2024 Adult Compendium of Physical Activities: A third update of the energy costs of human activities
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: The Compendium of Physical Activities was published in 1993 to improve the comparability of energy expenditure values assigned to self-reported physical activity (PA) across studies. The original version was updated in 2000, and again in 2011, and has been widely used to support PA research, practice, and public health guidelines. METHODS: This 2024 update was tailored for adults 19-59 years of age by removing data from those ≥60 years. Using a systematic review and supplementary searches, we identified new activities and their associated measured metabolic equivalent (MET) values (using indirect calorimetry) published since 2011. We replaced estimated METs with measured values when possible. RESULTS: We screened 32,173 abstracts and 1507 full-text papers and extracted 2356 PA energy expenditure values from 701 papers. We added 303 new PAs and adjusted 176 existing MET values and descriptions to reflect the addition of new data and removal of METs for older adults. We added a Major Heading (Video Games). The 2024 Adult Compendium includes 1114 PAs (912 with measured and 202 with estimated values) across 22 Major Headings. CONCLUSION: This comprehensive update and refinement led to the creation of The 2024 Adult Compendium, which has utility across research, public health, education, and healthcare domains, as well as in the development of consumer health technologies. The new website with the complete lists of PAs and supporting resources is available at https://pacompendium.com.
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
The 2024 Adult Compendium of Physical Activities is the third update of the Compendium, providing standardized MET values for 1114 Specific Activity codes across 22 Major Headings for adults aged 19–59 years. It adds 303 new Specific Activity codes, increases measured MET coverage to 912 of 1114 activities (82%), and introduces a new Video games Major Heading.
Key findings
- The 2024 Adult Compendium contains 22 Major Headings and 1114 Specific Activity codes, compared with 821 Specific Activities in the 2011 Compendium.
- Measured MET values now cover 912 PAs (82%) versus 561 of 821 PAs (68%) in 2011; estimated METs comprise 18.5% of the Adult Compendium.
- The update added 303 new Specific Activity codes with measured METs and made 176 changes to MET values or Specific Activity descriptions from the 2011 Compendium.
- The systematic review identified 32,173 abstracts; after removing 10,868 duplicates, 21,137 abstracts were screened, 1507 full-text articles were reviewed, 701 articles were used for data extraction, and 2356 new PA energy expenditure values were incorporated.
Methods
- A research librarian conducted a systematic search for articles and abstracts published from January 2011 through March 2023 using PubMed, Embase, SPORTDiscus, and Scopus, with 22 separate keyword searches pairing Compendium Major Heading activity concepts with energy-cost terms.
- Articles were included if participants had a mean age of 19–59 years, PA energy cost was measured using indirect or direct calorimetry, and articles/abstracts were available in English; exclusions included resting/peak/maximal values only, disability restricting PA, estimated EE from heart rate monitors, motion sensors, or prediction equations, and pregnant or chronic disease participants.
- Data extraction covered participant age and EE data such as METs and VO2; values reported in other units were converted to standard METs using a standardized resting metabolic rate of 3.5 mL/kg/min, and the 2024 Compendium maintained the same 5-digit coding scheme with MET values rounded to 0, 3, 5, and 8.
Limitations
- The paper states that categorizing energy costs of water PAs such as surfing and scuba diving, or live sports such as boxing and American football, remains challenging due to limitations of existing measurement strategies.
- The paper states the 2024 Adult Compendium is intended for non-disabled adults and adults without significant health conditions affecting EE or metabolism, and is limited to adults 19–59 years of age.
- Evident from the text: the Compendium still relies on estimated METs for some Specific Activities, and the paper reports estimated values as 202 in Table 3 but as 207 in the strengths and limitations section, an internal inconsistency in the reported count.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
15 of 40 cited sources checked · 6 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Resting metabolic rate is comparatively lower in older adults.
“RMR is comparatively lower in older adults,20,21”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked - Interpretationcitation
The need for a new Video games Major Heading is based on significant research over the last 15 years that has evaluated a range of video games, from traditional seated handheld controller games to interactive gaming requiring upper body and lower body movement.
“The need for this additional grouping is based on significant research over the last 15 years that has evaluated a range of video games, from traditional seated handheld controller games27 to interactive gaming requiring upper body28 and lower body movement.29”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites [27] Jordan, 2011, Only lower limb controlled interactive computer gaming enables an effective increase in energy expenditure, Eur J Appl Physiol source
- cites [28] Wu, 2015, Energy expenditure and intensity in healthy young adults during Exergaming, Am J Health Behav source
- cites [29] Sanders, 2012, Physiologic responses, liking and motivation for playing the same video game on an active versus a traditional, non-active gaming system, Int J Exerc Sci source
- Interpretationreasoning
Collectively, the Youth Compendium, Adult Compendium, and Older Adult Compendium provide MET values for PAs across the lifespan.
“Collectively, the Youth Compendium,19 Adult Compendium, and Older Adult Compendium22 provide MET values for PAs across the lifespan.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked- cites [19] Butte, 2018, A Youth Compendium of Physical Activities: Activity codes and metabolic intensities, Med Sci Sports Exerc source
- cites [22] Willis, 2024, Older Adult Compendium of Physical Activities: Energy costs of human physical activities in adults over 60 years, J Sport Health Sci source
- Premisecitation
Significant variation in energy expenditure is observed within a game based on the difficulty level, the player's experience, and the effort involved.
“Additionally, significant variation in EE is observed within a game based on the difficulty level, the player's experience, and the effort involved.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites [27] Jordan, 2011, Only lower limb controlled interactive computer gaming enables an effective increase in energy expenditure, Eur J Appl Physiol source
- cites [28] Wu, 2015, Energy expenditure and intensity in healthy young adults during Exergaming, Am J Health Behav source
- cites [29] Sanders, 2012, Physiologic responses, liking and motivation for playing the same video game on an active versus a traditional, non-active gaming system, Int J Exerc Sci source
The Results (Gross Heart Rate and V̇O2; page not available) report a significant difference in oxygen consumption when Madden was played on Wii versus PS2, supporting variation between versions of the same game. But the Methods (Protocol; page not available) say all games were played at the least difficult setting, and the paper does not link energy expenditure to difficulty level or player experience. Its discussion of how vigorously participants might play is speculative, not an observed within-game effect of effort. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Several factors can influence RMR and the energy expenditure of PA.
“Several factors can influence RMR and the EE of PA;38, 39, 40”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites [38] Harris, 1918, A biometric study of human basal metabolism, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A source
The Abstract identifies age, weight, stature, sex, food intake, and muscular activity as factors relevant to basal metabolism or its measurement. It does not address factors that influence energy expenditure during physical activity, so that part of the sentence is unsupported by this source. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [39] Roubenoff, 2000, The effect of gender and body composition method on the apparent decline in lean mass-adjusted resting metabolic rate with age, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci source
- cites [40] Herrmann, 2017, The influence of physical characteristics on the resting energy expenditure of youth: A meta-analysis, Am J Hum Biol source
- Premisecitation
Browning et al. reported significantly higher energy expenditure (approximately 8%-15%) in women with obesity compared to women without obesity across multiple treadmill speeds and grades.
“For example, Browning et al.41 reported significantly higher EE (∼8%–15%) in women with obesity (age = 28.5 ± 7.6 years; body mass index = 33.9 ± 3.6 kg/m2) compared to women without obesity (age = 22.8 ± 3.6 years; body mass index = 21.6 ± 2.0 kg/m2) across multiple treadmill speeds and grades.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [41] Browning, 2013, Reiser 2nd RF. Obesity does not impair walking economy across a range of speeds and grades, J Appl Physiol (1985) source
The Results (page not available) report significantly higher gross metabolic rate in participants with obesity across all tested speeds and grades, but the analysis included both women and men rather than reporting this comparison specifically for women. The Results’ approximately 8%–15% figure refers to relative aerobic intensity, not energy expenditure; the Discussion (page not available) reports gross metabolic rate as 35%–50% higher. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Findingown data
Incorporating data from the systematic review added 303 new Specific Activity codes with measured METs.
“Incorporating data from the systematic review added 303 new Specific Activity codes with measured METs (Table 4).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
From the full-text articles, 2356 new PA energy expenditure values were incorporated into existing 5-digit Specific Activity codes or used to create new codes.
“From these full-text articles, 2356 new PA EE values were incorporated into existing 5-digit Specific Activity codes or used to create new codes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
Traditional seated handheld controller games are in code 22040 (seated, video game, handheld controller; 1.3 METs).
“For example, traditional seated handheld controller games are in the new code 22040 (seated, video game, handheld controller; 1.3 METs).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Estimated METs now comprise only 18.5% of the Adult Compendium.
“but they now comprise only 18.5% of the Adult Compendium.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The authors identified 67 articles that reported over 200 PAs combined into 8 Specific Activity codes.
“We identified 67 articles that reported over 200 PAs combined into 8 Specific Activity codes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The 2024 Adult Compendium provides 176 changes to MET values or Specific Activity descriptions from the 2011 Compendium.
“The 2024 Adult Compendium provides 176 changes to MET values or Specific Activity descriptions from the 2011 Compendium.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given
Most reviewed studies presented PA energy cost data as mL/kg/min or a standard MET using 3.5 mL/kg/min as the denominator.
“Most reviewed studies presented PA energy cost data as mL/kg/min or a standard MET using 3.5 mL/kg/min as the denominator.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The 2024 Adult Compendium is limited to MET values for adults 19-59 years of age.
“An additional 2024 iteration of the Compendium is limited to MET values for adults 19–59 years of age (Adult Compendium).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 26
- May combine two claims. 23
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationMET-minutes and MET-hours are often used to assess PA dose with various health outcomes.
“MET-minutes and MET-hours are often used to assess PA dose with various health outcomes.25”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [25] LaMonte, 2018, Physical activity and incidence of heart failure in postmenopausal women, JACC Heart Fail source
The Methods (Physical Activity Assessment; page unavailable) use MET-hours/week to measure physical activity, and the Results relate that measure to heart-failure outcomes. The paper does not establish that MET-minutes are often used or that these measures are used across various health outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationResting metabolic rate changes across the lifespan, dramatically throughout adolescence.
“Since RMR changes across the lifespan (dramatically throughout adolescence16,17)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [16] Herrmann, 2017, The influence of physical characteristics on the resting energy expenditure of youth: A meta-analysis, Am J Hum Biol source
- cites [17] Pfeiffer, 2018, Energy cost expression for a Youth Compendium of Physical Activities: Rationale for using age groups, Pediatr Exerc Sci source
The Introduction says resting energy expenditure per unit of body mass declines with age in children and is higher in children than adults. The Discussion gives a substantial basal metabolic rate difference between an 8-year-old and a 16-year-old. These passages support an age-related change, but they do not establish changes across the entire lifespan or specifically throughout adolescence. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationCombining questionnaires and device-based measures may support public health efforts to further quantify the dose-response of PA and sedentary behaviors for health outcomes, potentially leading to new device-based guidelines for PA and health and guidance for reducing sedentary time throughout the day.
“Combining questionnaires and device-based measures33 may support public health efforts to further quantify the dose-response of PA and sedentary behaviors for health outcomes, potentially leading to new device-based guidelines for PA and health and guidance for reducing sedentary time throughout the day.14,37”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim3 of 3 sources checked- cites [33] Colley, 2022, How sedentary are Canadian adults? It depends on the measure, Health Rep source
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [14] Bull, 2020, World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour, Br J Sports Med source
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [37] Gill, 2023, Potential impact of wearables on physical activity guidelines and interventions: Opportunities and challenges, Br J Sports Med source
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe Compendium has been used widely to support PA and health research and to anchor national and international PA guidelines.
“Since its inception, the Compendium has been used widely to support PA and health research9, 10, 11and to anchor national and international PA guidelines.12, 13, 14”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites [9] Jones, 1998, Prevalences of moderate physical activity recommended by the Surgeon General's Report in US adults: National Health Interview Survey, 1990, Arch Family Med
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [12] Piepoli, 2017, 2016 European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice, Int J Behav Med source
- cites [14] Bull, 2020, World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour, Br J Sports Med source
The Methods section describes the evidence reviews used to develop the WHO guidelines, but does not say the Compendium was used. Searches for “Compendium of Physical Activities” and MET-related guideline development found definitions of METs in the Introduction, not evidence that the Compendium anchored these or other guidelines. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationStudies consistently note differences in RMR based on age, sex, height, and body weight or body composition and recommend accounting for these factors to estimate RMR when measured RMR values are unavailable.
“Studies consistently note differences in RMR based on age, sex, height, and body weight or body composition and recommend accounting for these factors to estimate RMR when measured RMR values are unavailable to use as the denominator in computing METs (i.e., relative METs).38,39,42”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites [38] Harris, 1918, A biometric study of human basal metabolism, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A source
- cites [39] Roubenoff, 2000, The effect of gender and body composition method on the apparent decline in lean mass-adjusted resting metabolic rate with age, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci source
- cites [42] Byrne, 2005, Metabolic equivalent: One size does not fit all, J Appl Physiol (1985) source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationKozey et al. have proposed a corrected MET to adjust for individual differences in RMR using the Harris-Benedict RMR equation.
“Kozey et al.43 have proposed a corrected MET to adjust for individual differences in RMR using the Harris-Benedict RMR equation.38”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe authors reviewed 1507 full-text articles, resulting in 701 articles for data extraction.
“We reviewed 1507 full-text articles, resulting in 701 articles for data extraction.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataThe 2024 Adult Compendium maintains the same 5-digit coding scheme as previous versions.
“The 2024 Adult Compendium maintains the same 5-digit coding scheme that contains Major Headings (first 2 digits) and Specific Activity codes (last 3 digits), followed by their associated standard MET value and activity description (Table 1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataThe systematic review identified 32,173 abstracts.
“The systematic review identified 32,173 abstracts.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
FindingcitationGames with increased effort and complexity and body motion sensing games are assigned code 22200 (active video game, motion sensing game/using upper-body, light-to-moderate effort; 3.0 METs) or code 22360 (conditioning/exercise virtual reality fitness, vigorous-intensity; 9.8 METs).
“Games with increased effort and complexity and body motion sensing games are assigned Specific Activity code 22200 (active video game, motion sensing game/using upper-body, light-to-moderate effort; 3.0 METs) or Specific Activity code 22360 (conditioning/exercise virtual reality fitness, vigorous-intensity; 9.8 METs).31”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [31] Hu, 2021, Physiological and metabolic requirements, and user-perceived exertion of immersive virtual reality exergaming incorporating an adaptive cable resistance system: An exploratory study, Games Health J source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingnone givenThe authors added 1 new Major Heading (Video games).
“We added 1 new Major Heading (Video games).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe 2024 Adult Compendium contains 22 Major Headings and 1114 Specific Activity codes.
“The 2024 Adult Compendium contains 22 Major Headings and 1114 Specific Activity codes (Table 2)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataAfter removing duplicates across search databases, 21,137 abstracts were available for screening and review.
“After removing duplicates across search databases (n = 10,868 duplicates), 21,137 abstracts were available for screening and review.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn the 2024 update, 912 PAs (82%) have measured MET values compared to 561 of the 821 PAs (68%) in the 2011 Compendium.
“In this update, 912 PAs (82 %) have measured MET values compared to 561 of the 821 PAs (68%) in the 2011 Compendium (Table 3).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingnone givenThe authors replaced some estimated MET values in the 2011 Compendium with measured values and transferred METs for adults ≥60 years old to the Older Adult Compendium.
“We also replaced some estimated MET values in the 2011 Compendium with measured values and transferred METs for adults ≥60 years old to the Older Adult Compendium.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingnone givenThe 2024 Adult Compendium presents the energy costs of 1114 physical activities, including inactivity, leisure, transportation, sports and conditioning, and in-home and occupational settings.
“The 2024 Adult Compendium of Physical Activities presents the energy costs of 1114 PAs including inactivity, leisure, transportation, sports and conditioning, and in-home and occupational settings.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingnone givenData from over 2000 PAs were identified and included to expand Specific Activity codes, add a new Major Heading, and reduce the frequency of estimated values from 260 in the 2011 update to 207 in this current update.
“Data from over 2000 PAs were identified and included to expand Specific Activity codes, add a new Major Heading, and reduce the frequency of estimated values from 260 in the 2011 update to 207 in this current update.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataA research librarian conducted a comprehensive, systematic search for articles and abstracts published since the 2011 Compendium update, from January 2011 through March 2023, using 4 databases and 22 separate searches.
“A research librarian conducted a comprehensive, systematic search for articles and abstracts published since the 2011 Compendium update,6 specifically from January 2011 through March 2023. Searches were conducted using 4 databases (PubMed, Embase, SPORTDiscus (EBSCOhost), and Scopus). The librarian conducted 22 separate searches”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [6] Ainsworth, 2011, 2011 Compendium of Physical Activities: A second update of codes and MET values, Med Sci Sports Exerc source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe first update, published in 2000, included approximately 10 years of new data and added 2 Major Headings (Religious activities and Volunteer activities).
“The first update, published in 2000, included ∼10 years of new data and added 2 Major Headings (Religious activities and Volunteer activities).5”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [5] Ainsworth, 2000, Compendium of physical activities: An update of activity codes and MET intensities, Med Sci Sports Exerc source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe 2018 U.S. PA Guidelines recommend 150-300 min/week of moderate-intensity PA, 75 min/week of vigorous-intensity PA, or a combination of both.
“The 2018 U.S. PA Guidelines recommend 150–300 min/week of moderate-intensity PA, 75 min/week of vigorous-intensity PA, or a combination of both.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [26] 2018
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe Compendium provides a consistent MET value, based whenever possible on published studies of energy cost, for scoring PA questionnaires, allowing for improved comparability across studies.
“The Compendium provides a consistent MET value, based whenever possible on published studies of energy cost, for scoring PA questionnaires, allowing for improved comparability across studies.4”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [4] Ainsworth, 1993, Compendium of Physical Activities: Classification of energy costs of human physical activities, Med Sci Sports Exerc source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataData extraction was performed by one reviewer and checked for accuracy by a second reviewer.
“One reviewer (SDH, EAW, BEA, MH, or CLK) independently extracted participant age and EE data (e.g., METs, oxygen uptake (VO2, mL/kg/min)) for identified PAs. A second reviewer (SDH, EAW, or MH) checked the extracted data for accuracy.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe 2024 Adult Compendium supports efforts to quantify PA from self-report methods and provide context to device-based measures by expanding the range of available Specific Activity codes for sedentary behaviors and PAs.
“The 2024 Adult Compendium supports these efforts by expanding the range of available Specific Activity codes for sedentary behaviors and PAs, which can be used to quantify PA from self-report methods and provide context to device-based measures.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe Compendium has maintained relevance for over 30 years, partly due to its evolution as a living document with an expanded and enhanced Specific Activity code list.
“The Compendium has maintained relevance for over 30 years, partly due to its evolution as a living document with an expanded and enhanced Specific Activity code list.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenThe intentional separation allows a focused Older Adult Compendium to better reflect this age group's distinctive RMR characteristics.
“This intentional separation allows a focused Older Adult Compendium to better reflect this age group's distinctive RMR characteristics.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe second update, published in 2011, added over 200 new Specific Activity codes and differentiated between measured MET values supported by published research (68% in 2011) and estimated MET values.
“The second update, published in 2011, added over 200 new Specific activities codes and differentiated between measured MET values supported by published research (68% in 2011) and estimated MET values.6”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [6] Ainsworth, 2011, 2011 Compendium of Physical Activities: A second update of codes and MET values, Med Sci Sports Exerc source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThis volume of PA is equivalent to approximately 500-1000 MET-min/week, which is sufficient to reduce the risks of morbidity and mortality.
“This volume of PA is equivalent to ∼500–1000 MET-min/week, which is sufficient to reduce the risks of morbidity and mortality.26”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [26] 2018
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationNintendo Wii boxing ranges from 2.5 METs during free play to over 8.0 METs for vigorous play using an Xbox 360.
“For example, Nintendo Wii boxing ranges from 2.5 METs during free play30 to over 8.0 METs for vigorous play using an Xbox 360.28”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [30] Naugle, 2019, Improving active gaming's energy expenditure in healthy adults using structured playing instructions for the Nintendo Wii and XBOX Kinect, J Strength Cond Res source
- cites [28] Wu, 2015, Energy expenditure and intensity in healthy young adults during Exergaming, Am J Health Behav source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenFor searches identifying fewer than 1000 articles, two reviewers independently screened all abstracts for eligibility and a third reviewer resolved conflicts.
“if the database searches identified <1000 articles for an individual search Major Heading (e.g., Music playing), 2 reviewers (SDH, EAW, TVB, MH, CLK, and/or JMS) independently screened all abstracts for eligibility and a third reviewer (SDH or EAW) resolved conflicts.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenThe review methodology was established prior to its initiation.
“The review methodology was established prior to its initiation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe 2024 Adult Compendium is the third update of the Compendium of Physical Activities, first published in 1993 and previously updated in 2000 and 2011.
“The 2024 Adult Compendium of Physical Activities is the third update of the Compendium of Physical Activities, first published in 1993 and previously updated in 2000 and 2011.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [4] Ainsworth, 1993, Compendium of Physical Activities: Classification of energy costs of human physical activities, Med Sci Sports Exerc source
- cites [5] Ainsworth, 2000, Compendium of physical activities: An update of activity codes and MET intensities, Med Sci Sports Exerc source
- cites [6] Ainsworth, 2011, 2011 Compendium of Physical Activities: A second update of codes and MET values, Med Sci Sports Exerc source
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe Compendium can serve as a starting point for prescribing individual activities but does not reflect precise individual energy expenditure values.
“thus, the Compendium can serve as a starting point for prescribing individual activities but does not reflect precise individual EE values.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationreasoningDue to the variation in RMR between individuals, relative, standard, and corrected METs understandably differ.
“Due to the variation in RMR between individuals, relative, standard, and corrected METs understandably differ.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationnone givenCollectively, the revisions in the 2024 Adult Compendium provide standard MET values for adults to assist researchers, practitioners, and public health specialists in assigning and describing intensity to a wide range of PAs commonly performed in a variety of settings, including inactivity, leisure, transportation, sports and conditioning, and in-home and occupational settings.
“Collectively, the revisions in the 2024 Adult Compendium provide standard MET values for adults to assist researchers, practitioners, and public health specialists in assigning and describing intensity to a wide range of PAs commonly performed in a variety of settings, including inactivity, leisure, transportation, sports and conditioning, and in-home and occupational settings.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationnone givenThe 2024 Adult Compendium builds upon that utility as a standardized and comprehensive source of broadly described Major Headings and the energy expenditure costs associated with 1114 Specific Activity codes.
“The 2024 Adult Compendium builds upon that utility as a standardized and comprehensive source of broadly described Major Headings and the EE costs associated with 1114 Specific Activity codes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationnone givenThe 2024 Adult Compendium is intended for use in non-disabled adults and adults without significant health conditions that affect energy expenditure or metabolism.
“As with prior versions of the Compendium, the 2024 Adult Compendium is intended for use in non-disabled adults and adults without significant health conditions that affect EE or metabolism (e.g., heart failure patients, patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pregnant women, adults with Down Syndrome).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenFor over 30 years, the Compendium has set a global standard used to identify the energy expenditure cost of Specific Activity codes ranging from sedentary behaviors to an abundance of PA variations.
“For over 30 years, the Compendium has set a global standard used to identify the EE cost of Specific Activity codes ranging from sedentary behaviors to an abundance of PA variations.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationnone givenCategorizing the energy costs of water PAs like surfing and scuba diving or during live sports activities such as boxing, American football, and other team sports continues to be a challenge due to the inherent limitations of existing measurement strategies.
“Categorizing the energy costs of water PAs like surfing and scuba diving or during live sports activities such as boxing, American football, and other team sports continues to be a challenge due to the inherent limitations of existing measurement strategies.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
Measured MET values are preferable to estimated MET values for the Compendium.
“continue to replace estimated MET values with measured MET values where available”
“We also replaced some estimated MET values in the 2011 Compendium with measured values”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Estimated activities are not 18.5% of the reported total
MinorTable 3 reports 202 estimated activities out of 1,114 total, which is about 18.13%, rather than 18.5%.
Reported 18.5 · recomputed 18.132855
“Estimated METs have been used when measured METs are unavailable for a Specific Activity (e.g., activities that are unmeasured or challenging to measure, such as surfing, diving, or wrestling), but they now comprise only 18.5% of the Adult Compendium.”
Two different counts of estimated values in 2024
MinorThe strengths and limitations section gives 207 estimated values for the current update, whereas Table 3 gives 202.
“reduce the frequency of estimated values from 260 in the 2011 update to 207 in this current update.”
“| 4 | 2024 | Adult Compendium | 22 | 1114 (912/202) |”
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Willis, E. A., Herrmann, S. D., Hastert, M., Kracht, C. L., Barreira, T. V., Schuna, J. M., Cai, Z., Quan, M., Conger, S. A., Brown, W. J., et al. (2024) · Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2023.10.007 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
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“Exercise intensity, denoted by the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) 276 and METs, 277 ensures that the activity remains within a safe and effective range for the participant.”
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“While this method of reporting PA energy expenditure differs from reporting the energy expenditure of PAs as mL/kg/min in the Adult Compendium, 33 it acknowl-edges that the RMR of some wheelchair users may differ from able-bodied populations.”
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“In summary, low-intensity exercise is defined as corresponding to 1.8–2.9 METS, moderate intensity is defined as 3–6 METS and high-intensity exercise as > 6 METS [28].”
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“Exercise intensity was classified based on the 2024 Adult Compendium of Physical Activities [27], a reference providing standardized MET values for numerous physical activities.”
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“The intensity of speci fi c exercise modalities was coded according to the 2024 Adult Com-pendium of Physical Activities [33], a comprehensive resource that provides energy expenditure data for a wide range of daily and recreational activities.”
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“…was calculated on the basis of the exercise types described in the literature compared with the 2024 Adult Compendium of Physical Activities (Herrmann et al. 2024) to calculate the energy expenditure per minute (i.e., metabolic equivalent of task, MET) of the exercise, and then combined…”
InfluentialInfluencing factors of metabolic rates and their implications in thermal comfort research
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Volume and Intensity of Walking and Risk of Chronic Low Back Pain
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“[20].”
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“None of the articles described or mentioned any criteria used to categorize their activities, such as the measured metabolic equivalent (MET) proposed by Herrmann et al. 2024, to distinguish between activities like hiking, walking, or bushwalking.”
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“We removed activities classified as light intensity ( 3.0 metabolic equivalents, e.g., darts, bowls, shooting) [14] because they do not contribute to meeting the WHO physical activity guidelines.”
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“The intensity of each activity was measured with the corresponding metabolic equivalent of the task (MET), following the Physical Activity Compendium [14].”
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“47 Finally, we developed specific exercise prescriptions based on the identified effective dose range, with reference to standardized physical activity intensity classification tables for adults 29 and non-adults.”
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“In contrast, vigorous-intensity activities include running, treadmill running, functional training, CrossFit, aerobic gymnastics (spinning, step, and jump), tennis, basketball, soccer or futsal, high-intensity interval training, and team sports [33, 36].”
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“20 To measure the treatment effect, we used Hedges ’ g as the standardized mean difference (SMD).”
Khan, M. J., Fong, K. N. K., Wong, T. W. L., Tsang, W. W. N., Chen, C., Chan, W. C., & Winser, S. J. (2025) · European Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1007/s41999-025-01328-3 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
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“Weekly exercise doses (METs-min/week) were calculated by combining frequency, session duration, and assigned metabolic equivalent values (METs) [26], standardized according to the 2024 Adult Physical Activity Guidelines [27].”
Simple step counting captures comparable health information to complex accelerometer measurements
Fridolfsson, J., Raustorp, A., Börjesson, M., Ekblom‐Bak, E., Ekblom, Ö. B., & Arvidsson, D. (2025) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/joim.20081 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“However, three METs corresponded to a walking speed of 3–4 km/h [9–11], which has been defined as slow walking pace [12].”
InfluentialMusakka, E., Ylilauri, M. P., Jalanka, J., Karvonen, A. M., Täubel, M., Hantunen, S., Lehto, S. M., Pekkanen, J., Backman, K., Keski‐Nisula, L., et al. (2024) · Med · doi:10.1016/j.medj.2024.09.003 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
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“Codes for exercise intensity were derived from the 2024 Adult Compendium of Physical Activities 22 and the ACSM guidelines for exercise testing and prescription.”
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“In 41 of these 45 articles, the behaviors described were classified within the 22 main physical activities of the Compendium of Physical Activities for Adults [90].”
InfluentialLi, J., Zang, L., Hao, S., & Wang, H. (2025) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2025.1537937 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Feasibility and Utility of Multimodal Micro Ecological Momentary Assessment on a Smartwatch
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“We derived the list of common activities from the 2024 Adult Com-pendium of Physical Activities [37] and added in additional activities identified during our internal pilot testing.”
Callau, A. À., Pérez-Albert, Y., Farías-Torbidoni, E. I., Mas-Alòs, S., González, J. A., & Peris, M. G. (2025) · Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism · doi:10.1016/j.jort.2025.100893 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
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Brain Booster Buildings: Modelling Stair Use as a Daily Booster of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
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Chang, Y., Wang, H., Zhang, X., & Liu, H. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1708301 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Physiological Principles of Exercise
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Exercise-mediated epigenetic modifications in cardiovascular diseases.
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Typical everyday movements cause specific patterns in heart rate
Heidelbach, M. J., Cysarz, D., & Edelhäuser, F. (2024) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2024.1379739 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
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“The intensity of specific exercise types was determined using the 2024 Adult Compendium of Physical Activities (Herrmann et al. 2024), which provides codes for 1114 physical activities that cover a wide range of exercise types.”
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“This ordinal coding is consistent with standardized metabolic equivalent (MET) values from the Compendium of Physical Activities, which classify car use as very low intensity and walking or cycling as higher-intensity activities (Herrmann et al., 2024).”
Cardiovascular adaptation to training load in endurance athletes: a longitudinal study
Dausin, C., Carmona, S. R., Cauwenberghs, N., Bosscher, R. D., Ntalianis, E., Kuznetsova, T., Foulkes, S., Janssens, K., Mitchell, A. M., Vanderschueren, W., et al. (2025) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaf1018 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Determinants and interrelations of exercise effects on sleep quality: A multimethod meta-analysis
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“(6) Horticultural tasks such as planting, potting, and lawn mowing are considered light to moderate physical activities [21,32].”
BackgroundPhysical Activity During Pregnancy and Preterm Birth Among Women With Gestational Diabetes
Gou, W., Xiao, C., Liang, X., Miao, Z., Shi, M., Wu, Y., Lu, S., Wang, X., Fu, Y., Hu, W., et al. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.51799 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Circadian Rhythms, Regular Exercise, and Cognitive Performance in Morning-Trained Dancers
Marchesano, M., Carboni, A., Tassino, B., & da Silva, A. C. R. (2025) · Clocks & Sleep · doi:10.3390/clockssleep7010007 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Professional dancers perform at moderate to vigorous intensities, requiring not only physical strength and endurance but a high level of visual attention for precision, group coordination, and inhibitory control [26,27].”
Rashid, F. A., Anwar, W., Kandakurti, P. K., Qawasmeh, K. H. A. A., Latif, M. F., Tirmazy, S. H., Omara, M., & Hazari, A. (2025) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-025-14005-2 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“This intensity level, described as “somewhat hard” to “hard,” corresponds to approximately 86–92% of maximal heart rate, 76–85% of maximal VO 2 , and 5–7 METs, which is ideal for improving QoL and cardiovascular fitness [24].”
Herrmann, S. D., Conger, S. A., Willis, E. A., & Ainsworth, B. E. (2024) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2024.05.013 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationBreastfeeding-injury link: are concerns warranted?
Jones, P. A. T., Brockwell, E., Hassan, A. A., Dufour, S. P., & Davenport, M. H. (2025) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2024-109310 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Nuuttila, O., Matomäki, P., Raitanen, J. A., Sievänen, H. T., & Vasankari, T. J. (2026) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.70208 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Since activities of daily living are performed mostly at the LIT domain [27], LIT would be a more feasible option compared with HIT, especially since people tend to avoid high intensities in free-living conditions [28].”
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“Each lifestyle factor was quantified into a score, with specific details provided in Additional file 1: Table S3 [65–67 , 69– 71].”
Mischler, T., Kawka, L., Sarmiento-Monroy, J. C., Mertz, P., Pijnenburg, L., Rinagel, M., Ugarte-Gil, M. F., Geneton, S., Blaess, J., Piga, M., et al. (2025) · Lupus Science & Medicine · doi:10.1136/lupus-2024-001443 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“6 28 Also, 75% of patients with SLE from category 1 (insufficiently active) and 60.6% of all patients with SLE, independently of the IPAQ category, did not do vigorous PA sessions.”
InfluentialLim, J. H., Kim, M. H., Han, H.-J., Yang, S. J., Kim, M.-G., Lee, H. J., Han, Y. J., Chung, J. H., Kwak, D. W., Yang, S., et al. (2025) · Diabetes & Metabolism Journal · doi:10.4093/dmj.2024.0280 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“…to the IPAQ-SF questions, we examined strength training (including exercises such as push-ups, sit-ups, dumbbells, weights, and bar-bells) in the past 7 days and multiplied the results by the 2024 Adult Compendium of Physical Activities’ muscle-strengthening activity equivalent of 5.0 METs [14].”
InfluentialKuo, Y.-Z., Yu, Z., Li, Y.-Z., Chen, M., Lee, Y.-W., Lin, P., Chen, T., Hsu, C., & Chen, C.-R. (2025) · Complementary Therapies in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103229 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Wang, H., Wang, H., Zhan, E., & Liu, X. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1653449 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Liu, W., Yin, M., & Li, H. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1623679 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Noordstar, J. J., Sprong, M. C. A., Lenderink, F. C., Slieker, M. G., Hulzebos, E. H. J., & Takken, T. (2025) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106397 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Optimal exercise dose for glycemic control in prediabetes across different exercise types
Yan, R., Li, Y., Jia, S., He, J., Lin, G., Huang, W., Sun, J., & Li, D. (2025) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2025.113980 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Xin, X., Guo, Y., Wang, M., Hu, Z., Chen, J., & Xie, J. (2026) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.125.044003 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“…(MET)×duration per session×frequency per week, and expressed in METs/min per wk. Exercise intensities were coded according to the Compendium of Physical Activities , 36 which provides standardized MET values for 821 specific physical activities covering nearly all known exercise modalities.”
Sun, Q., Yang, C., Jiang, M., et al. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-22111-w · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“The 2024 Adult Compendium of Physical Activities reports that the average intensity of walking to work is 4.0 metabolic equivalents (METs), which is lower than the 6.8 METs of cycling to work [41].”
InfluentialKisi, S. B., Petersen, C. F., Andersen, R. S., Rasmussen, S. I. I., Parlesak, A., Christensen, S. H., Petersen, H. L., Geiker, N. R. W., Hitz, M. F., & Tetens, I. (2025) · Journal of Nutritional Science · doi:10.1017/jns.2025.10010 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“(33) Hours, where no physical activity in these three categories or being seated were registered, were assumed to have been spent asleep or lying down and were registered with the corresponding MET values.”
Digital Activity Markers in Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy
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Huang, S., & Zhang, L. (2025) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2025.105996 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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“The process for assigning MET values was systematic and based on the 2024 Adult Com-pendium of Physical Activities [22].”
Critical Assessment of the Recommended Alert Limit Curves for Occupational Heat Exposure
Hess, H. W., Hite, M. J., Heikkinen, M., Tarr, M. L., Tourula, E. N., Johnson, B. D., Hostler, D. P., & Schlader, Z. J. (2025) · American Journal of Industrial Medicine · doi:10.1002/ajim.70022 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Jia, S., Wang, H., Chu, D., Yao, J., Wang, H., Chen, W.-J., Zhang, D., & Zhang, W. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1670168 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“MET values were assigned to each intervention based on the 2024 Adult Physical Activity Guidelines (16), the American College of Sports Medicine Exercise Testing and Prescription Guidelines (17), and clinical exercise dosage literature (18).”
Machine learning prediction of pulmonary oxygen uptake from muscle oxygen in cycling
Li, N., Hu, W., Ma, Y., & Xiang, H. (2024) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2024.2388996 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Moreover, the well-established Compendium of Physical Activities employs a standard of VO 2 per kilogram per minute divided by 3.5 to derive MET values, thereby indicating the metabolic intensity of various physical activities (Herrmann et al., 2024).”
InfluentialThe Paris 2024 Olympic and Paralympic Games
Herzog, W. (2024) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2024.06.003 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Influence of work intensity on acute kidney injury risk during simulated occupational heat stress
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Abernethy, D., Bennie, J. A., & Pavey, T. (2025) · Journal of Diabetes Research · doi:10.1155/jdr/7466757 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Moderate-intensity activities were de fi ned by a MET value ranging between 3.0 and 5.9, whereas vigorous-intensity activities were de fi ned by a MET value ≥ 6.0 [32].”
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“25 Based on the MR results and previous studies, 49–51 representative exercises corresponding to different PA intensities were listed (evaluated by metabolic equivalents) (Figure 5).”
Impact of outdoor air temperature during hostel-classroom commute on student’s classroom performance
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“MET intensity values align with recommended ranges from the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans 2nd Ed. and the Compendium of Physical Activity [6,22,23].”
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- Authors
- Herrmann, S. D., Willis, E. A., Ainsworth, B. E., Barreira, T. V., Hastert, M., Kracht, C. L., Schuna, J. M., Cai, Z., Quan, M., Tudor-Locke, C., Whitt-Glover, M. C., & Jacobs, D. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Kansas Medical Center (US)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Shanghai University of Sport (CN)
- Syracuse University (US)
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center (US)
- Oregon State University (US)
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Corresponding author
- Herrmann, Stephen D.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Sport and Health Science
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2024-01
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 6-12
- ISSN
- 2213-2961 (ISSN-L)
- 2095-2546
- PMC
- PMC10818145
- OpenAlex
- W4390978076
- Semantic Scholar
- b6b5df3475fce1144b87ee7efa1382c6c8320705
- Cited by
- 474
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 219 · 2025: 203 · 2024: 55
- FWCI
- 119.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Keywords
- physical activity energy expenditure, Compendium of Physical Activities, adult physical activity, video games, indirect calorimetry, physical activity classification
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Data Collection, Energy Metabolism
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