The influence of physical characteristics on the resting energy expenditure of youth: A meta-analysis
Abstract
Objective: To examine the literature on resting energy expenditure (REE) of youth and determine the influence of age, sex, BMI, and body composition on REE. Methods: A literature search was conducted using PubMed, BIOSIS Previews, NTIS, EMBASE, MEDLINE, and Pascal databases for studies with data on resting metabolic rate, REE, resting oxygen uptake (or VO 2 ) in healthy children, youth, or adolescents (age = 1–18 years). Over 200 publications were identified; sixty‐one publications met criteria and were included in the meta‐analyses, resulting in 142 study population estimates (totaling 5,397 youth) of REE. Results: Pooled mean was 1414 kcal·day −1 with a significant and moderate‐to‐high between‐study heterogeneity [ Q (140) = 7912.42, P < 0.001; I 2 = 98.97%]. A significantly greater ( P < 0.001) pooled mean kcal·day −1 was estimated for studies with male participants (1519 kcal·day −1 ) comparing to studies with female participants (1338 kcal·day −1 ). Age, height, and body mass resulted in the highest R 2 of 86.4 for males and 83.9% for females. Fat free mass and body mass index (BMI) did not improve total R 2 . Conclusions: These data suggest that using a linear equation including age, height, and body mass to estimate REE based on kcal·day −1 is more accurate than estimates based on body mass kcal·kg −1 ·h −1 . Further, if kcal·kg −1 ·h −1 is used, including a quadratic component for the physical characteristics improves the predictive ability of the equation. Regardless of the metric, separate equations should be used for each sex.
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Resting metabolic rate changes across the lifespan, dramatically throughout adolescence.
“Since RMR changes across the lifespan (dramatically throughout adolescence16,17)”
From 2024 Adult Compendium of Physical Activities: A third update of the energy costs of human activities (2024) · cites this paper as [16]
Several factors can influence RMR and the energy expenditure of PA.
“Several factors can influence RMR and the EE of PA;38, 39, 40”
From 2024 Adult Compendium of Physical Activities: A third update of the energy costs of human activities (2024) · cites this paper as [40]
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Neuwald, N. V., Temple, J. L., & Epstein, L. H. (2026) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2026.103320
- Authors
- Herrmann, S. D., McMurray, R. G., Kim, Y., Willis, E. A., Kang, M., & McCurdy, T.
- Affiliations
- Sanford Research (US)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Texas Tech University (US)
- University of Kansas Medical Center (US)
- Middle Tennessee State University (US)
- Environmental Protection Agency (US)
- Corresponding author
- Herrmann, Stephen D.
- Venue
- American Journal of Human Biology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2016-11-30
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 3
- ISSN
- 1042-0533 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-6300
- OpenAlex
- W2559165249
- Cited by
- 27
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 0.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Human Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterology
- Keywords
- resting energy expenditure, youth, adolescents, children, sex differences, age, body mass index, body composition, fat-free mass, resting metabolic rate, energy expenditure prediction equations, allometric scaling
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Age Factors, Basal Metabolism, Body Composition, Child, Child, Preschool, Energy Metabolism, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Sex Factors, Body Mass Index
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