Multiple myeloma: 2011 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management

Rajkumar, S. Vincent

doi:10.1002/ajh.21913

Cited by 152Multiple Myeloma Research and TreatmentsBone health and treatmentsLymphoma Diagnosis and Treatment

Multiple myeloma: 2011 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management

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Rajkumar, S. Vincent·2011·American Journal of Hematology

DOI 10.1002/ajh.21913

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Abstract

Disease overview: Multiple myeloma is malignant plasma‐cell disorder that accounts for ∼∼10% of all hematologic malignancies. Diagnosis: The diagnosis requires (1) 10% or more clonal plasma cells on bone marrow examination or a biopsy‐proven plasmacytoma plus (2) evidence of end‐organ damage felt to be related to the underlying plasma cell disorder. Risk stratification: Patients with 17p deletion, t(4;14), t(14;16), t(14;20), and karyotypic deletion 13 or hypodiploidy are considered to have high‐risk myeloma. All others are considered to have standard‐risk disease. Risk‐adapted therapy: Standard‐risk patients are treated with nonalkylator‐based therapy such as lenalidomide plus low‐dose dexamethasone (Rd) followed by autologous stem‐cell transplantation (ASCT). If patients are tolerating the induction regimen treatment well, an alternative strategy is to continue initial therapy after stem‐cell collection, reserving ASCT for first relapse. High‐risk patients are treated with a bortezomib‐based induction followed by ASCT and then bortezomib‐based maintenance. Patients not eligible for ASCT can be treated with Rd for standard risk disease or a bortezomib‐based regimen if high‐risk features are present. To reduce toxicity, when using bortezomib, the once‐weekly dose is preferred; similarly, when using dexamethasone, the low‐dose approach (40 mg once a week) is preferred, unless there is a need for rapid disease control. Management of refractory disease: Patients with indolent relapse can be treated first with lenalidomide, bortezomib, or alkylators plus low‐dose corticosteroids. Patients with more aggressive relapse often require therapy with a combination of multiple active agents. The most promising new agents in development are pomalidomide and carfilizomib. Am. J. Hematol. 86:57–65, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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KRd instead of VRd can be used as initial therapy in patients with t(4;14), t(14;16), t(14;20), and those with ≥2 high-risk abnormalities based on phase 2 studies suggesting higher complete response rates and minimal residual disease negativity rates compared with historical results using VRd.
“KRd instead of VRd can be used as initial therapy in patients with t(4;14), t(14;16), t(14;20), and those with ≥2 high-risk abnormalities based on the results of phase 2 studies suggesting higher complete response (CR) rates and minimal residual disease negativity rates compared with historical results using VRd [28,30,31].”
From Epidemiology, Staging, and Management of Multiple Myeloma (2021) · cites this paper as [30]

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Rajkumar, S. V., Rosiñol, L., Hussein, M. A., Catalano, J. V., Wiktor-Jędrzejczak, W., Lucy, L. M., Olesnyckyj, M., Yu, Z., Knight, R., Zeldis, J. B., et al. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2007.14.1853 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Self-citation
Bortezomib plus dexamethasone as induction treatment prior to autologous stem cell transplantation in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: results of an IFM phase II study.
Harousseau, J., Attal, M., Leleu, X. P., Troncy, J., Pegourié, B., Stoppa, A., Hulin, C., Benboubker, L., Fuzibet, J., Renaud, M., et al. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Incorporating bortezomib into upfront treatment for multiple myeloma: early results of total therapy 3
Barlogie, B., Anaissie, E. J., van Rhee, F., Haessler, J., Hollmig, K. A., Pineda‐Roman, M., Cottler‐Fox, M., Mohiuddin, A., Alsayed, Y. M., Tricot, G. J. K., et al. (2007) · British Journal of Haematology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2007.06639.x · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Long-term follow-up of IgM monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance
Kyle, R. A., Therneau, T. M., Rajkumar, S. V., Remstein, E. D., Offord, J. R., Larson, D. R., Plevak, M. F., & Melton, L. J. (2003) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2003-03-0801 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
Self-citation
Pomalidomide (CC4047) Plus Low-Dose Dexamethasone As Therapy for Relapsed Multiple Myeloma
Lacy, M. Q., Hayman, S. R., Gertz, M. A., Dispenzieri, A., Buadi, F., Kumar, S., Greipp, P. R., Lust, J. A., Russell, S. J., Dingli, D., et al. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2009.23.6802 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Self-citation
POEMS syndrome
Dispenzieri, A. A. (2007) · Blood Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.blre.2007.07.004 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Phase III Study of the Value of Thalidomide Added to Melphalan Plus Prednisone in Elderly Patients With Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma: The HOVON 49 Study
Wijermans, P., Schaafsma, M. R., Termorshuizen, F., Ammerlaan, R., Wittebol, S. H., Sinnige, H. A. M., Zweegman, S., Kooy, M. V. M., van der Griend, R., Lokhorst, H. M., et al. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2009.26.1610 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Melphalan and prednisone plus thalidomide or placebo in elderly patients with multiple myeloma.
Waage, A., Gimsing, P., Fayers, P., Abildgaard, N., Ahlberg, L., Björkstrand, B., Carlson, K., Dahl, I., Forsberg, K., Gulbrandsen, N., et al. (2010) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2009-08-237974 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Mobilization in myeloma revisited: IMWG consensus perspectives on stem cell collection following initial therapy with thalidomide-, lenalidomide-, or bortezomib-containing regimens
Kumar, S. K., Giralt, S. A., Stadtmauer, E. A., Harousseau, J. L., Palumbo, A., Bensinger, W., Comenzo, R. L., Lentzsch, S., Munshi, N. C., Niesvizky, R., et al. (2009) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2009-04-205013 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Self-citation
Patterns of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and multiple myeloma in various ethnic/racial groups: support for genetic factors in pathogenesis
Landgren, O., & Weiss, B. M. (2009) · Leukemia · doi:10.1038/leu.2009.134 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
International myeloma working group (IMWG) consensus statement and guidelines regarding the current status of stem cell collection and high-dose therapy for multiple myeloma and the role of plerixafor (AMD 3100)
Giralt, S. A., Stadtmauer, E. A., Harousseau, J., Palumbo, A. P., Bensinger, W., Comenzo, R. L., Kumar, S. K., Munshi, N. C., Dispenzieri, A. A., Kyle, R. A., et al. (2009) · Leukemia · doi:10.1038/leu.2009.127 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Self-citation
SOLITARY PLASMACYTOMA OF BONE AND EXTRAMEDULLARY PLASMACYTOMA
Dimopoulos, M. A., Kiamouris, C., & Moulopoulos, L. A. (1999) · Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0889-8588(05)70124-6 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Elimination of the Need for Urine Studies in the Screening Algorithm for Monoclonal Gammopathies by Using Serum Immunofixation and Free Light Chain Assays
Katzmann, J. A., Dispenzieri, A. A., Kyle, R. A., Snyder, M. R., Plevak, M. F., Larson, D. R., Abraham, R. S., Lust, J. A., Melton, L. J., & Rajkumar, S. V. (2006) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.4065/81.12.1575 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Self-citation
Multiple Myeloma: Diagnosis and Treatment
Rajkumar, S. V., & Kyle, R. A. (2005) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.4065/80.10.1371 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Self-citation
Treatment of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma based on Mayo Stratification of Myeloma and Risk-adapted Therapy (mSMART): consensus statement.
Dispenzieri, A., Rajkumar, S., Gertz, M., Fonseca, R., Lacy, M., Bergsagel, P., Kyle, R., Greipp, P., Witzig, T., Reeder, C., et al. (2007) · Mayo Clinic proceedings · doi:10.4065/82.3.323 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Self-citation
Incidence of multiple myeloma in Olmsted County, Minnesota
Kyle, R. A., Therneau, T. M., Rajkumar, S. V., Larson, D. R., Plevak, M. F., & Melton, L. J. (2004) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.20652 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Self-citation
Lenalidomide and high-dose dexamethasone compared with dexamethasone as initial therapy for multiple myeloma: a randomized Southwest Oncology Group trial (S0232)
Zonder, J. A., Crowley, J. J., Hussein, M. A., Bolejack, V., Moore, D. F., Whittenberger, B. F., Abidi, M. H., Durie, B. G. M., & Barlogie, B. (2010) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2010-08-303487 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance, Waldenström Macroglobulinemia, AL Amyloidosis, and Related Plasma Cell Disorders: Diagnosis and Treatment
Rajkumar, S. V., Dispenzieri, A. A., & Kyle, R. A. (2006) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.4065/81.5.693 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Self-citation
Improved survival of patients with multiple myeloma after the introduction of novel agents and the applicability of the International Staging System (ISS): an analysis of the Greek Myeloma Study Group (GMSG)
Kastritis, E., Zervas, K., Symeonidis, A. S., Terpos, E., Delimbassi, S., Anagnostopoulos, N. I., Michali, E., Zomas, A., Katodritou, E., Gika, D., et al. (2009) · Leukemia · doi:10.1038/leu.2008.402 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Long-term Results of Response to Therapy, Time to Progression, and Survival With Lenalidomide Plus Dexamethasone in Newly Diagnosed Myeloma
Lacy, M. Q., Gertz, M. A., Dispenzieri, A. A., Hayman, S. R., Geyer, S. M., Kabat, B., Zeldenrust, S. R., Kumar, S. K., Greipp, P. R., Fonseca, R., et al. (2007) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.4065/82.10.1179 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Self-citation
International Myeloma Working Group guidelines for the management of multiple myeloma patients ineligible for standard high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplantation
Palumbo, A. P., Sezer, O., Kyle, R. A., Miguel, J. F. S., Orlowski, R. Z., Moreau, P., Niesvizky, R., Morgan, G. J., Comenzo, R. L., Sonneveld, P., et al. (2009) · Leukemia · doi:10.1038/leu.2009.122 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
VTD combination therapy with bortezomib–thalidomide–dexamethasone is highly effective in advanced and refractory multiple myeloma
Pineda-Roman, M., Zangari, M., van Rhee, F., Anaissie, E., Szymonifka, J., Hoering, A., Petty, N., Crowley, J., Shaughnessy, J., Epstein, J., et al. (2008) · Leukemia · doi:10.1038/leu.2008.99 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Effect of lenalidomide therapy on mobilization of peripheral blood stem cells in previously untreated multiple myeloma patients
Mazumder, A., Kaufman, J., Niesvizky, R., Lonial, S., Vesole, D., & Jagannath, S. (2008) · Leukemia · doi:10.1038/sj.leu.2405035 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Management of multiple myeloma: a systematic review and critical appraisal of published studies
Kumar, A., Loughran, T., Alsina, M., Durie, B. G., & Djulbegovic, B. (2003) · The Lancet Oncology · doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(03)01077-5 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Total Therapy 3 for multiple myeloma: prognostic implications of cumulative dosing and premature discontinuation of VTD maintenance components, bortezomib, thalidomide, and dexamethasone, relevant to all phases of therapy
van Rhee, F., Szymonifka, J. D., Anaissie, E. J., Nair, B. P., Waheed, S., Alsayed, Y. M., Petty, N. M., Shaughnessy, J. D., Hoering, A., Crowley, J. J., et al. (2010) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2010-01-264333 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
The molecular characterization and clinical management of multiple myeloma in the post-genome era
Zhou, Y., Barlogie, B., & Shaughnessy, J. D. (2009) · Leukemia · doi:10.1038/leu.2009.160 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Benefit of Complete Response in Multiple Myeloma Limited to High-Risk Subgroup Identified by Gene Expression Profiling
Haessler, J., Shaughnessy, J. D., Zhan, F., Crowley, J. J., Epstein, J., van Rhee, F., Anaissie, E. J., Pineda‐Roman, M., Zangari, M., Hollmig, K. A., et al. (2007) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-0527 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Is the international staging system superior to the Durie–Salmon staging system? A comparison in multiple myeloma patients undergoing autologous transplant
Hari, P. N., Zhang, M.-J., Roy, V, Pérez, W. S., Bashey, A., To, L. B., Elfenbein, G., Freytes, C. O., Gale, R. P., Gibson, J., et al. (2009) · Leukemia · doi:10.1038/leu.2009.61 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Treatment of newly diagnosed myeloma
Palumbo, A., & Rajkumar, S. V. (2008) · Leukemia · doi:10.1038/leu.2008.325 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Self-citation
Transplantation for multiple myeloma: who, when, how often?
(2003) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2003-01-0073 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Immunoglobulin M Monoclonal Gammopathies of Undetermined Significance and Indolent Waldenström's Macroglobulinemia Recognize the Same Determinants of Evolution Into Symptomatic Lymphoid Disorders: Proposal for a Common Prognostic Scoring System
Baldini, L., Goldaniga, M. C., Guffanti, A., Broglia, C. M., Cortelazzo, S., Rossi, A., Morra, E., Colombi, M., Callea, V., Pogliani, E., et al. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2005.06.147 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Phase III intergroup study of lenalidomide versus placebo maintenance therapy following single autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) for multiple myeloma (MM): CALGB 100104.
McCarthy, P., Owzar, K., Anderson, K. C., Hofmeister, C. C., Hassoun, H., Hurd, D. D., Stadtmauer, E. A., Giralt, S., Hárs, V., Linker, C. A., et al. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2010.28.15_suppl.8017 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Many facets of bortezomib resistance/susceptibility
Kumar, S. K., & Rajkumar, S. V. (2008) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2008-07-167767 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
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Bortezomib (Velcade®)-Thalidomide-Dexamethasone (VTD) vs Thalidomide-Dexamethasone (TD) in Preparation for Autologous Stem-Cell (SC) Transplantation (ASCT) in Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma (MM).
Cavo, M., Patriarca, F. F., Tacchetti, P., Galli, M., Perrone, G., Petrucci, M. T., Brioli, A., Bringhen, S., Pantani, L., Tosi, P., et al. (2007) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.v110.11.73.73 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Treatment of Myeloma: Cure vs Control
Rajkumar, S. V. (2008) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.4065/83.10.1142 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self-citation
Prognostic Validation of the International Classification of Immunoglobulin M Gammopathies: A Survival Advantage for Patients with Immunoglobulin M Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance?
Gobbi, P. G., Baldini, L., Broglia, C. M., Goldaniga, M. C., Comelli, M., Morel, P., Morra, E., Cortelazzo, S., Bettini, R., & Merlini, G. (2005) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-1899 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Rapid Control of Previously Untreated Multiple Myeloma with Bortezomib-Thalidomide-Dexamethasone Followed by Early Intensive Therapy.
Wang, M. L., Delasalle, K. B., Giralt, S. A., & Alexanian, R. (2005) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.v106.11.784.784 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Role of autologous and allogeneic stem cell transplantation in myeloma
Bensinger, W. (2009) · Leukemia · doi:10.1038/leu.2008.396 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Long-term follow-up of IgM monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance
Kyle, R. A., Therneau, T. M., Rajkumar, S. V., Offord, J. R., Larson, D. R., Plevak, M. F., & Melton, L. J. (2003) · Seminars in Oncology · doi:10.1053/sonc.2003.50062 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citation
Phase II Trial of Single Agent Bortezomib (VELCADE®) in Patients with Previously Untreated Multiple Myeloma (MM).
Richardson, P. G. G., Chanan-Khan, A. A., Schlossman, R. L., Munshi, N. C., Wen, P. Y., Briemberg, H., Kuter, D. J., Oaklander, A.-L., Lonial, S., Hassoun, H., et al. (2004) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.v104.11.336.336 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Acquisition of a multidrug-resistant phenotype with a proteasome inhibitor in multiple myeloma
Gutman, D., Morales, A. A., & Boise, L. H. (2009) · Leukemia · doi:10.1038/leu.2009.123 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Myeloma bone disease: Pathogenetic mechanisms and clinical assessment
Silvestris, F., Lombardi, L., Matteo, M. D., Bruno, A., & Dammacco, F. (2006) · Leukemia Research · doi:10.1016/j.leukres.2006.04.014 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
A Phase III Study to Determine the Efficacy and Safety of Lenalidomide in Combination with Melphalan and Prednisone (MPR) in Elderly Patients with Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma.
Palumbo, A. P., Dimopoulos, M. A., Delforge, M., Kropff, M. H., Foà, R., Yu, Z., Herbein, L., Mei, J. M., Jacques, C. J., & Catalano, J. V. (2009) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.v114.22.613.613 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
A Phase III Study of Double Autotransplantation Incorporating Bortezomib-Thalidomide-Dexamethasone (VTD) or Thalidomide-Dexamethasone (TD) for Multiple Myeloma: Superior Clinical Outcomes with VTD Compared to TD.
Cavo, M., Tacchetti, P., Patriarca, F. F., Petrucci, M. T., Pantani, L., Galli, M., Raimondo, F. D., Crippa, C., Bringhen, S., Offidani, M., et al. (2009) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.v114.22.351.351 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Primary therapy with single agent bortezomib as induction, maintenance and re-induction in patients with high-risk myeloma: results of the ECOG E2A02 trial
Dispenzieri, A. A., Jacobus, S. J., Vesole, D. H., Callandar, N., Fonseca, R., & Greipp, P. (2010) · Leukemia · doi:10.1038/leu.2010.129 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
A Prospective, Multicenter, Randomized, Trial of Bortezomib/Melphalan/Prednisone (VMP) Versus Bortezomib/Thalidomide/Prednisone (VTP) as Induction Therapy Followed by Maintenance Treatment with Bortezomib/Thalidomide (VT) Versus Bortezomib/Prednisone (VP) in Elderly Untreated Patients with Multiple Myeloma Older Than 65 Years.
Mateos, M., Oriol, A., Martínez‐López, J., Cibeira, M. T., Gutierrez, N. C., Terol, M. J., de Paz, R., García‐Laraña, J., Bengoechea, E., Martı́n, A., et al. (2009) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.v114.22.3.3 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Comparable Survival in Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma (MM) after VAD Induction with High Dose Therapy Using Melphalan 140mg/M2 + TBI 12 Gy (MEL+TBI) Versus Standard Therapy with VBMCP and No Benefit from Interferon (IFN) Maintenance: Final Clinical Results of Intergroup Trial S9321 in the Context of IFM 90 and MRC VII Trials.
Crowley, J. J., Fonseca, R., Greipp, P. R., McCoy, J., & Barlogie, B. (2004) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.v104.11.539.539 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Lenalidomide maintenance after transplantation for myeloma.
Attal, M., Cristini, C., Marit, G., Caillot, D., Facon, T. T. F., Hulin, C., Moreau, P., Mathiot, C., Avet‐Loiseau, H., Harousseau, J., et al. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2010.28.15_suppl.8018 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Lenalidomide, Bortezomib, and Dexamethasone in Patients with Relapsed or Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma (MM): Encouraging Response Rates and Tolerability with Correlation of Outcome and Adverse Cytogenetics in a Phase II Study.
Richardson, P. G. G., Jagannath, S., Jakubowiak, A. J., Lonial, S., Raje, N. S., Alsina, M., Ghobrial, I. M., Mazumder, A., Munshi, N. C., Vesole, D. H., et al. (2008) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.v112.11.1742.1742 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Stem cell collection in patients with de novo multiple myeloma treated with the combination of bortezomib and dexamethasone before autologous stem cell transplantation according to IFM 2005–01 trial
Moreau, P., Hulin, C., Marit, G., Caillot, D., Facon, T., Lenain, P., Berthou, C., Pégourié, B., Stoppa, A. M., Casassus, P., et al. (2010) · Leukemia · doi:10.1038/leu.2010.82 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Early harvest and late transplantation as an effective therapeutic strategy in multiple myeloma
Gertz, M. A., Lacy, M., Inwards, D., Chen, M., Pineda, A., Gastineau, D., Greipp, P., Lust, J., Tefferi, A., Witzig, T., et al. (1999) · Bone Marrow Transplantation · doi:10.1038/sj.bmt.1701559 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Reduced-intensity allogeneic transplantation for myeloma: reality bites
Stewart, A. K. (2009) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2008-12-173526 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Novel Three– and Four–Drug Combinations of Bortezomib, Dexamethasone, Cyclophosphamide, and Lenalidomide, for Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma: Encouraging Results From the Multi-Center, Randomized, Phase 2 EVOLUTION Study.
Kumar, S. K., Flinn, I. W., Hari, P., Callander, N. S., Noga, S. J., Stewart, A. K., Glass, J., Raje, N. S., Rifkin, R. M., Shi, H., et al. (2009) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.v114.22.127.127 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citation
Biochemical markers of bone turnover in diagnosis of myeloma bone disease
Dızdar, Ö., Barışta, İ., Kalyoncu, U., Karadağ, Ö., Hasçelik, G., Cila, A., Pinar, A., Celik, I., Kars, A., & Tekuzman, G. (2006) · American Journal of Hematology · doi:10.1002/ajh.20794 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Comparison of reduced-dose bortezomib plus thalidomide plus dexamethasone (vTD) to bortezomib plus dexamethasone (VD) as induction treatment prior to ASCT in de novo multiple myeloma (MM): Results of IFM2007-02 study.
Moreau, P., Facon, T. T. F., Attal, M., Doyen, C., Hulin, C., Marit, G., Garderet, L., Tiab, M., Avet‐Loiseau, H., & Harousseau, J. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2010.28.15_suppl.8014 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Bortezomib, Melphalan, Prednisone and Thalidomide (VMPT) Followed by Maintenance with Bortezomib and Thalidomide for Initial Treatment of Elderly Multiple Myeloma Patients.
Palumbo, A., Bringhen, S., Rossi, D., Ria, R., Offidani, M., Patriarca, F. F., Nozzoli, C., Levi, A., Guglielmelli, T., Benevolo, G., et al. (2009) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.v114.22.128.128 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Superiority of Double over Single Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation as First-Line Therapy for Multiple Myeloma.
Cavo, M., Cellini, C., Zamagni, E., Tosi, P., Cangini, D., Tacchetti, P., Vivo, A. D., Perrone, G., Lemoli, R. M., Tura, S., et al. (2004) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.v104.11.536.536 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Single Versus Tandem High Dose Therapy (HDT) Supported with Autologous Blood Stem Cell (ABSC) Transplantation Using Unselected or CD34-Enriched ABSC: Long-Term Results of a Two by Two Designed Randomized Trial in 225 Young Patients with Multiple Myeloma (MM). for the Group “Myelome-Autogreffe”, Caen, Creteil, Limoges, Paris, Strasbourg, France.
Fermand, J., Desseaux, K., & Marolleau, J. P. (2009) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.v114.22.2320.2320 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
A Phase III Study of Enoxaparin vs Aspirin vs Low-Dose Warfarin as Thromboprophylaxis for Newly Diagnosed Myeloma Patients Treated with Thalidomide Based-Regimens.
Palumbo, A., Cavo, M., Bringhen, S., Cavalli, M. M., Patriarca, F. F., Rossi, D., Tacchetti, P., Pescosta, N., Crippa, C., Galli, M., et al. (2009) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.v114.22.492.492 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Melphalan and Prednisone (MP) Versus Melphalan, Prednisone and Thalidomide (MPT) as Initial Therapy for Previously Untreated Elderly and/or Transplant Ineligible Patients with Multiple Myeloma: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
Kapoor, P., Rajkumar, S. V., Dispenzieri, A. A., Lacy, M. Q., Dingli, D., Kyle, R. A., Gertz, M. A., Greipp, P. R., Kumar, S. K., & Mandrekar, S. J. (2009) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.v114.22.615.615 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citation
Optimising bortezomib in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma
Rajkumar, S. V. (2010) · The Lancet Oncology · doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(10)70199-6 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citation
Evidence for Cytogenetic and Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization (FISH) Risk Stratification of Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma in the Era of Novel Therapies.
Kapoor, P., Fonseca, R., Rajkumar, S. V., Sinha, S., Gertz, M. A., Stewart, A. K., Bergsagel, P. L., Lacy, M. Q., Dingli, D., Ketterling, R. P., et al. (2009) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.v114.22.1802.1802 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citation
A clinical staging system for multiple myeloma correlation of measured myeloma cell mass with presenting clinical features, response to treatment, and survival
Durie, B. G. M., & Salmon, S. E. (1975) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/1097-0142(197509)36:3

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Multiple myeloma
Röllig, C., Knop, S. T., & Bornhäuser, M. (2014) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60493-1 · Cited by 610 · see citing works
Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals compromised immune microenvironment in precursor stages of multiple myeloma
Zavidij, O., Haradhvala, N. J., Mouhieddine, T. H., Sklavenitis-Pistofidis, R., Cai, S., Reidy, M., Rahmat, M., Flaifel, A., Ferland, B., Su, N. K., et al. (2020) · Nature Cancer · doi:10.1038/s43018-020-0053-3 · Cited by 374 · see citing works
Epidemiology, Staging, and Management of Multiple Myeloma
Padala, S. A., Barsouk, A., Barsouk, A., Rawla, P., Vakiti, A., Kolhe, R., Kota, V., & Ajebo, G. H. (2021) · Medical Sciences · doi:10.3390/medsci9010003 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Multiple Myeloma, Version 3.2021, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology
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The multiple oral presentations of multiple myeloma
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Diagnostic and Clinical Considerations in Concomitant Bone Marrow Involvement by Plasma Cell Myeloma and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia/Monoclonal B-Cell Lymphocytosis: A Series of 15 Cases and Review of Literature
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Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Multiple Myeloma without Cryopreservation
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Iron in Multiple Myeloma
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Proteasome Inhibition Is Partially Effective in Attenuating Pre-Existing Immunity against Recombinant Adeno-Associated Viral Vectors
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Icing oral mucositis: Oral cryotherapy in multiple myeloma patients undergoing autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant
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Impact of Genetic Abnormalities on the Prognoses and Clinical Parameters of Patients with Multiple Myeloma
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Phase I / II study of bortezomib‐melphalan‐prednisolone for previously untreated Japanese patients with multiple myeloma
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Portal hypertension and acute liver failure as uncommon manifestations of primary amyloidosis
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Retracted
European Medicines Agency review of ixazomib (Ninlaro) for the treatment of adult patients with multiple myeloma who have received at least one prior therapy
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Genomic profiling of plasma cell disorders in a clinical setting: integration of microarray and FISH, after CD138 selection of bone marrow
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The pharmacological basis for application of cannabidiol in cancer chemotherapy
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Discovery of potential novel CRBN modulators by virtual screening and bioassay
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Bortezomib with high dose melphalan conditioning for autologous transplant is safe and effective in patients with heavily pretreated and high risk multiple myeloma
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Synchronous Occurrence of Prostate Carcinoma and Multiple Myeloma: A Case Report
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Multiple Myeloma with Biclonal Gammopathy Accompanied by Prostate Cancer
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Lenalidomide (Revlimid), bortezomib (Velcade) and dexamethasone for heavily pretreated relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma
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Interactions between SNPs affecting inflammatory response genes are associated with multiple myeloma disease risk and survival
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A Case of Localized Amyloid Light-Chain Amyloidosis in the Small Intestine
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Heavy/light chain assay in the monitoring of multiple myeloma
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New Rising Infection: Human Herpesvirus 6 Is Frequent in Myeloma Patients Undergoing Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation after Induction Therapy with Bortezomib
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Quantitative analysis of CKS1B mRNA expression and copy number gain in patients with plasma cell disorders
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Myeloma cell morphology and morphometry in correlation with clinical stages and survival
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Retrospective analysis of 264 multiple myeloma patients
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Outcome of patients with systemic light chain amyloidosis with concurrent renal and cardiac involvement
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Utilizing BMP-2 muteins for treatment of multiple myeloma
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Incidental Discovery of a Testicular Plasmacytoma at Initial Presentation of Multiple Myeloma
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Imaging Features of Extramedullary, Relapsed, and Refractory Multiple Myeloma involving the Liver Across Treatment With Cyclophosphamide, Lenalidomide, Bortezomib, and Dexamethasone
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Autologous stem cell transplantation in multiple myeloma is not dead but alive and well
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TSCM-predominant allogeneic anti-BCMA CAR-T therapy for relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma: preclinical characterization and interim results from a phase 1 trial
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Ontology driven decision support systems for medical diagnosis - an interactive form for consultation in patients with plasma cell disease.
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Multiple myeloma: 2012 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management
Rajkumar, S. V. (2012) · American Journal of Hematology · doi:10.1002/ajh.22237 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
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Self-citation

Authors: Rajkumar, S. V.
Affiliations: Mayo Clinic (US)
Corresponding author: Rajkumar, S. Vincent
ORCID: Rajkumar, S. Vincent
Venue: American Journal of Hematology
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2010-12-22
Volume: 86
Issue: 1
Pages: 57-65
ISSN: 0361-8609 (ISSN-L)
1096-8652
DOI: 10.1002/ajh.21913
OpenAlex: W2121283512
Cited by: 152
References: 123
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 24
FWCI: 3.28
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: American Journal of Hematology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Multiple Myeloma Research and Treatments
Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Bone health and treatments
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Lymphoma Diagnosis and Treatment
Keywords: multiple myeloma, diagnosis, risk stratification, high-risk myeloma, lenalidomide, bortezomib, autologous stem cell transplantation, maintenance therapy, relapsed multiple myeloma, low-dose dexamethasone, 17p deletion, plasmacytoma, pomalidomide
MeSH terms: Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols, Humans, Multiple Myeloma, Risk Factors, Survival Rate

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Multiple myeloma: 2011 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management

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