Wearable smart sensor systems integrated on soft contact lenses for wireless ocular diagnostics
Open accessAbstract
Wearable contact lenses which can monitor physiological parameters have attracted substantial interests due to the capability of direct detection of biomarkers contained in body fluids. However, previously reported contact lens sensors can only monitor a single analyte at a time. Furthermore, such ocular contact lenses generally obstruct the field of vision of the subject. Here, we developed a multifunctional contact lens sensor that alleviates some of these limitations since it was developed on an actual ocular contact lens. It was also designed to monitor glucose within tears, as well as intraocular pressure using the resistance and capacitance of the electronic device. Furthermore, in-vivo and in-vitro tests using a live rabbit and bovine eyeball demonstrated its reliable operation. Our developed contact lens sensor can measure the glucose level in tear fluid and intraocular pressure simultaneously but yet independently based on different electrical responses.
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Tears were used for monitoring human eye intraocular pressure as an indicator for glaucoma using soft contact lenses for wireless detection of both glucose and intraocular pressure.
“In addition, tears were used for monitoring human eye intraocular pressure as an indicator for glaucoma, which can cause blindness, using soft contact lenses for the wireless detection of both glucose and intraocular pressure [151].”
From The emergence of AI-based wearable sensors for digital health technology: a review (2023) · cites this paper as [151]
Although the smart contact lens device is capable of multiplexed sensing, the simultaneous demonstration of two functionalities has not yet been evaluated.
“Although this device is capable of multiplexed sensing, the simultaneous demonstration of two functionalities has not yet been evaluated.”
From Wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring (2019) · cites this paper as [117]
Smart contact lenses for wireless ocular diagnostics have been developed by combining glucose and ocular pressure contact lens sensors for wireless in vivo glucose monitoring in the eye of a rabbit, together with in vitro monitoring of ocular pressure using a bovine eyeball.
“Recently, ‘smart’ contact lenses for wireless ocular diagnostics have been further developed by combining glucose and ocular pressure contact lens sensors for wireless in vivo glucose monitoring in the eye of a rabbit, together with in vitro monitoring of ocular pressure using a bovine eyeball (Fig. 5b)117.”
From Wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring (2019) · cites this paper as [117]
The tear sensor is designed to detect glucose level in tears and measures intraocular pressure by utilizing resistance and capacitance properties.
“It is specifically designed to detect the level of glucose in tears and measures intraocular pressure by utilizing the resistance and capacitance properties.”
From Artificial intelligence enhanced sensors - enabling technologies to next-generation healthcare and biomedical platform (2023) · cites this paper as Kim et al. 2017
A tear sensor using a graphene field-effect transistor integrated with a graphene-silver nanowire composite antenna works at radio frequency and wirelessly transmits sensory information upon glucose oxidation on the graphene channel.
“For instance, as shown in Fig. 2f Kim et al. introduced a tear sensor using a graphene field-effect transistor (FET) integrated with a graphene-silver nanowire (AgNW) composite antenna, which works at radio frequency and wirelessly transmits sensory information upon the occurrence of glucose oxidation on the graphene channel (Kim et al. 2017).”
From Artificial intelligence enhanced sensors - enabling technologies to next-generation healthcare and biomedical platform (2023) · cites this paper as Kim et al. 2017
Real-time glucose detection in the tears of a rabbit eye and wireless tracking of intraocular pressure in a bovine eyeball in vitro have been successfully demonstrated.
“The real-time glucose detection in the tears of a rabbit eye and wireless tracking of intraocular pressure in a bovine eyeball in vitro have been successfully demonstrated.”
From Artificial intelligence enhanced sensors - enabling technologies to next-generation healthcare and biomedical platform (2023) · cites this paper as Kim et al. 2017
By considering the correlation between tear glucose level and blood glucose level, a glucose sensor fitted on a contact lens can provide noninvasive monitoring of a user's glucose levels from tear fluids, with a lag time between tear glucose and blood glucose in the range of 10 to 20 min.
“By considering the correlation between the tear glucose level and blood glucose level (15), a glucose sensor fitted on a contact lens can provide the noninvasive monitoring of user’s glucose levels from tear fluids with a consideration of the lag time between tear glucose level and blood glucose level in the range of 10 to 20 min (13–16).”
From Soft, smart contact lenses with integrations of wireless circuits, glucose sensors, and displays (2018) · cites this paper as [14]
A smart contact lens is a promising wearable health monitoring device.
“Given this background, a smart contact lens is a promising example of a wearable, health monitoring device (13, 14).”
From Soft, smart contact lenses with integrations of wireless circuits, glucose sensors, and displays (2018) · cites this paper as [14]
The requirement for bulky and expensive equipment for signal measurements limits the use of smart contact lenses outside research laboratories or clinical settings by restricting users' external activities.
“(iv) the requirement for bulky and expensive equipment for signal measurements, which limits the use of smart contact lenses outside of research laboratories or clinical settings by restricting users’ external activities (14, 15, 20, 23).”
From Soft, smart contact lenses with integrations of wireless circuits, glucose sensors, and displays (2018) · cites this paper as [14]
Because the major carrier density is proportional to the glucose concentration, the relative change in resistance (ΔR/R0) of the sensor can be detected as a function of the glucose concentration.
“Because the major carrier density is proportional to the glucose concentration, we can detect the relative change in resistance (ΔR/R0) of the sensor as a function of the glucose concentration generated from the above reaction processes (14, 38).”
From Soft, smart contact lenses with integrations of wireless circuits, glucose sensors, and displays (2018) · cites this paper as [14]
Hydrogen peroxide is decomposed, producing oxygen, protons (H+ ion), and electrons.
“This hydrogen peroxide is also decomposed, producing oxygen, protons (H+ ion), and electrons (14, 16, 37).”
From Soft, smart contact lenses with integrations of wireless circuits, glucose sensors, and displays (2018) · cites this paper as [14]
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Lin, P.-H., Nien, H.-H., & Li, B.-R. (2023) · Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev-anchem-091322-082930 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
- Authors
- Kim, J., Kim, M., Lee, M.-S., Kim, K., Ji, S., Kim, Y.-T., Park, J., Na, K., Bae, K.-H., Kyun Kim, H., Bien, F., Young Lee, C., & Park, J.-U.
- Affiliations
- Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (KR)
- Kyungpook National University (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Park, Jihun
- Bien, Franklin
- Park, Jang-Ung
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Communications
- Published
- 2017-04-27
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 14997-14997
- ISSN
- 2041-1723 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5414034
- OpenAlex
- W2609205766
- Cited by
- 951
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 62 · 2025: 95 · 2024: 104 · 2023: 133 · 2022: 111 · 2021: 140 · 2020: 112 · 2019: 103 · 2018: 70 · 2017: 21
- FWCI
- 37.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nature Communications (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Scholarworks@UNIST (Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- CooperVision
- National Research Foundation (2016R1A2B3013592, 2016R1A5A1009926)
- Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (1.150090.01)
- Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (2015M3A7B4050308, 10044410, 2016R1A5A1009926)
- Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (SC0970)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electrochemical sensors and biosensors
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
- Keywords
- intraocular pressure measurement, multifunctional biosensors
- MeSH terms
- Wearable Electronic Devices, Animals, Cattle, Contact Lenses, Hydrophilic, Eye, Glaucoma, Glucose, Humans, Intraocular Pressure, Monitoring, Physiologic, Rabbits, Sensitivity and Specificity, Tears, Vision, Ocular, Biosensing Techniques
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