The DOI matches its Crossref record; 81 of the 81 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Toward Practical High‐Energy‐Density Lithium–Sulfur Pouch Cells: A Review
Abstract
Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries promise great potential as high‐energy‐density energy‐storage devices due to their ultrahigh theoretical energy density of 2600 Wh kg−1. Evaluation and analysis on practical Li–S pouch cells are essential for achieving actual high energy density under working conditions and affording developing directions for practical applications. This review aims to afford a comprehensive overview of high‐energy‐density Li–S pouch cells regarding 7 years of development and to point out further research directions. Key design parameters to achieve actual high energy density are addressed first, to define the research boundaries distinguished from coin‐cell‐level evaluation. Systematic analysis of the published literature and cutting‐edge performances is then conducted to demonstrate the achieved progress and the gap toward practical applications. Following that, failure analysis as well as promotion strategies at the pouch cell level are, respectively, discussed to reveal the unique working and failure mechanism that shall be accordingly addressed. Finally, perspectives toward high‐performance Li–S pouch cells are presented regarding the challenges and opportunities of this field.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Armand, M., & Tarascon, J.-M. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/451652a · Cited by 19,612
Electrical energy storage for the grid: A battery of choices
Dunn, B., Kamath, H., & Tarascon, J.-M. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1212741 · Cited by 15,072
Towards greener and more sustainable batteries for electrical energy storage
Larcher, D., & Tarascon, J.-M. (2015) · Nature Chemistry · doi:10.1038/nchem.2085 · Cited by 7,872
Reviving the lithium metal anode for high-energy batteries
Lin, D., Liu, Y., & Cui, Y. (2017) · Nature Nanotechnology · doi:10.1038/nnano.2017.16 · Cited by 6,763
A highly ordered nanostructured carbon–sulphur cathode for lithium–sulphur batteries
Ji, X., Lee, K. T., & Nazar, L. F. (2009) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/nmat2460 · Cited by 5,988
Rechargeable Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Manthiram, A., Fu, Y., Chung, S.-H., Zu, C., & Su, Y.-S. (2014) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/cr500062v · Cited by 4,665
Pathways for practical high-energy long-cycling lithium metal batteries
Liu, J., Bao, Z., Cui, Y., Dufek, E. J., Goodenough, J. B., Khalifah, P., Li, Q., Liaw, B. Y., Liu, P., Manthiram, A., et al. (2019) · Nature Energy · doi:10.1038/s41560-019-0338-x · Cited by 3,412
Performance and cost of materials for lithium-based rechargeable automotive batteries
Schmuch, R., Wagner, R., Hörpel, G., Placke, T., & Winter, M. (2018) · Nature Energy · doi:10.1038/s41560-018-0107-2 · Cited by 3,233
Winter, M., Barnett, B., & Xu, K. (2018) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00422 · Cited by 2,193
Advances in lithium–sulfur batteries based on multifunctional cathodes and electrolytes
Pang, Q., Liang, X., Kwok, C. Y., & Nazar, L. F. (2016) · Nature Energy · doi:10.1038/nenergy.2016.132 · Cited by 2,167
Review on High‐Loading and High‐Energy Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Peng, H., Huang, J., Cheng, X., & Zhang, Q. (2017) · Advanced Energy Materials · doi:10.1002/aenm.201700260 · Cited by 1,746
Self-citationElectrically Rechargeable Zinc–Air Batteries: Progress, Challenges, and Perspectives
Fu, J., Cano, Z. P., Park, M. G., Yu, A., Fowler, M., & Chen, Z. (2017) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201604685 · Cited by 1,594
Self-citationMaterials for solar fuels and chemicals
Montoya, J. H., Seitz, L. C., Chakthranont, P., Vojvodic, A., Jaramillo, T. F., & Nørskov, J. K. (2017) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/nmat4778 · Cited by 1,566
Commercialization of Lithium Battery Technologies for Electric Vehicles
Zeng, X., Li, M., Abd El‐Hady, D., Alshitari, W., Al‐Bogami, A. S., Lu, J., & Amine, K. (2019) · Advanced Energy Materials · doi:10.1002/aenm.201900161 · Cited by 1,542
The synergetic effect of lithium polysulfide and lithium nitrate to prevent lithium dendrite growth
Li, W., Yao, H., Yan, K., Zheng, G., Liang, Z., Chiang, Y.-M., & Cui, Y. (2015) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms8436 · Cited by 1,540
Lithium–sulphur batteries with a microporous carbon paper as a bifunctional interlayer
Su, Y.-S., & Manthiram, A. (2012) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms2163 · Cited by 1,458
Powering Lithium–Sulfur Battery Performance by Propelling Polysulfide Redox at Sulfiphilic Hosts
Yuan, Z., Peng, H.-J., Hou, T.-Z., Huang, J.-Q., Chen, C.-M., Wang, D.-W., Cheng, X.-B., Wei, F., & Zhang, Q. (2016) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b04166 · Cited by 1,438
Self-citationZhang, B., Qin, X., Li, G. R., & Gao, X. P. (2010) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/c002639e · Cited by 1,280
Reviving Lithium‐Metal Anodes for Next‐Generation High‐Energy Batteries
Guo, Y., Li, H., & Zhai, T. (2017) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201700007 · Cited by 1,215
Barchasz, C., Molton, F., Duboc, C., Leprêtre, J.-C., Patoux, S., & Alloin, F. (2012) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ac2032244 · Cited by 946
History, Evolution, and Future Status of Energy Storage
Whittingham, M. S. (2012) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2012.2190170 · Cited by 873
A Perspective toward Practical Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Zhao, M., Li, B.-Q., Zhang, X.-Q., Huang, J.-Q., & Zhang, Q. (2020) · ACS Central Science · doi:10.1021/acscentsci.0c00449 · Cited by 858
Self-citationAn artificial hybrid interphase for an ultrahigh-rate and practical lithium metal anode
Hu, A., Chen, W., Du, X., Hu, Y., Lei, T., Wang, H., Xue, L., Li, Y., Sun, H., Yan, Y., et al. (2021) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/d1ee00508a · Cited by 716
Self-citationRevisiting the Role of Polysulfides in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Li, G., Wang, S., Zhang, Y., Li, M., Chen, Z., & Lu, J. (2018) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201705590 · Cited by 711
Self-citationZhao, C., Xu, G.-L., Yu, Z., Zhang, L., Hwang, I., Mo, Y.-X., Ren, Y., Cheng, L., Sun, C.-J., Ren, Y., et al. (2021) · Nature Nanotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41565-020-00797-w · Cited by 650
Enhanced Electrochemical Kinetics on Conductive Polar Mediators for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Peng, H., Zhang, G., Chen, X., Zhang, Z., Xu, W., Huang, J., & Zhang, Q. (2016) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201605676 · Cited by 649
Self-citationHagen, M., Hanselmann, D., Ahlbrecht, K., Maça, R., Gerber, D., & Tübke, J. (2015) · Advanced Energy Materials · doi:10.1002/aenm.201401986 · Cited by 636
Xue, W., Shi, Z., Suo, L., Wang, C., Wang, Z., Wang, H., So, K. P., Maurano, A., Yu, D., Chen, Y., et al. (2019) · Nature Energy · doi:10.1038/s41560-019-0351-0 · Cited by 591
Yang, X., Luo, J., & Sun, X. (2020) · Chemical Society Reviews · doi:10.1039/c9cs00635d · Cited by 520
Xia, C., Kwok, C. Y., & Nazar, L. F. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aas9343 · Cited by 480
Challenges and Key Parameters of Lithium-Sulfur Batteries on Pouch Cell Level
Dörfler, S., Althues, H., Härtel, P., Abendroth, T., Schumm, B., & Kaskel, S. (2020) · Joule · doi:10.1016/j.joule.2020.02.006 · Cited by 438
Solvent‐Mediated Li2S Electrodeposition: A Critical Manipulator in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Li, Z., Zhou, Y., Wang, Y., & Lu, Y. (2019) · Advanced Energy Materials · doi:10.1002/aenm.201802207 · Cited by 429
Pang, Q., & Nazar, L. F. (2016) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.5b07347 · Cited by 411
Strategies toward High‐Loading Lithium–Sulfur Battery
Hu, Y., Chen, W., Lei, T., Jiao, Y., Huang, J., Hu, A., Gong, C., Yan, C., Wang, X., & Xiong, J. (2020) · Advanced Energy Materials · doi:10.1002/aenm.202000082 · Cited by 402
Self-citationCheng, X.-B., Yan, C., Huang, J.-Q., Li, P., Zhu, L., Zhao, L., Zhang, Y., Zhu, W., Yang, S.-T., & Zhang, Q. (2017) · Energy Storage Materials · doi:10.1016/j.ensm.2016.09.003 · Cited by 394
Self-citationEncapsulated Monoclinic Sulfur for Stable Cycling of Li–S Rechargeable Batteries
Moon, S., Jung, Y. H., Jung, W. K., Jung, D. S., Choi, J. W., & Kim, D. K. (2013) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201303166 · Cited by 354
Radical or Not Radical: Revisiting Lithium–Sulfur Electrochemistry in Nonaqueous Electrolytes
Cuisinier, M., Hart, C. J., Balasubramanian, M., Garsuch, A., & Nazar, L. F. (2015) · Advanced Energy Materials · doi:10.1002/aenm.201401801 · Cited by 335
Semi-Immobilized Molecular Electrocatalysts for High-Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Zhao, C.-X., Li, X.-Y., Zhao, M., Chen, Z.-X., Song, Y.-W., Chen, W.-J., Liu, J.-N., Wang, B., Zhang, X.-Q., Chen, C.-M., et al. (2021) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.1c09107 · Cited by 307
Self-citationSteudel, R., & Chivers, T. (2019) · Chemical Society Reviews · doi:10.1039/c8cs00826d · Cited by 304
Redox Comediation with Organopolysulfides in Working Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
Zhao, M., Li, B.-Q., Chen, X., Xie, J., Yuan, H., & Huang, J.-Q. (2020) · Chem · doi:10.1016/j.chempr.2020.09.015 · Cited by 280
Self-citationRechargeable Batteries: Grasping for the Limits of Chemistry
Berg, E. J., Villevieille, C., Streich, D., Trabesinger, S., & Novák, P. (2015) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/2.0081514jes · Cited by 270
Anode Interface Engineering and Architecture Design for High‐Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Zhao, Y., Ye, Y., Wu, F., Li, Y., Li, L., & Chen, R. (2019) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201806532 · Cited by 261
Probing the Lithium–Sulfur Redox Reactions: A Rotating-Ring Disk Electrode Study
Lu, Y.-C., He, Q., & Gasteiger, H. A. (2014) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry C · doi:10.1021/jp500382s · Cited by 259
Three-Dimensional Growth of Li2S in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries Promoted by a Redox Mediator
Gerber, L. C. H., Frischmann, P. D., Fan, F. Y., Doris, S. E., Qu, X., Scheuermann, A. M., Persson, K., Chiang, Y.-M., & Helms, B. A. (2016) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b04189 · Cited by 255
Zhang, L., Ling, M., Feng, J., Mai, L., Liu, G., & Guo, J. (2018) · Energy Storage Materials · doi:10.1016/j.ensm.2017.09.001 · Cited by 251
Sparingly Solvating Electrolytes for High Energy Density Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Cheng, L., Curtiss, L. A., Zavadil, K. R., Gewirth, A. A., Shao, Y., & Gallagher, K. G. (2016) · ACS Energy Letters · doi:10.1021/acsenergylett.6b00194 · Cited by 246
Zhang, G., Peng, H., Zhao, C., Chen, X., Zhao, L., Li, P., Huang, J., & Zhang, Q. (2018) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201810132 · Cited by 243
Self-citationPeng, H.-J., Huang, J.-Q., Liu, X.-Y., Cheng, X.-B., Xu, W.-T., Zhao, C.-Z., Wei, F., & Zhang, Q. (2017) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.6b12358 · Cited by 224
Self-citationV2O5 Polysulfide Anion Barrier for Long-Lived Li–S Batteries
Li, W., Hicks-Garner, J., Wang, J., Liu, J., Gross, A. F., Sherman, E., Graetz, J., Vajo, J. J., & Liu, P. (2014) · Chemistry of Materials · doi:10.1021/cm500575q · Cited by 217
Babu, G., Ababtain, K., Ng, K. Y. S., & Arava, L. M. R. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep08763 · Cited by 209
Zhang, X., Jin, Q., Nan, Y., Hou, L., Li, B., Chen, X., Jin, Z., Zhang, X., Huang, J., & Zhang, Q. (2021) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.202103470 · Cited by 190
Self-citationNanda, S., Bhargav, A., & Manthiram, A. (2020) · Joule · doi:10.1016/j.joule.2020.03.020 · Cited by 188
Wei, J., Zhang, X., Hou, L., Shi, P., Li, B., Xiao, Y., Yan, C., Yuan, H., & Huang, J. (2020) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202003012 · Cited by 184
Self-citationAn encapsulating lithium-polysulfide electrolyte for practical lithium–sulfur batteries
Hou, L., Zhang, X., Yao, N., Chen, X., Li, B., Shi, P., Jin, C., Huang, J., & Zhang, Q. (2022) · Chem · doi:10.1016/j.chempr.2021.12.023 · Cited by 184
Self-citationHow Far Away Are Lithium-Sulfur Batteries From Commercialization?
Zhu, K., Wang, C., Chi, Z., Ke, F., Yang, Y., Wang, A., Wang, W., & Miao, L. (2019) · Frontiers in Energy Research · doi:10.3389/fenrg.2019.00123 · Cited by 181
Dual redox mediators accelerate the electrochemical kinetics of lithium-sulfur batteries
Liu, F., Sun, G., Wu, H. B., Chen, G., Xu, D., Mo, R., Shen, L., Li, X., Ma, S., Tao, R., et al. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19070-8 · Cited by 179
Cell energy density and electrolyte/sulfur ratio in Li–S cells
Hagen, M., Fanz, P., & Tübke, J. (2014) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.04.018 · Cited by 177
In-Situ Assembled VS4 as a Polysulfide Mediator for High-Loading Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Luo, L., Li, J., Yaghoobnejad Asl, H., & Manthiram, A. (2020) · ACS Energy Letters · doi:10.1021/acsenergylett.0c00292 · Cited by 176
Thermal runaway routes of large-format lithium-sulfur pouch cell batteries
Huang, L., Lu, T., Xu, G., Zhang, X., Jiang, Z., Zhang, Z., Wang, Y., Han, P., Cui, G., & Chen, L. (2022) · Joule · doi:10.1016/j.joule.2022.02.015 · Cited by 171
Self-citationZhang, Q., Zhang, X., Yuan, H., & Huang, J. (2021) · Small Science · doi:10.1002/smsc.202100058 · Cited by 164
Self-citationWang, W., Yue, X., Meng, J., Wang, J., Wang, X., Chen, H., Shi, D., Fu, J., Zhou, Y., Chen, J., et al. (2019) · Energy Storage Materials · doi:10.1016/j.ensm.2018.08.010 · Cited by 159
Boosting High-Performance in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries via Dilute Electrolyte
Wu, F., Chu, F., Ferrero, G. A., Sevilla, M., Fuertes, A. B., Borodin, O. A., Yu, Y. M., & Yushin, G. N. (2020) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c01778 · Cited by 155
In Situ Observation and Electrochemical Study of Encapsulated Sulfur Nanoparticles by MoS2 Flakes
Tang, W., Chen, Z., Tian, B., Lee, H., Zhao, X., Fan, X., Fan, Y., Leng, K., Peng, C., Kim, M., et al. (2017) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.7b05371 · Cited by 154
Self-citationElectrochemical–Thermal Model of Pouch-type Lithium-ion Batteries
Ghalkhani, M., Bahiraei, F., Nazri, G., & Saif, M. (2017) · Electrochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2017.06.164 · Cited by 142
The Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde of lithium sulfur batteries
Bonnick, P., & Muldoon, J. (2020) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/d0ee02797a · Cited by 141
Intrinsic Shuttle Suppression in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries for Pouch Cell Application
Weller, C., Thieme, S., Härtel, P., et al. (2017) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/2.0981714jes · Cited by 122
Comparative Study of Ether-Based Electrolytes for Application in Lithium–Sulfur Battery
Carbone, L., Gobet, M. P., Peng, J., Devany, M., Scrosati, B., Greenbaum, S., & Hassoun, J. (2015) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.5b02160 · Cited by 116
In-Situ Measurement of Current Distribution in a Li-Ion Cell
Zhang, G., Shaffer, C. E., Wang, C., & Rahn, C. D. (2013) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/2.046304jes · Cited by 115
Zhao, C., Xu, G., Zhao, T. S., & Amine, K. (2020) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.202007159 · Cited by 110
Evaluation on a 400 Wh kg−1 lithium–sulfur pouch cell
Ye, G., Zhao, M., Hou, L.-P., Chen, W., Zhang, X., Li, B., & Huang, J. (2021) · Journal of Energy Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jechem.2021.07.010 · Cited by 98
Self-citationErhard, S. V., Osswald, P. J., Keil, P., Höffer, E., Haug, M., Noel, A., Wilhelm, J., Rieger, B., Schmidt, K., Kosch, S., et al. (2017) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/2.0551701jes · Cited by 97
Manipulating Sulfur Mobility Enables Advanced Li-S Batteries
Xue, W., Yu, D., Suo, L., Wang, C., Wang, Z., Xu, G., Xiao, X., Ge, M., Ko, M., Chen, Y., et al. (2019) · Matter · doi:10.1016/j.matt.2019.07.002 · Cited by 86
Selective Permeable Lithium‐Ion Channels on Lithium Metal for Practical Lithium–Sulfur Pouch Cells
Chen, P., Yan, C., Chen, P., Zhang, R., Yao, Y., Peng, H., Yan, L., Kaskel, S., & Zhang, Q. (2021) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.202101958 · Cited by 76
Recent advances in anion-derived SEIs for fast-charging and stable lithium batteries
Xiao, Y., Xu, R. L., Xu, L., Ding, J., & Huang, J. (2021) · Energy Materials · doi:10.20517/energymater.2021.17 · Cited by 75
Self-citationReactivity and Diffusivity of Li Polysulfides: A Fundamental Study Using Impedance Spectroscopy
Talian, S. D., Moškon, J., Dominko, R., et al. (2017) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.7b08317 · Cited by 72
Semi‐Flooded Sulfur Cathode with Ultralean Absorbed Electrolyte in Li–S Battery
Xie, Y. J., Pan, G., Jin, Q., Qi, X., Wang, T., Li, W., Xu, H., Zheng, Y., Li, S., Qie, L., et al. (2020) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.201903168 · Cited by 65
Scalable production of nitrogen-doped carbons for multilayer lithium-sulfur battery cells
Kensy, C., Härtel, P., Maschita, J., Dörfler, S., Schumm, B., Abendroth, T., Althues, H., Lotsch, B. V., & Kaskel, S. (2020) · Carbon · doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2020.01.037 · Cited by 62
Hwang, J., Kim, H. M., & Sun, Y. (2017) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/2.0131801jes · Cited by 49
Electrolyte decomposition and gas evolution in a lithium-sulfur cell upon long-term cycling
Schneider, H., Weiss, T. M., Scordilis‐Kelley, C., Maeyer, J., Leitner, K., Peng, H.-J., Schmidt, R., & Tomforde, J. (2017) · Electrochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2017.05.034 · Cited by 38
Liu, Y., Barnscheidt, Y., Peng, M., Bettels, F., Li, T., He, T., Ding, F., & Zhang, L. (2021) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202101182 · Cited by 36
Shi, Z., Wei, J., Xu, H., Wang, L., Yue, H., Cao, Z., Dong, H., Yin, Y., & Yang, S. (2019) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2019.122353 · Cited by 15
Cited by
Li-S Batteries: Challenges, Achievements and Opportunities
Raza, H., Bai, S., Cheng, J., Majumder, S., Zhu, H., Liu, Q., Zheng, G., Li, X., & Chen, G. (2023) · Electrochemical Energy Reviews · doi:10.1007/s41918-023-00188-4 · Cited by 406
Cathode Kinetics Evaluation in Lean-Electrolyte Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Chen, Z.-X., Cheng, Q., Li, X.-Y., Li, Z., Song, Y.-W., Sun, F., Zhao, M., Zhang, X.-Q., Li, B.-Q., & Huang, J.-Q. (2023) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.3c02786 · Cited by 279
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Chen, Z., Zhao, M., Hou, L., Zhang, X., Li, B., & Huang, J.
- Venue
- Advanced Materials
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2022-07-27
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 35
- Pages
- e2201555-e2201555
- ISSN
- 0935-9648 (ISSN-L)
- 1521-4095
- OpenAlex
- W4224928156
- Cited by
- 282
- References
- 81
- FWCI
- 16.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.