The Balance Effect of π–π Electronic Coupling on NIR‐II Emission and Photodynamic Properties of Highly Hydrophobic Conjugated Photosensitizers
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Deep NIR organic phototheranostic molecules generally have large π‐conjugation structures and show highly hydrophobic properties, thus, forming strong π–π stacking in the aqueous medium, which will affect the phototheranostic performance. Herein, an end‐group strategy is developed to lift the performance of NIR‐II emitting photosensitizers. Extensive characterizations reveal that the hydrogen‐bonding interactions of the hydroxyl end group can induce a more intense π–π electronic coupling than the chlorination‐mediated intermolecular forces. The results disclose that π–π stacking will lower fluorescence quantum yield but significantly benefit the photodynamic therapy (PDT) efficiency. Accordingly, an asymmetrically substituted derivative (BTIC‐δ OH‐2Cl) is developed, which shows balanced phototheranostic properties with excellent PDT efficiency (14.6 folds of ICG) and high NIR‐II fluorescence yield (2.27%). It proves the validity of the end‐group strategy on controlling the π–π interactions and rational tuning the performance of NIR‐II organic phototheranostic agents.
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Most available NIR-II fluorophores are prone to aggregation-caused quenching in practical applications, which typically reduces photoluminescence quantum yields to below 2%.
“However, these NIR-II fluorophores are prone to aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) in practical applications16–19, which typically reduces ΦPL values to below 2% (Table S1).”
From Alleviating NIR-II emission quenching in ring-fused fluorophore via manipulating dimer populations for superior fluorescence imaging (2025) · cites this paper as [16]
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- Authors
- Zhu, Y., Lai, H., Gu, Y., Wei, Z., Chen, L., Lai, X., Han, L., Tan, P., Pu, M., Xiao, F., He, F., & Tian, L.
- Affiliations
- Harbin Institute of Technology (CN)
- Southern University of Science and Technology (CN)
- Corresponding author
- He, Feng
- Tian, Leilei
- Venue
- Advanced Science
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2023-12-28
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- e2307569-e2307569
- ISSN
- 2198-3844 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10853711
- OpenAlex
- W4390410414
- Cited by
- 36
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 2.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Advanced Science (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (51973089, 22225504, 21975115)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Luminescence and Fluorescent Materials
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Nanoplatforms for cancer theranostics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Photodynamic Therapy Research Studies
- Keywords
- NIR-II fluorescence, photodynamic therapy, photosensitizers, π-π stacking, end-group engineering, hydrogen bonding, chlorination, fluorescence quantum yield, phototheranostics
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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