Symptom Checklist‐90‐Revised
Abstract
The Symptom Checklist‐90‐Revised (SCL‐90‐R) is a 90‐item self‐report symptom inventory developed by Leonard R. Derogatis in the mid‐1970s to measure psychological symptoms and psychological distress. It is designed to be appropriate for use with individuals from the community, as well as individuals with either medical or psychiatric conditions. The SCL‐90‐R assesses psychological distress in terms of nine primary symptom dimensions and three summary scores termed global scores. The principal symptom dimensions are labeled Somatization (SOM), Obsessive‐Compulsive (OBS), Interpersonal Sensitivity (INT), Depression (DEP), Anxiety (ANX), Hostility (HOS), Phobic Anxiety (PHOB), Paranoid Ideation (PAR), and Psychoticism (PSY). The global measures are referred to as the Global Severity Index (GSI), the Positive Symptom Distress Index (PSDI), and the Positive Symptom Total (PST).
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The depression dimension scale of the Original Symptom Checklist demonstrates good internal consistency and test-retest reliability.
“The scale demonstrates good internal consistency and test-retest reliability (Derogatis and Unger 2010).”
From Longitudinal association between social media use and psychological distress among adolescents (2020) · cites this paper as Derogatis and Unger 2010
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“mental symptoms and conditions experienced by people living with HIV (measured by the SF-12 mental health survey(58) or self-reported emotional and distress levels); (c) anxiety was measured using the BSI anxiety subscale,(57) State anxiety(59) and the Symptom Check List-90-R.(60) Overall quality of life was measured…”
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“The three Global Indices measure composite psychological distress, including Global Severity Index (GSI), Positive Symptom Distress Index (PSDI), and Positive Symptom Total (PST) (Derogatis and Unger, 2010) .”
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“according to the author of the SCL-90-R, the gSI provides the best overall indicator of psychopatholgy (Derogatis, 1994).”
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“55 In this sample, reliability was high ( a = 0.91).”
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“…distribution of scores, non-parametric Spearman correlation analyses were carried out between REA and the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R; available for all 38 participants ), a self-report measure of a broad range of psychological problems and symptoms of psychopathology (Derogatis, 1994).”
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“Chen.et al.2013 Heilongjiang Northern 19/477 Range 16–25 48.9 4.0 NA NA No 1–5 BDI Sun.et al.2013 Hebei Northern 510/690 Mean(SD) 21.0 (2.0) 80.9 73.9 74.2 72.8 No 1–4 CES-D Meng.et al.2013 Hubei Southern 319/1145 Mean(SD) 21.61 (1.66) 38.7 27.9 NA NA No 1–4 SCL-90-R Zhang.et al.2013 Henan Northern 84/959 Mean(SD) 21.…”
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“Selvi et al. compared nurses working at daytime with those working at shifts regarding their psychiatric symptoms by means of the Symptom Checklist90-Revised (Derogatis and Unger 2010).”
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“Author Country Tools and methodology TG Population/sample; mean age; treatment stage Length of follow-up Prevalence of anxiety disorders/ symptoms Results Smith et al., 2001 Netherlands SCL-90-R 21 TG (TW D 8 TM D 13) From gender service Age: 17.3 Treatment stage: Pre- and post-GCGS 1–4 years postGCGS AS scores pre- a…”
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“General psychopathology was measured with the Symptom Checklist – 9 (SCL-9) (41), a brief version of the Symptom Checklist – 90R (42) that captures several domains of mental health (for example, anxiety, somatization, hostility, paranoid thinking, and psychoticism) and provides a single global…”
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“R; Derogatis & Unger, 2010).”
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“, 1978); the Semantic Differential Scale (SD; Summers, 1970); the Symptom Checklist-90Revised (SCL-90-R; Derogatis, 1994); the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI; American Psychological Association, 2019a); the Zuckerman Inventory of Personal Reactions (ZIPERS; Zuckerman, 1977); the Reflection Rumination Questionnair…”
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“HiEmot correlated significantly with the two symptomatic measures of outcome: the BDI (r .504, p .01) and the GSI of the SCL-90-R (r .484, p .01).”
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“Somatic symptoms were investigated in only one study with a prevalence rate of 47.8% using the SOMA-scale of the SymptomChecklist-90 (50, 74).”
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“…(Sheehan et al., 1998), the Expert System for Diagnosing Mental Disorders (Wittchen, 1997), and the John Hopkins Symptom Checklist-90 revised (Derogatis and Unger, 2010) were used to identify subjects with present or antecedent psychiatric disorders or a history of major psychiatric…”
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“However, the Symptom Checklist 90-item (SCL-90-R) used to assess somatic symptoms is also an established screen for a broad range of symptoms of psychological distress.(24) Conceptually, somatic symptoms are also acknowledged indicators of psychological difficulties such as anxiety.”
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“, 2003); 2) SCL90 total score and 13 sub-scores: somatization, obsessive–compulsive symptoms (OCS), interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility, phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation, psychoticism, additional items, general severity index (GSI), positive symptom distress index (PSDI), positive symptom total…”
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“Other questionnaires used to assess quality of life include the “Short Form 36 Health Survey”, “The General Well Being Schedule” [110], “The 90-item symptom checklist” [111], and “The Nottingham Health Profile” [112].”
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“Instead, we used the SCL90-R as an economic and valid alternative that has been used widely in research (Derogatis & Unger, 2010; Urbán et al., 2014).”
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“The scales demonstrated excellent psychometric properties (Derogatis & Unger, 2010) (depressive symptoms: α = .91; anger: α = .83).”
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“TheSymptomChecklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R; [70]) is a multidimensional self-report questionnaire, composed of 90 items.”
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“S YMPTOM CHECKLIST-90-REVISED (SCL-90-R; DEROGATIS , 1990 )”
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“The SCL-90-R scale by Derogatis (1992) includes 13 items of somatization symptoms, such as soreness of muscles, headaches, continuous pains and aches, or nausea and upset stomach.”
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“…psychological well-being, significantly better than those non-participants, as evaluated by the GSI, which is recognized as the best single indicator of the current level of overall psychological disorders and level of distress in the SCL-90-R (Derogatis & Savitz, 1999; Derogatis & Unger, 2010).”
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“• The Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R; Derogatis, 1975) was also used to reveal dimensions of somatization, obsessive-compulsive features, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility, phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation, and psychoticism.”
BackgroundMethodLinking substance use with symptoms of subclinical psychosis in a community cohort over 30 years
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“The Symptom Checklist-90 Revised (SCL-90 R) questionnaire [34] is a self-report tool designed to evaluate any psychopathology.”
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“The SCL-90-R has been shown to have good validity (Derogatis & Unger, 2010; Peveler & Fairburn, 1990) and reliability (Solomon & Dekel, 2005).”
BackgroundAbsence of somatization in non-coeliac gluten sensitivity
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“The level of somatization was assessed via the somatization subscale from the Symptom Checklist-90Revised (SCL-90-R), with scores from 0 (not at all) to4 (extremely) [27].”
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“Global distress was assessed with the Symptom Checklist (SCL-90-R) (19) in its German version (20).”
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“The HSCL-11 is an 11-item self-report inventory used to assess symptomatic impairment, and is a brief version of the SCL-90-R (Derogatis, 1992).”
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Predictors of psychological well-being among treatment seeking transgender individuals
Bouman, W., Davey, A., Meyer, C., Witcomb, G., & Arcelus, J. (2016) · Sexual & Relationship Therapy · doi:10.1080/14681994.2016.1184754 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Interventions with women offenders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of mental health gain
Bartlett, A., Jhanji, E., White, S., Harty, M. A., Scammell, J., & Allen, S. (2015) · Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology · doi:10.1080/14789949.2014.981563 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Anxiety, depression and associated factors among recently divorced individuals
Hald, G. M., Ciprić, A., Sander, S., & Strizzi, J. (2020) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2020.1755022 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Depression and anxiety were measured using the subscales from The Symptom Checklist90-Revised (SCL-90-R) (Derogatis, 2000).”
MethodVervloed, M., Hendriks, A., & van den Eijnde, E. (2011) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2011.01.002 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Participants and mothers were also tested for symptoms of depression in present (participants) and past (mothers) by means of the 16 depression items from the Dutch version of the Symptom Checklist-90-R (see Derogatis, 1986; Derogatis, Lipman, Rickels, Uhlenhuth, & Covi, 1974).”
Hagenaars, M. A., Holmes, E. A., Klaassen, F., & Elzinga, B. (2017) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2017.1386959 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“The Symptom Check List-90 (SCL-90; Derogatis, 1992) was used to measure various psychopathological symptoms that participants experienced in the previous week.”
MethodNordbrandt, M. S., Sonne, C., Mortensen, E. L., & Carlsson, J. M. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0230300 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Zhou, N., Wen, J., Stelzer, E., Killikelly, C., Yu, W., Xu, X. Y., Shi, G., Luo, H., Wang, J., & Maercker, A. R. A. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112766 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Extraordinary Altruists Exhibit Enhanced Self–Other Overlap in Neural Responses to Distress
Brethel-Haurwitz, K. M., Cardinale, E. M., Vekaria, K. M., Robertson, E., Walitt, B. T., VanMeter, J. W., & Marsh, A. A. (2018) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797618779590 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“Participants were excluded if they scored above clinical cutoffs for Global Severity, Positive Symptom Distress, or Positive Symptom Total on the Symptom Checklist-90 (Derogatis & Unger, 2010) Somatization, Obsessive-Compulsive, Depression, Anxiety, Paranoid Ideation, or Psychoticism subscales.”
MethodRoberts, S. L. E., O’Connor, K. P., Aardema, F., & Bélanger, C. (2014) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2014.10.007 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Cherkasova, M. V., French, L. R., Syer, C. A., Cousins, L. S., Galina, H., Ahmadi-Kashani, Y., & Hechtman, L. T. (2016) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054716671197 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“Symptoms of non-ADHD psychopathology were measured via the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI; Beck, 1987), the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI; Beck & Steer, 1993), and the Global Severity Index of the Symptom Check List 90 (SCL-90 GSI; Derogatis, 1986; Derogatis, 2000).”
BackgroundMethodRelationship of Internet gaming disorder with dissociative experience in Italian university students
Pasquale, C. D., Dinaro, C., & Sciacca, F. (2018) · Annals of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12991-018-0198-y · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Rössler, W., Ajdacic-Gross, V., Riecher-Rössler, A., Angst, J., & Hengartner, M. (2016) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20319 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Loss and psychosocial factors as determinants of quality of life in a cohort of earthquake survivors
Khachadourian, V., Armenian, H. K., Demirchyan, A., & Goenjian, A. K. (2015) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-015-0209-5 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“Anxiety symptoms were assessed by using the 10 item Symptom Checklist 90-Revised [16].”
MethodYang, R., Gautam, A., Getnet, D., Daigle, B. J., Miller, S., Misganaw, B., Dean, K. R., Kumar, R., Muhie, S., Wang, K., et al. (2021) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-020-00966-2 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“[32], Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) [33], and Symptom Checklist 90 [34] (SCL)-somatization anxiety, Fig.”
Gevensleben, H., Albrecht, B., Lütcke, H., Auer, T., Dewiputri, W. I., Schweizer, R., Moll, G. H., Heinrich, H., & Rothenberger, A. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00990 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“, 2002) and a general psychopathological profile 155 (symptom-checklist, SCL-90-R; Leonard and Derogatis, 1994).”
BackgroundNikolic, M., Pezzoli, P., Jaworska, N., & Seto, M. C. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.01.11.475895 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Tang, F., & Qin, P. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0121023 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“The SCL-90-R measures participants’ self-reported psychopathologic features on nine subscales: somatization, obsessive-compulsiveness, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility, phobia, paranoid ideation, and psychoticism.”
MethodInfluentialSchmidt, B., Loerbroks, A., Herr, R., Litaker, D., Wilson, M., Kastner, M., & Fischer, J. (2014) · Work · doi:10.3233/wor-131713 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“The dependent variable “psychological strain” was a composite value derived from ratings on four subscales from the standardized German version of the Symptom Check List (SCL-90R), a validated clinical screening tool for stress [46].”
Addressing Parental Mental Health Within Interventions for Children
Acri, M. C., & Hoagwood, K. (2014) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731514546027 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Parental anxiety was assessed in almost three quarters of studies (n ¼ 14, 70%), usually by a standardized assessment instrument such as the DASS, the General Health Questionnaire (Goldberg & Williams, 2000), or the anxiety subscale of the Symptom Checklist-90–Revised (Derogatis & Unger, 2010).”
MethodMölsä, M. E., Tiilikainen, M., & Punamäki, R. (2017) · Ethnicity and Health · doi:10.1080/13557858.2017.1346182 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Hendriks, E., Voogt, L., Lenoir, D., Coppieters, I., & Ickmans, K. (2020) · Pain medicine (Malden, Mass.) · doi:10.1093/pm/pnaa276 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Thorisdottir, I., Agustsson, G., Oskarsdottir, S. Y., Kristjansson, A., Asgeirsdottir, B. B., Sigfusdottir, I., Valdimarsdottir, H., Allegrante, J., & Halldorsdottir, T. (2023) · The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/s2352-4642(23)00022-6 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Symptom Checklist-90-Revised: A structural examination in relation to family functioning
Gomez, R., Stavropoulos, V., Zarate, D., & Palikara, O. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0247902 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“The scale has been extensively used internationally, as well as in Greece, where the sample of the current study comes from, to assess diverse clinical, forensic and community populations across various age ranges [3,6].”
BackgroundBerlowitz, I., Torres, E., Walt, H., Wolf, U., Maake, C., & Martin-Soelch, C. (2020) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2020.594591 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“…Staub et al., 2015), our previous research experience and the anthropological literature on Amazonian medicine and tobacco uses (Wilbert, 1993; Russell and Rahman, 2015; Berlowitz, 2017), as well as general psychological/somatic symptom category systems (Schinka, 1989; Derogatis and Unger, 2010).”
Effect of Psychiatric Severity on the Outcome of Methadone Maintenance Treatment
Pani, P. P., Maremmani, I., Pacini, M., Lamanna, F., Maremmani, A. G. I., & Dell’Osso, L. (2010) · European Addiction Research · doi:10.1159/000321465 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Boterhoven de Haan, K. L., Lee, C. W., Fassbinder, E., Voncken, M. J., Meewisse, M., Van Es, S. M., Menninga, S., Kousemaker, M., & Arntz, A. (2017) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1330-2 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
- Authors
- Derogatis, L. R., & Unger, R.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Towson University (US)
- Venue
- The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2010-01-30
- Pages
- 1-2
- OpenAlex
- W2015278509
- Cited by
- 488
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 18
- Type
- reference entry
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- SCL-90-R, psychological distress, psychological symptoms, self-report inventory, somatization, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility, phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation, psychoticism, Global Severity Index
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