The DOI matches its Crossref record; 133 of the 133 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Contact Lens Sensors in Ocular Diagnostics
Abstract
Contact lenses as a minimally invasive platform for diagnostics and drug delivery have emerged in recent years. Contact lens sensors have been developed for analyzing the glucose composition of tears as a surrogate for blood glucose monitoring and for the diagnosis of glaucoma by measuring intraocular pressure. However, the eye offers a wider diagnostic potential as a sensing site and therefore contact lens sensors have the potential to improve the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases and conditions. With advances in polymer synthesis, electronics and micro/nanofabrication, contact lens sensors can be produced to quantify the concentrations of many biomolecules in ocular fluids. Non‐ or minimally invasive contact lens sensors can be used directly in a clinical or point‐of‐care setting to monitor a disease state continuously. This article reviews the state‐of‐the‐art in contact lens sensor fabrication, their detection, wireless powering, and readout mechanisms, and integration with mobile devices and smartphones. High‐volume manufacturing considerations of contact lenses are also covered and a case study of an intraocular pressure contact lens sensor is provided as an example of a successful product. This Review further analyzes the contact lens market and the FDA regulatory requirements for commercialization of contact lens sensors.
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In the citing paper
“Blood and tear fluid have a compositional difference due to the blood–tear barrier; however, the concentrations of analytes in both fluids have a relationship as a result of plasma leakage.57”
From Wearables in Medicine (2018) · cites this paper as [57]
In the citing paper
“Not only do biomarker molecules in tears diffuse directly from the blood and exhibit close tear–blood concentration correlations, but also tear analysis presents opportunities for the diagnosis of ocular disease.”
From Wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring (2019) · cites this paper as [94]
In the citing paper
“Not only do biomarker molecules in tears diffuse directly from the blood and exhibit close tear–blood concentration correlations, but also tear analysis presents opportunities for the diagnosis of ocular disease.”
From Wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring (2019) · cites this paper as [94]
In the citing paper
“In particular, tear glucose concentrations have been demonstrated to exhibit good correlation with blood glucose levels, reflecting the diffusion from the lachrymal artery when the tears are sampled without any eye irritation or stimulation, which can compromise the relationship94, 95, 99-101.”
From Wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring (2019) · cites this paper as [94]
In the citing paper
“Given this background, a smart contact lens is a promising example of a wearable, health monitoring device (13, 14).”
From Soft, smart contact lenses with integrations of wireless circuits, glucose sensors, and displays (2018) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“By considering the correlation between the tear glucose level and blood glucose level (15), a glucose sensor fitted on a contact lens can provide the noninvasive monitoring of user’s glucose levels from tear fluids with a consideration of the lag time between tear glucose level and blood glucose level in the range of 10 to 20 min (13–16).”
From Soft, smart contact lenses with integrations of wireless circuits, glucose sensors, and displays (2018) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“In addition, the user’s tears can be collected in the contact lens by completely natural means, such as normal secretion and blinking, and used to assess various biomarkers found in the blood, such as glucose, cholesterol, sodium ions, and potassium ions (13).”
From Soft, smart contact lenses with integrations of wireless circuits, glucose sensors, and displays (2018) · cites this paper as [13]
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Farandos, N. M., Yetisen, A. K., Monteiro, M. J., Lowe, C. R., & Yun, S. H.
- Affiliations
- Imperial College London (GB)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Yetisen, Ali K.
- Venue
- Advanced Healthcare Materials
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2014-11-17
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 792-810
- ISSN
- 2192-2640 (ISSN-L)
- 2192-2659
- OpenAlex
- W2055793978
- Cited by
- 466
- References
- 133
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 51 · 2020: 52 · 2019: 50 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 8
- FWCI
- 2.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Advanced Healthcare Materials (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Electrochemical sensors and biosensors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Ocular Surface and Contact Lens
- Keywords
- contact lens sensor, ocular diagnostics, glucose monitoring, tear glucose, glaucoma diagnosis, intraocular pressure, minimally invasive diagnosis, point-of-care monitoring, wireless power transfer, smartphone integration, contact lens manufacturing, FDA regulation, ocular drug delivery
- MeSH terms
- Contact Lenses, Electronics, Glaucoma, Humans, Intraocular Pressure, Biosensing Techniques
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