce depressive symptoms in patients with MDD (19) and that exercise may be comparable with established psychological (20) or pharmacological (21,22) therapies.”
BackgroundInfluentialBlumenthal, J. A., Sherwood, A., Smith, P. J., Watkins, L., Mabe, S., Kraus, W. E., Ingle, K., Miller, P., & Hinderliter, A. (2016) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.115.018926 · Cited by 257
“Psychotropic medication, n (%) 26 (34) 26 (35) 24 (32)”
Hippocampal neurogenesis as a target for the treatment of mental illness: A critical evaluation
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“There are obvious applications and allures of this approach; for example, perhaps stimulating hippocampal neurogenesis would reverse the overt and noncontroversial hippocampal atrophy and functional deficits observed in Alzheimer's Disease and schizophrenia, or the more controversial hippocampal deficits seen in MDD a…”
BackgroundInfluentialFacilitated physical activity as a treatment for depressed adults: randomised controlled trial
Chalder, M., Wiles, N., Campbell, J., Hollinghurst, S., Haase, A. M., Taylor, A. H., Fox, K. R., Costelloe, C., Searle, A., Baxter, H., et al. (2012) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.e2758 · Cited by 245
Self-citationActive rehabilitation for children who are slow to recover following sport-related concussion
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“In adults, exercise can be an effective treatment for mild depression [28, 49, 50].”
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Perinatal Antidepressant Use: Understanding Women’s Preferences and Concerns
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Secondary Prevention of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in Older Adults
Fleg, J. L., Forman, D. E., Berra, K. A., Bittner, V., Blumenthal, J. A., Chen, M. A., Cheng, S. C., Kitzman, D. W., Maurer, M. S., Rich, M. W., et al. (2013) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000436752.99896.22 · Cited by 225
Therapeutic horticulture in clinical depression: a prospective study of active components
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Depression and Cardiovascular Disease
Elderon, L., & Whooley, M. A. (2013) · Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2013.03.010 · Cited by 211
“Exercise interventions can be as effective as pharmacotherapy at improving depressive symptoms.(125,126) Given the multiple benefits and relatively low cost of exercise and selfcare training in general, this is promising news.”
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Walk on the bright side: Physical activity and affect in major depressive disorder.
Mata, J., Thompson, R. J., Jaeggi, S. M., Buschkuehl, M., Jonides, J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2012) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0023533 · Cited by 191
Exercise and physical activity in the therapy of substance use disorders.
Zschucke, E., Heinz, A., & Ströhle, A. (2012) · The Scientific World JOURNAL · doi:10.1100/2012/901741 · Cited by 192
Neuroimmunological effects of physical exercise in depression
Eyre, H. A., & Baune, B. T. (2011) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2011.09.015 · Cited by 201
Oertel-Knöchel, V., Mehler, P., Thiel, C., Steinbrecher, K., Malchow, B., Tesky, V., Ademmer, K., Prvulovic, D., Banzer, W., Zopf, Y., et al. (2014) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-014-0485-9 · Cited by 185
Murphy, S. M., Edwards, R. T., Williams, N., Raisanen, L., Moore, G., Linck, P., Hounsome, N., Din, N. U., & Moore, L. (2012) · Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2011-200689 · Cited by 182
“INTRODUCTION It is widely recognised that regular physical activity is beneficial to both physical and mental health(1) It is associated with reduced risk from chronic diseases, including coronary heart disease (CHD)(2) and has been shown to be positively linked to mental health,(3) including depression.(4) Exercise r…”
BackgroundCollishaw, S., Hammerton, G., Mahedy, L., Sellers, R., Owen, M. J., Craddock, N. J., Thapar, A. K., Harold, G. T., Rice, F. J., & Thapar, A. (2015) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(15)00358-2 · Cited by 204
“18,19 However, we do not know whether these factors simply refl ect lower levels of familial risk exposure.”
BackgroundHoffman, B. M., Babyak, M. A., Craighead, W. E., Sherwood, A., Doraiswamy, P. M., Coons, M. J., & Blumenthal, J. A. (2010) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e31820433a5 · Cited by 195
“Aerobic exercise also has demonstrated antidepressant effects (8) and has been associated with rates of MDD remission that are comparable to pharmacotherapy (9,10).”
BackgroundEvidence on the effects of exercise therapy in the treatment of chronic disease
Kujala, U. M. (2009) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.2009.059808 · Cited by 172
“In a study of 23 RCTs, exercise intervention reduced symptoms of depression (table 1), 39 although many of the RCTs were of low methodological quality and the high quality studies showed results with lower effect sizes.”
BackgroundKatz, D. I., Cohen, S. I., & ALEXANDER, M. P. (2015) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-52892-6.00009-x · Cited by 182
Dance movement therapy for depression
Meekums, B., Karkou, V., & Nelson, E. A. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009895.pub2 · Cited by 163
Dishman, R. K., McDowell, C. P., & Herring, M. P. (2021) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2020-103140 · Cited by 177
Raymond, M. J., Bramley-Tzerefos, R. E., Jeffs, K. J., Winter, A., & Holland, A. E. (2013) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2013.02.022 · Cited by 202
Adamson, B., Ensari, I., & Motl, R. W. (2015) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2015.01.005 · Cited by 155
Exercise and physical activity in mental disorders
Wolff, E., Gaudlitz, K., von Lindenberger, B.-L., Plag, J., Heinz, A., & Ströhle, A. (2011) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-011-0254-y · Cited by 144
Hughes, C. W., Barnes, S., Barnes, C., DeFina, L. F., Nakonezny, P., & Emslie, G. J. (2013) · Mental Health and Physical Activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2013.06.006 · Cited by 132
Omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the treatment of depression
Deacon, G., Kettle, C., Hayes, D., Dennis, C., & Tucci, J. (2015) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2013.876959 · Cited by 149
Vogelzangs, N., Beekman, A. T., van Reedt Dortland, A. K., Schoevers, R. A., Giltay, E. J., de Jonge, P., & Penninx, B. W. (2014) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2014.9 · Cited by 133
“…exercise have shown to normalize immune and metabolic dysregulation (You and Nicklas, 2008), as well as to improve depressive symptoms to some degree (Mead et al, 2009), and may therefore be an indicated treatment for this subgroup of depressed persons with inflammatory and metabolic dysregulation.”
BackgroundMika Kivimaki, B., Lawlor, D. A., Singh‐Manoux, A., Batty, G. D., Ferrie, J. E., Shipley, M. J., Nabi, H., Sabia, S., Marmot, M. G., & Jokela, M. M. (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b3765 · Cited by 133
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“2002), as well as psychological symptoms and functioning (Callaghan 2004; Craft and Landers 1998; Faulkner and Biddle 1999; Mead et al. 2009; Stathopoulou et al. 2006).”
Steinmo, S., Hagger‐Johnson, G., & Shahab, L. (2014) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.06.005 · Cited by 131
de Manincor, M., Bensoussan, A., Smith, C. A., Barr, K., Schweickle, M. M., Donoghoe, L.-L., Bourchier, S., & Fahey, P. P. (2016) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22502 · Cited by 152
Young, B., & Bagley, H. (2016) · Research Involvement and Engagement · doi:10.1186/s40900-016-0039-6 · Cited by 129
Park, S.-H., Han, K.-S., & kang, C.-B. (2014) · Applied Nursing Research · doi:10.1016/j.apnr.2014.01.004 · Cited by 121
Appearance vs. health motives for exercise and for weight loss
Vartanian, L. R., Wharton, C. M., & Green, E. B. (2011) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2011.12.005 · Cited by 124
“Exercise can also improve an individual’s mood as it promotes better sleep (Youngstedt & Klein, 2006); reduces depression, stress, and anxiety (Mead et al., 2009); and increases self-esteem and body esteem (Martin & Lichtenberger, 2002; Spence, McGannon, & Poon, 2005).”
Backgroundvan de Port, I. G. L., Wevers, L., Lindeman, E., & Kwakkel, G. (2012) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.e2672 · Cited by 130
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Exercise to Improve Mood After Traumatic Brain Injury
Hoffman, J. M., Bell, K. R., Powell, J. M., Behr, J., Dunn, E. C., DIKMEN, S. S., & Bombardier, C. H. (2010) · PM&R · doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2010.06.008 · Cited by 129
Krämer, L. V., Helmes, A. W., Seelig, H., Fuchs, R., & Bengel, J. (2014) · Psychology & Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2014.918978 · Cited by 119
the DEP-EXERCISE Group, & Hidalgo, J. L.-T. (2019) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1982-6 · Cited by 119
Exercise as an add-on strategy for the treatment of major depressive disorder: a systematic review
Mura, G., Moro, M. F., Patten, S. B., & Carta, M. G. (2014) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852913000953 · Cited by 127
“A number of reviews and meta-analyses on the efficacy of exercise on depression, which were published in the last 30 years, have testified to the researchers’ interest in this subject; nevertheless, while generally positive, findings have continued to be somewhat inconclusive and debated, and the literature has been c…”
BackgroundLindheimer, J. B., O’Connor, P. J., & Dishman, R. K. (2015) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-015-0303-1 · Cited by 133
Patients' views of physical activity as treatment for depression: a qualitative study
Searle, A., Calnan, M., Lewis, G., Campbell, J., Taylor, A., & Turner, K. (2011) · British Journal of General Practice · doi:10.3399/bjgp11x567054 · Cited by 115
A preliminary, randomized trial of aerobic exercise for alcohol dependence
Brown, R. A., Abrantes, A. M., Minami, H., Read, J. P., Marcus, B. H., Jakicic, J. M., Strong, D. R., Dubreuil, M. E., Gordon, A. A., Ramsey, S. E., et al. (2014) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2014.02.004 · Cited by 116
The effects of physical exercise in schizophrenia and affective disorders.
Malchow, B., Reich-Erkelenz, D., Oertel-Knöchel, V., Keller, K., Hasan, A., Schmitt, A., Scheewe, T. W., Cahn, W., Kahn, R. S., & Falkai, P. (2013) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-013-0423-2 · Cited by 111
Downward, P. M., & Dawson, P. (2015) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-015-0887-8 · Cited by 120
“…activity reduces the incidence of Type II diabetes (Cook et al. 2008; Gill and Cooper 2008); and, of particular importance to this paper, improve well-being by reducing depression and improving mood (Chalder et al. 2012; Krogh et al. 2011; Mead et al. 2009; Camacho et al. 1991; Farmer et al. 1988).”
BackgroundEkkekakis, P. (2015) · Mental Health and Physical Activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2014.12.001 · Cited by 114
“…of the Cochrane review, in which the trial was erroneously described as having compared “four different ‘doses’ of aerobic exercise” and the results were incorrectly summarized as having shown that “highintensity exercise was more effective than low-intensity exercise” (Mead et al., 2009, p. 9).”
ResultAnderson-Hanley, C., Arciero, P., & Snyder (2011) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s25337 · Cited by 108
Callaghan, P., Khalil, E., Morres, I., & Carter, T. (2011) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-465 · Cited by 105
How Might Yoga Help Depression? A Neurobiological Perspective
Kinser, P. A., Goehler, L. E., & Taylor, A. G. (2012) · EXPLORE · doi:10.1016/j.explore.2011.12.005 · Cited by 116
Kinser, P. A., Bourguignon, C. M., Whaley, D. E., Hauenstein, E. J., & Taylor, A. G. (2013) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2013.01.003 · Cited by 114
“…group encouraged each other to join a gym; physical activity has been shown to significantly improve the mood, so this simple change in lifestyle in two out of the six women in the attention-control group may be partly responsible for the change in depression level (Mead et al., 2009).”
BackgroundZhu, M., Lai, J. S. M., Choy, B. N. K., Shum, J. W. H., Lo, A., Ng, A. L. K., Chan, J. C. H., & So, K. (2018) · Acta Ophthalmologica · doi:10.1111/aos.13661 · Cited by 109
“Metelitsina et al. (2010) reported that 3 min of handgripping increased OPP by 20% but had no effect on choroidal circulation (measured by LDF).”
BackgroundWhite, K., Kendrick, T., & Yardley, L. (2009) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2009.03.001 · Cited by 115
Stavrakakis, N., de Jonge, P., Ormel, J., & Oldehinkel, A. J. (2011) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.09.004 · Cited by 100
“In a recent review, Mead et al [13] showed that, when nly trials with blinded outcome assessments, intention to treat, nd allocation concealment were included in the analysis, effect izes were moderate and not statistically significant.”
Vigorous exercise increases brain lactate and Glx (glutamate+glutamine): A dynamic 1H-MRS study
Maddock, R. J., Casazza, G. A., Buonocore, M. H., & Tanase, C. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.05.048 · Cited by 108
“The antidepressant efficacy of exercise has been consistently demonstrated in patients with major depressive disorder (Mead et al., 2009; Strohle, 2009).”
Huang, T.-T., Liu, C.-B., Tsai, Y.-H., Chin, Y.-F., & Wong, C.-H. (2015) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2015.05.013 · Cited by 96
Sylvia, L. G., Friedman, E. S., Kocsis, J. H., Bernstein, E. E., Brody, B. D., Kinrys, G., Kemp, D. E., Shelton, R. C., McElroy, S. L., Bobo, W. V., et al. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.07.031 · Cited by 102
Gonzalez, M. T., Hartig, T., Patil, G. G., Martinsen, E. W., & Kirkevold, M. (2011) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1447-0349.2010.00689.x · Cited by 92
“Evidence also suggests that physical exercise alleviates depression (Mead et al. 2009).”
de Manincor, M., Bensoussan, A., Smith, C. A., Fahey, P. P., & Bourchier, S. (2015) · BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12906-015-0614-7 · Cited by 93
“Current treatments for depression and anxiety include a range of pharmaceutical medications, psychological therapies, electro-convulsive therapy, complementary and lifestyle interventions, and a combination of these [2-10].”
When, why and for whom there is a relationship between physical activity and menopause symptoms
McAndrew, L. M., Napolitano, M. A., Albrecht, A. E., Farrell, N. C., Marcus, B. H., & Whiteley, J. A. (2009) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2009.08.009 · Cited by 97
Training fast or slow? Exercise for depression: A randomized controlled trial
Helgadóttir, B., Hallgren, M. Å., Ekblom, Ö. B., & Forsell, Y. (2016) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.08.011 · Cited by 101
Behavioural activation for depression: Efficacy, effectiveness and dissemination
Soucy Chartier, I., & Provencher, M. D. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.07.023 · Cited by 90
“Of these, three were general reviews (Morgan and Jorm, 2008) which reviewed behavioural activation and some form of self-help intervention as available treatments for depression, yet which did not review self-help forms of administering behavioural activation.”
BackgroundTreatment Guidelines for Depression: Greater Emphasis on Physical Activity is Needed
Hallgren, M. Å., Stubbs, B., Vancampfort, D., Lundin, A., Jääkallio, P., & Forsell, Y. (2016) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.08.011 · Cited by 90
Exercise and severe depression: preliminary results of an add-on study.
Schuch, F. B., Vasconcelos-Moreno, M. P., Borowsky, C., & Fleck, M. P. (2011) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.04.030 · Cited by 86
Nebiker, L., Lichtenstein, E., Minghetti, A., Zahner, L., Gerber, M., Faude, O., & Donath, L. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00305 · Cited by 87
Mindfulness and acceptance are associated with exercise maintenance in YMCA exercisers
Ulmer, C. S., Stetson, B. A., & Salmon, P. G. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.04.009 · Cited by 100
Does exercise during pregnancy prevent postnatal depression?: A randomized controlled trial
SONGØYGARD, K. M., STAFNE, S. N., EVENSEN, K. A. I., SALVESEN, K. Å., VIK, T., & MØRKVED, S. (2012) · Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0412.2011.01262.x · Cited by 85
“A Cochrane review has shown that exercise reduces depressive symptoms equally to traditional interventions, such as psychotherapy and pharmacological treatment (8).”
BackgroundArmijo-Olivo, S. L., Saltaji, H., da Costa, B. R., Fuentes, J., Ha, C., & Cummings, G. G. (2015) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008562 · Cited by 87
Pereira, D. S., de Queiroz, B. Z., de Miranda, A. S., Rocha, N. P., Felício, D. C., Mateo, E. C. C., Favero, M., Coelho, F. M., de Jesus‐Moraleida, F. R., Pereira, D. A. G., et al. (2013) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2013.03.029 · Cited by 88
Sturm, J., Plöderl, M., Fartacek, C., Kralovec, K., Neunhäeuserer, D., Niederseer, D., Hitzl, W., Niebauer, J., Schiepek, G. K., & Fartacek, R. R. (2012) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2012.01860.x · Cited by 83
“A review of 28 randomized controlled studies shows the great therapeutic effect of physical exercise in patients with depression disorders (11); however, the methodological quality of these studies is questionable.”
BackgroundResultRavindran, A. V., Lam, R. W., Filteau, M. J., Lespérance, F., Kennedy, S. H., Parikh, S. V., & Patten, S. B. (2009) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.06.040 · Cited by 108
Metadata
- Authors
- Mead, G. E., Morley, W., Campbell, P., Greig, C. A., McMurdo, M., & Lawlor, D. A.
- Affiliations
- Edinburgh Royal Infirmary (GB)
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
- University of Dundee (GB)
- University of Bristol (GB)
- Venue
- Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
- Publisher
- John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
- Published
- 2009-07-08
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- CD004366-CD004366
- ISSN
- 1361-6137 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4211045040
- Semantic Scholar
- cf8567b35012b31afc3a118a0f152e76ad257625
- Cited by
- 364
- References
- 130
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 41 · 2012: 54
- Type
- reference entry
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Discovery Research Portal (University of Dundee) (publishedVersion)
- Discovery Research Portal (University of Dundee) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- physical activity, depression, exercise therapy, antidepressant effects, cognitive therapy, methodological quality of trials, allocation concealment, intention-to-treat analysis, depressive symptoms, adults with depression, exercise duration, exercise frequency, exercise intensity
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Depression, Humans, Middle Aged, Exercise, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Treatment Outcome, Young Adult
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