Habits and the electronic herd: the psychology behind social media’s successes and failures

Anderson, Ian A.; Wood, Wendy

doi:10.1002/arcp.1063

Cited by 108Impact of Technology on AdolescentsInnovative Human-Technology InteractionMedia and Digital Communication

Habits and the electronic herd: the psychology behind social media’s successes and failures

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Anderson, Ian A., Wood, Wendy·2021·Consumer Psychology Review

DOI 10.1002/arcp.1063

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Abstract

If platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter are the engines of social media use, what is the gasoline? The answer can be found in the psychological dynamics behind consumer habit formation and performance. In fact, the financial success of different social media sites is closely tied to the daily‐use habits they create among users. We explain how the rewards of social media sites motivate user habit formation, how social media design provides cues that automatically activate habits and nudge continued use, and how strong habits hinder quitting social media. Demonstrating that use habits are tied to cues, we report a novel test of a 2008 change in Facebook design, showing that it impeded posting only of frequent, habitual users, suggesting that the change disrupted habit automaticity. Finally, we offer predictions about the future of social media sites, highlighting the features most likely to promote user habits.

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Moving an automized behavior from its accustomed context to a new one usually leads to interference in the behavioral execution.
“Moving an automized behavior from its accustomed context to a new one usually leads to interference in the behavioral execution.”
From Context Stability in Habit Building Increases Automaticity and Goal Attainment (2022) · cites this paper as Anderson and Wood, 2021

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Frequent Interaction and Fast Feedback Predict Perceived Social Support: Using Crawled and Self-Reported Data of Facebook Users
Seo, M., Kim, J., & Yang, H. (2016) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1111/jcc4.12160 · Cited by 105 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…specific use behaviors in order to obtain anticipated rewards, all within the contexts in which social media is used personal status updates on Facebook has been associated with reduced feelings of loneliness (Deters & Mehl, 2013) along with increased feelings of social support (Seo et al., 2016).”
Background
Habit slips: when consumers unintentionally resist new products
Labrecque, J. S., Wood, W., Neal, D. T., & Harrington, N. (2016) · Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/s11747-016-0482-9 · Cited by 94 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In this way, students with stronger habits to use their smartphones were able to stack a new habit onto an old one and take advantage of the existing automaticity (see Labrecque et al., 2017).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
A two-factor theoretical model of social media discontinuance: role of regret, inertia, and their antecedents
Wang, J., Zheng, B., Liu, H., & Yu, L. (2020) · Information Technology and People · doi:10.1108/itp-10-2018-0483 · Cited by 90 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Discontinuance intentions for social media sites also are tied to feelings of regret and being overloaded by contacts or features on a site (e.g., Fu et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020).”
Background
Abstinence from social media use, subjective well-being, stress, and loneliness
Vally, Z., & D'Souza, C. G. (2019) · Perspectives In Psychiatric Care · doi:10.1111/ppc.12431 · Cited by 83 · cited 1× · see citing works
“However, other research has found that short periods of abstinence have no effect (e.g., Agadullina et al., 2020; Hall et al., 2019) or have negative effects such as increased loneliness and decreased life satisfaction (Vally & D'Souza, 2019; Vanman et al., 2018).”
Background
When attitudes and habits don’t correspond: Self-control depletion increases persuasion but not behavior
Itzchakov, G., Uziel, L., & Wood, W. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2017.10.011 · Cited by 65 · cited 2× · see citing works
“As we explained above, consumers continue to act on habit despite conflicting intentions, attitudes, and social norms (Itzchakov et al., 2018; Ji & Wood, 2007; Mazar et al., 2020).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Reward-driven distraction: A meta-analysis.
Rusz, D., Pelley, M. E. L., Kompier, M. A. J., Mait, L., & Bijleveld, E. (2020) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000296 · Cited by 62 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Research has shown that stimuli that were rewarding in the past attract attention even when irrelevant to a current task (Rusz et al., 2020).”
Background
Technology Habits: Progress, Problems, and Prospects
Bayer, J., & LaRose, R. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-97529-0_7 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Hot today, gone tomorrow
Torkjazi, M., Rejaie, R., & Willinger, W. (2009) · doi:10.1145/1592665.1592676 · Cited by 59 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Again, we are speculating from the research findings we already discussed in order to identify the winners and losers in the social media landscape. eventually supplanting it as the leading platform (Torkjazi et al., 2009).”
Background
Reciprocity as a Key Concept for Social Media and Society
Lewis, S. C. (2015) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/2056305115580339 · Cited by 54 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Reciprocity reflects an exchange between two or more actors, generally for mutual benefit (Lewis, 2015).”
Background
The process of forming a mobile media habit: results of a longitudinal study in a real-world setting
Schnauber-Stockmann, A., & Naab, T. K. (2018) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213269.2018.1513850 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Routine and feelings of safety, confidence, and well‐being
Avni‐Babad, D. (2010) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1348/000712610x513617 · Cited by 52 · cited 1× · see citing works
“For example, the feeling of familiarity with a site is likely to increase users’ liking for it and feelings of safety and privacy when using it (Avni-Babad, 2011).”
Background
Facebook’s Ideal User: Healthy Habits, Social Capital, and the Politics of Well-Being Online
Docherty, N. (2020) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/2056305120915606 · Cited by 48 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Further heightening reward value, sites curate the content displayed for each user, using algorithmic optimization to better address their interests, needs, and worldviews (Docherty, 2020; Thorson et al., 2019).”
Method
Digital Genealogies: Understanding Social Mobile Media LINE in the Role of Japanese Families
Ohashi, K., Kato, F., & Hjorth, L. (2017) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/2056305117703815 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Multidimensional modelling of quality of experience for mobile Web browsing
Baraković, S., & Skorin‐Kapov, L. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.03.071 · Cited by 44 · cited 1× · see citing works
“More generally, longer wait times and greater numbers of clicks required to access a site decreased the quality of user experience (Baraković & Skorin-Kapov, 2015).”
Background
A computational reward learning account of social media engagementPreprint
Lindström, B., Bellander, M., Schultner, D. T., Chang, A., Tobler, P. N., & Amodio, D. M. (2019) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/78mh5 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Lifestyle Enclaves in the Instagram City?
Boy, J. D., & Uitermark, J. (2020) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/2056305120940698 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
It’s the End of the Competition: When Social Comparison Is Not Always Motivating for Goal Achievement
Chan, E., & Briers, B. (2018) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1093/jcr/ucy075 · Cited by 37 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Downward comparisons might be incited by others’ personal crises, one's own superiority in recognizing the latest trends, or gossip about celebrities (Chan & Briers, 2019).”
Background
Shifting to automatic
Restivo, L. (2010) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/neuro.07.001.2010 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
#IUseTwitterBecause: content analytic study of a trending topic in Twitter
Dindar, M., & Yaman, N. D. (2018) · Information Technology and People · doi:10.1108/itp-02-2017-0029 · Cited by 32 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Other reasons for using Twitter are self-expression, escapism, and social in-teraction—in addition to a desire to share a social and political agenda ( campaign gratification , Dindar & Yaman, 2018).”
Background
The positivity bias and prosocial deception on facebook
Spottswood, E. L., & Hancock, J. T. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.08.019 · Cited by 31 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Yet, upward comparisons are common given posters’ positivity bias , or tendency to share favorable news about themselves (Spottswood & Hancock, 2016; Utz, 2015).”
Background
Contributing factors to increased susceptibility to social media phishing attacks
Parker, H. J., & Flowerday, S. (2020) · South African journal of information management · doi:10.4102/sajim.v22i1.1176 · Cited by 31 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Social media habits persist by automating responses to site cues as well as reducing suspicions about the perceived risk of a phishing message (Parker & Flowerday, 2020; Vishwanath et al., 2018).”
Background
The Psychology of Interactive Media Habits
LaRose, R. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118426456.ch16 · Cited by 23 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Our account builds on prior models of media habits (Bayer & LaRose, 2018), technology habits (LaRose, 2010; Venkatesh et al., 2012), and interactive media habits (LaRose, 2015).”
Method
Quantifying the impact of making and breaking interface habits
Garaialde, D., Bowers, C. P., Pinder, C., Shah, P., Parashar, S., Clark, L., & Cowan, B. R. (2020) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2020.102461 · Cited by 20 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Discontinuity effects were modeled in an online experiment with changes in the format of alerts and other dialog selection designs common to social media sites (Garaialde et al., 2020).”
Method
Quantifying the Impact of Making and Breaking Interface Habits
Clark, L. (2020) · Cronfa (Swansea University) · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The Unintentional Nonconformist: Habits Promote Resistance to Social influence
Mazar, A., Itzchakov, G., Lieberman, A., & Wood, W. (2022) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672221086177 · Cited by 17 · cited 1× · see citing works
“As we explained above, consumers continue to act on habit despite conflicting intentions, attitudes, and social norms (Itzchakov et al., 2018; Ji & Wood, 2007; Mazar et al., 2020).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Dopamine and serotonin signals for reward across time scales
Cohen, J. Y. (2015) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aad3003 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Does quitting social networks change feelings of loneliness among freshmen? An experimental study
Рафиковна, А. Е., Lovakov, A. V., & Kiselnikova, N. V. (2020) · Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education · doi:10.1108/jarhe-11-2019-0283 · Cited by 13 · cited 1× · see citing works
“However, other research has found that short periods of abstinence have no effect (e.g., Agadullina et al., 2020; Hall et al., 2019) or have negative effects such as increased loneliness and decreased life satisfaction (Vally & D'Souza, 2019; Vanman et al., 2018).”
Background
A "Balanced" Orientation for the Information Systems Manager
Taggart, W. M., & Silbey, V. (1979) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/249084 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Social tagging in the scholarly world
Xu, C., Ma, B., Chen, X., & Ma, F. (2013) · Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.22903 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

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Sorted by citations

Attitudes, habits, and behavior change
Verplanken, B., & Orbell, S. (2022) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-020821-011744 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
Sharing of misinformation is habitual, not just lazy or biased
Ceylan, G., Anderson, I. A., & Wood, W. (2023) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2216614120 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
“For example, prior work has shown that updates in Facebook platform cues disrupt habitual posting (18, 27).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Algorithm-mediated social learning in online social networks
Brady, W. J., Jackson, J. C., Lindström, B., & Crockett, M. J. (2023) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2023.06.008 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Building and breaking social media habits
Bayer, J., Anderson, I. A., & Tokunaga, R. S. (2022) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101303 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Self-citation
Studying problems, not problematic usage: Do mobile checking habits increase procrastination and decrease well-being?
Meier, A. (2022) · Mobile Media & Communication · doi:10.1177/20501579211029326 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“The present study proposes that such an approach already exists in the concept of technology habits (Anderson & Wood, 2021; Bayer, Campbell et al., 2016; Bayer & LaRose, 2018; Schnauber-Stockmann et al., 2018; Tokunaga, 2016).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
A Nudge-Based Intervention to Reduce Problematic Smartphone Use: Randomised Controlled Trial
Olson, J. A., Sandra, D. A., Chmoulevitch, D., Raz, A., & Veissière, S. P. L. (2022) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-022-00826-w · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“Smartphones and their interfaces are also designed to be easy to use with little friction, which results in appealing products but also habitual behaviour (Anderson & Wood, 2020).”
Background
Social media and mindfulness: From the fear of missing out ( <scp>FOMO</scp> ) to the joy of missing out ( <scp>JOMO</scp> )
Chan, S. S., Van Solt, M., Cruz, R. E., Philp, M., Bahl, S., Serin, N., Amaral, N. B., Schindler, R., Bartosiak, A., Kumar, S., et al. (2022) · Journal of Consumer Affairs · doi:10.1111/joca.12476 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Why, how, when, and for whom does digital disconnection work? A process-based framework of digital disconnection
Abeele, M. V., Vandebosch, H., Koster, E. H. W., Leyn, T. D., Gaeveren, K. V., Vicente, D. D. S., Bruyssel, S. V., van Timmeren, T., Marez, L. D., Poels, K., et al. (2023) · Communication Theory · doi:10.1093/ct/qtad016 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Dynamics of adolescents’ smartphone use and well-being are positive but ephemeral
Marciano, L., Driver, C., Schulz, P. J., & Camerini, A.-L. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-05291-y · Cited by 78 · see citing works
MindShift: Leveraging Large Language Models for Mental-States-Based Problematic Smartphone Use Intervention
Wu, R., Yu, C., Pan, X., Liu, Y., Zhang, N., Fu, Y., Wang, Y., Zheng, Z., Chen, L. Z., Jiang, Q., et al. (2024) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3613904.3642790 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Our findings are supported by prior studies linking habitual smartphone use to specific mental states [4, 12].”
Result
Enhancing the Random Forest Model via Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique for Credit-Card Fraud Detection
Aghware, F. O., Ojugo, A. A., Adigwe, W., Odiakaose, C. C., Ojei, E. O., Ashioba, N. C., Okpor, M. D., & Geteloma, V. O. (2024) · Journal of Computing Theories and Applications · doi:10.62411/jcta.10323 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Perceived Information Overload and Intention to Discontinue Use of Short-Form Video: The Mediating Roles of Cognitive and Psychological Factors
Chung, D., Chen, Y., & Meng, Y. (2023) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs13010050 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Changing the incentive structure of social media platforms to halt the spread of misinformation
Globig, L. K., Holtz, N., & Sharot, T. (2023) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.85767 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Nudging App Adoption: Choice Architecture Facilitates Consumer Uptake of Mobile Apps
Reeck, C., Posner, N. A., Mrkva, K., & Johnson, E. J. (2022) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1177/00222429221141066 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“The latter intervention was designed to take advantage of the automatic responses people have to cues on their smartphones (Anderson and Wood 2020; Carden and Wood 2018), such as habitual tendencies to select the blue “ continue ” button whenever it is present.”
Background
Digital Strategies for Screen Time Reduction: A Randomized Field Experiment
Zimmermann, L., & Sobolev, M. (2023) · Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2022.0027 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Beyond the Buzz: Investigating the Effects of a Notification-Disabling Intervention on Smartphone Behavior and Digital Well-Being
Dekker, C. A., Baumgartner, S. E., Sumter, S. R., & Ohme, J. (2024) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213269.2024.2334025 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“In addition, notifications may challenge autonomy by influencing behavior in a more indirect way, as they play an important role in smartphone-checking habit formation (Anderson & Wood, 2020; Bayer et al., 2022; M. Kim, 2014; Oulasvirta et al., 2012; Schnauber-Stockmann & Naab, 2019).”
Is life brighter when your phone is not? The efficacy of a grayscale smartphone intervention addressing digital well-being
Dekker, C. A., & Baumgartner, S. E. (2024) · Mobile Media & Communication · doi:10.1177/20501579231212062 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Therefore, another approach to regulating one ’ s smartphone use is suggested, which does not require constant self-control: reducing the temptation to use one ’ s smartphone by altering smartphone cues that trigger habits (Anderson & Wood, 2020; Olson et al., 2022; Zimmermann, 2021).”
Exploring cognitive-behavioral drivers impacting consumer continuance intention of fitness apps using a hybrid approach of text mining, SEM, and ANN
Bellary, S., Bala, P. K., & Chakraborty, S. (2024) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2024.104045 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Habitual social media and smartphone use are linked to task delay for some, but not all, adolescents
Meier, A., Beyens, I., Siebers, T., Pouwels, J. L., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2023) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1093/jcmc/zmad008 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Social motivations’ limited influence on habitual behavior: Tests from social media engagement.
Anderson, I. A., & Wood, W. (2023) · Motivation Science · doi:10.1037/mot0000292 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citation
DeLClustE: Protecting Users from Credit-Card Fraud Transaction via the Deep-Learning Cluster Ensemble
Aghware, F. O., Yoro, R. E., Ejeh, P. O., Odiakaose, C. C., Emordi, F. U., & Ojugo, A. A. (2023) · International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications · doi:10.14569/ijacsa.2023.0140610 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Another barrier to detection is that adversaries often disguise the true forms and nature of their assault – and rarely, take up abrupt spurts of suspicious behavior that are easily recognized by simple intrusion detection schemes [6]–[9].”
Background
Habits, Goals, and Effective Behavior Change
Wood, W. (2024) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/09637214241246480 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Anderson and Wood (2021, 2023) found that habitual users decreased posting after Facebook design updates, despite that new or occasional users showed increased engagement.”
Self-citation
For you vs. for everyone: The effectiveness of algorithmic personalization in driving social media engagement
Dekker, C. A., Baumgartner, S. E., & Sumter, S. R. (2025) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2025.102300 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
When enough is not enough: behavioral and motivational paths to compulsive social media consumption
Lervik-Olsen, L., Andreassen, T. W., & Fennis, B. M. (2023) · European Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1108/ejm-12-2022-0898 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Effects of Data Resampling on Predicting Customer Churn via a Comparative Tree-based Random Forest and XGBoost
Ako, R. E., Aghware, F. O., Okpor, M. D., Akazue, M. I., Yoro, R. E., Ojugo, A. A., Setiadi, D. R. I. M., Odiakaose, C. C., Abere, R. A., Emordi, F. U., et al. (2024) · Journal of Computing Theories and Applications · doi:10.62411/jcta.10562 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
In WAZE we trust? GPS-based navigation application users’ behavior and patterns of dependency
Laor, T., & Galily, Y. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0276449 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The Power of Social Validation: A Literature Review on How Likes, Comments, and Shares Shape User Behavior on Social Media
Ballara, N. B. (2023) · International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews · doi:10.55248/gengpi.4.723.51227 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Digital Slot Machines: Social Media Platforms as Attentional Scaffolds
Voinea, C., Marin, L., & Vică, C. (2024) · Topoi · doi:10.1007/s11245-024-10031-0 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Context Stability in Habit Building Increases Automaticity and Goal Attainment
Stojanovic, M., Grund, A., & Fries, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.883795 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“…which they are evaluated by others (Patston, 2014), and Facebook users—especially those who posted frequently in the past—posted less after the design of the Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org 2 June 2022 | Volume 13 | Article 883795 platform had been changed (Anderson and Wood, 2021).”
Background
Forging a User-Trust Memetic Modular Neural Network Card Fraud Detection Ensemble: A Pilot Study
Ojugo, A. A., Akazue, M. I., Ejeh, P. O., Ashioba, N. C., Odiakaose, C. C., Ako, R. E., & Emordi, F. U. (2023) · Journal of Computing Theories and Applications · doi:10.33633/jcta.v1i2.9259 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
#SocialMediaWellness: Exploring a research agenda and conceptualization for healthy social media consumption
Mertz, B. A., Hass, A., Anderson, K. C., Kaskela, T., & Zmich, L. J. (2023) · Journal of Consumer Behaviour · doi:10.1002/cb.2179 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Old Strategies, New Environments: Reinforcement Learning on Social Media
Turner, G., Ferguson, A. M., Katiyar, T., Palminteri, S., & Orben, A. C. (2024) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2024.12.012 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
How People Integrate News into Their Everyday Routines: A Context-Centered Approach to News Habits
Kormelink, T. G. (2022) · Digital Journalism · doi:10.1080/21670811.2022.2112519 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Freedom and Constraint in Digital Environments: Implications for the Self
Talaifar, S., & Lowery, B. S. (2022) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916221098036 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“…the best evidence for this comes from an increasing number of studies showing that our devices and social-media platforms are habit-forming (Bayer & Campbell, 2012; Limayem & Cheung, 2008; Limayem et al., 2007; Oulasvirta, Rattenbury, et al., 2012; for a review, see I. A. Anderson & Wood, 2021).”
Background
Algorithm-Mediated Social Learning in Online Social NetworksPreprint
Brady, W. J., Jackson, J. C., Lindström, B., & Crockett, M. J. (2023) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/yw5ah · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Capturing life or missing it: How mindful photo-taking can affect experiences
Diehl, K., & Zauberman, G. S. (2022) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101334 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Determinants of the intention to use non-medical insertable digital devices: The case of Chile and Colombia
Sabogal-Alfaro, G. P., Mejía-Perdigón, M. A., Cataldo, A., & Carvajal, K. (2021) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2021.101576 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Dopamine-scrolling: a modern public health challenge requiring urgent attention
Sharpe, B. T., & Spooner, R. (2025) · Perspectives in Public Health · doi:10.1177/17579139251331914 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Too amused to stop? Self-control and the disengagement process on Netflix
Gilbert, A., Reinecke, L., Meier, A., Baumgartner, S. E., & Dietrich, F. (2024) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1093/joc/jqae023 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“This optimization for readily available entertainment gratifications encourages recipients to view entertainment content longer and can make disengagement more challenging (Anderson & Wood, 2021; Shim et al., 2018).”
Social media use is predictable from app sequences: Using LSTM and transformer neural networks to model habitual behavior
Peters, H., Bayer, J., Matz, S., Chi, Y., Vaid, S. S., & Harari, G. M. (2024) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2024.108381 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Context-aware prediction of active and passive user engagement: Evidence from a large online social platform
Peters, H., Liu, Y., Barbieri, F., Baten, R. A., Matz, S., & Bos, M. W. (2024) · Journal Of Big Data · doi:10.1186/s40537-024-00955-0 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“This includes research on ecological psychology [28–30], person-situation interactions [31–33], the conceptualization and measurement of situational cues [34–37], as well as media and technology habits [38–40].”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Pilot Study on Enhanced Detection of Cues over Malicious Sites Using Data Balancing on the Random Forest Ensemble
Okpor, M. D., Aghware, F. O., Akazue, M. I., et al. (2024) · Journal of Future Artificial Intelligence and Technologies · doi:10.62411/faith.2024-14 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“This gives an attacker an attractive entry point to compromise a victim's device and become a pivot point for attack spread [22].”
Background
Beyond deliberate self-control: Habits automatically achieve long-term goals
Stojanovic, M., & Wood, W. (2024) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2024.101880 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citation
It’s not what you do, it’s the way that you do it: An experimental task delineates among passive, reactive and interactive styles of behaviour on social networking sites
Shaw, D. J., Kaye, L. K., Ngombe, N., Kessler, K., & Pennington, C. R. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0276765 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
CoSoGMIR: A Social Graph Contagion Diffusion Framework using the Movement-Interaction-Return Technique
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“The reliability of the generated results is best seen as prophesies/fore-warnings rather than predictions and is open to questioning as either myths or fictions [29] – [32].”
Background
DaBO-BoostE: Enhanced Data Balancing via Oversampling Technique for a Boosting Ensemble in Card-Fraud Detection
Otorokpo, E. A., Okpor, M. D., Yoro, R. E., et al. (2024) · Advances in Multidisciplinary & Scientific Research Journal Publication · doi:10.22624/aims/maths/v12n2p4 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Political reinforcement learners
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Factors affecting user intention to use social commerce continuously from a habit perspective
Handarkho, Y. D. (2024) · Aslib Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1108/ajim-02-2024-0111 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Antecedents to Following Brands on Facebook and Instagram with Moderating Role of User Experience
Manzoor, A. (2023) · FIIB Business Review · doi:10.1177/23197145221151010 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“…2020; Raacke & Bonds-Raacke, 2008), the determinants of consumer engagement (Chu & Choi, 2011; Giakoumaki & Krepapa, 2020; Gvili & Levy, 2018), the psychology behind the usage of social media sites (Anderson & Wood, 2021; Phillips, 2008) and consumer persona (An et al., 2018; Ross et al., 2009).”
Motivational and Situational Aspects of Active and Passive Social Media Breaks May Explain the Difference Between Recovery and Procrastination
Hossain, E., Wadley, G., Bianchi‐Berthouze, N., & Cox, A. L. (2022) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3491101.3519643 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“, more refective [39] or impulsive [4, 46, 52] processes; capability factors e.”
Background
On Habit and Organizing: A Transactional Perspective Relating Firms, Consumers, and Social Institutions
Farjoun, M., & Mahmood, N. (2023) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.2021.15803 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
DICE: Advancing Social Media Research Through Digital In-Context Experiments
Roggenkamp, H., Boegershausen, J., & Hildebrand, C. (2025) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1177/00222429251371702 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“This is re ﬂ ected in a continuously evolving and growing body of research examining consumer and ﬁ rm behavior on these platforms (for recent reviews, see Anderson and Wood 2021; Aridor et al. 2024; Bleier, Fossen, and Shapira 2024; Shankar et al. 2022).”
Won’t Stop ’Til You Get Enough? Determinants of Disengaging From Mobile Media Apps in Daily Life
Ernst, A., & Schnauber-Stockmann, A. (2025) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/00936502251378582 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Content is increasingly immersive and seemingly endlessly arranged (Anderson & Wood, 2020).”
StreamBoostE: A Hybrid Boosting-Collaborative Filter Scheme for Adaptive User-Item Recommender for Streaming Services
Atuduhor, R., Okpor, M. D., Yoro, R. E., et al. (2024) · Advances in Multidisciplinary & Scientific Research Journal Publication · doi:10.22624/aims/v10n2p8 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Beyond Active and Passive Social Media Use: Habit Mechanisms Are Behind Frequent Posting and Scrolling on Twitter/XPreprint
Anderson, I. A. (2024) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/824nb · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citation
Factors Influencing Users’ Perceptions of Digital Platform Indispensability: A Comparative Study of Korea and Finland
Jang, M., Nikou, S., & Kim, S. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14060502 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“In addition, habitual use of digital platforms affects their indispensability [52,55].”
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Attention in our digital ecosystem: The five interactive components that drive media multitasking
Drody, A. C., Pereira, E. J., & Smilek, D. (2025) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-025-02722-5 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“…on platforms such as Instagram and TikTok provide frequent rewarding content in the form of entertaining video reels at unpredictable intervals (Anderson & Wood, 2021); and split screen and auto-scroll features may facilitate media multitasking by requiring little action on the part of the…”
Focusing the Attention on What Truly Matters. Preventive Approaches for Problematic Instagram use in Youth
Saletti, S. M. R., & den Broucke, S. V. (2024) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-024-00576-w · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Examples of such features include infinite scrolling, video autoplay, push notifications, and variable rewards such as likes and shares [11, 13–15].”
Novel approach of Predicting Human Sentiment using Deep Learning
Shadadi, E., Kouser, S., Alamer, L., & Whig, P. (2022) · Journal of Computer Science and Engineering (JCSE) · doi:10.36596/jcse.v3i2.533 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Old strategies, new environments: Reinforcement Learning on social mediaPreprint
Turner, G., Ferguson, A. M., Katiyar, T., Palminteri, S., & Orben, A. C. (2024) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/f5cjv · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Search or Scroll: How Credibility versus Likability Premiums Shape Consumers’ Following Decisions
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WiSeCart: Sensor-based Smart-Cart with Self-Payment Mode to Improve Shopping Experience and Inventory Management
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Becoming oneself online: Social media platforms as environments for self-transformation
Marin, L. (2025) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-025-04495-7 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“From a behavioural psychology lens, habits are frequent behaviours that trigger rewards (Anderson and Wood 2021, p. 85).”
Getting back to human touch: habit and change decisions during mobile device intermediations at events
Sisson, A. D., & Whalen, E. (2022) · Consumer Behavior in Tourism and Hospitality · doi:10.1108/cbth-03-2022-0051 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Scrolling Mindlessly: Emerging Mental Health Implications of Social Networking Sites
Sinha, S., Sharma, M. K., Tadpatrikar, A., Anand, N., & Kumar, R. (2023) · Journal of Public Health and Primary Care · doi:10.4103/jphpc.jphpc_41_22 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Serial mediation effects of ubiquity and notification on the relationship between habitual social media checking behaviors and self-control failures
Park, H. J. (2024) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/14614448241231223 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“In particular, media habits arise from the cognitive associations between reward-based responses to media use, receiving “likes” from others, and various cues such as social media icons or boredom (Anderson and Wood, 2021; Bayer and LaRose, 2018).”
Influential
Maladaptive Smartphone Usage
Zimmermann, L. V., & Somasundaram, J. (2024) · Palgrave studies in marketing, organizations and society · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-60199-6_5 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
It’s not what you do, it’s the way that you do it: An experimental task delineates among reactive and interactive styles of behaviour on social networking sitesPreprint
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Understanding the Intersections of Stress and the Marketplace to Improve Consumer Well-BeingPreprint
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Smartphone habits are stronger in spaces chosen out of habit
Ross, M. Q., Rhee, L., Le, H., Mount, J., Chang, Y.-J., & Bayer, J. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-25174-2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Hence, our study provides indirect support for the idea that social app habits may develop more fundamental links to human attention 39 .”
From likes to trusts: How trust feedback reduces misinformation on social media
Ceylan, G., & Wood, W. (2026) · Behavioral Science & Policy · doi:10.1177/23794607261423714 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“36 That is, earlier learning based on engagement rewards not only drives responses but also forges habit associations in users’ memory when repeated often enough.”
InfluentialSelf-citation
Integrating neuro-psychological habit research into consumer choice models
Webb, R., Fong, J., Landry, P., Levine, J., Wellsjo, A., Natan, O., Mazar, A., Zhao, C., Lally, P. J., de Wit, S., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Research in Marketing · doi:10.1016/j.ijresmar.2025.10.002 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citation
Leveraging Rational Addiction Theory to Reduce Mobile UsagePreprint
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The Role of Neurotechnology in Shaping Business Decisions: A Comprehensive Literature Review
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Habitual Instagram Use and Emotional Distress in Adolescents and Young Adults: The Mediating Role of Social Comparisons Moderated by Instagram Use Profiles
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Investigating a SMOTE-Tomek Boosted Stacked Learning Scheme for Phishing Website Detection: A Pilot Study
Ugbotu, E. V., Emordi, F. U., Ugboh, E., et al. (2025) · Journal of Computing Theories and Applications · doi:10.62411/jcta.14472 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“An adversary masks their intent as a trusted ally to exploit a compromised resource, providing the attacker with pivot access for further exploits on the infrastructure [16].”
How to stream sustainably; investigating avenues for sufficient use practices in Dutch households
Bodelier, M., Klosters, M. W. P. M., Schlindwein, L. F., van Empelen, P., & Stokking, H. M. (2025) · Biannual Conference of the Italian SIGCHI Chapter (CHItaly) · doi:10.1145/3750069.3750320 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“The automaticity that arises as individuals re-peatedly engage with (audiovisual) media in steady conditions is referred to as media habits [2, 66].”
Overestimates of social media addiction are common but costly
Anderson, I. A., & Wood, W. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-27053-2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“As expected, frequency correlated with the SRBAI habit strength measure, r (378) = 0.32, p .001, indicating the reliability and consistency of these two measures of habit strength (see 20,21 .”
InfluentialSelf-citation
Heterogeneous Gap Bridging in Cross-Media Retrieval via Deep Association Learning with Joint Distribution and Semantic Alignments
Li, L., & Zhang, X. (2026) · Neural Processing Letters · doi:10.1007/s11063-025-11829-8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Users continuously upload digital information in different forms, including videos, images, and texts, on social media and video platforms, causingdatascaletogrowfrompetabytestozettabytes[2].”
Content is King, Affect is Queen: An Affective Model of Social Media Content Propagation
Mullins, J. K., Shuva, S., & Stewart, P. A. (2026) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.25300/misq/2026/19171 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Protégé Effect for Behavior Change: Does Teaching Digital Stress Solutions to Others Reduce One's Own?
Alshakhsi, S., Yankouskaya, A., Al-Thani, D., & Ali, R. (2026) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.70368
“These behaviors are often maintained by a combination of habitual routines, persuasive design features [ 77 ], personal factors, and pervasive social expectations and norms [ 78 ].”
Making a Narrative of Repetition: Diachronicity and the Second-Person Address in YouTube's Routine Videos
Valta, V. (2024) · Life Writing · doi:10.1080/14484528.2024.2324997 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“New content, comments, likes on the comments and replies to the comments are noti ﬁ ed on the smartphone always in reach (Anderson and Wendy 2020, 89).”
A structural neural autopilot analysis of social media use around the pandemic lockdown
Xin, Y., Jin, L. J., Fong, J., & Camerer, C. F. (2026) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2026.107589 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“This is to follow the literature on social media habits; for example, Anderson and Wood (2021) also focus on daily posting when measuring habitual posting.”
Use and Abuse of Social Media as a Punitive Remedy in Light of Criminal Law: A Tool or a Court? Analysis of the Chilean Regulation
Ara, A. C. (2024) · Social Science Computer Review · doi:10.1177/08944393241252639 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Doxing is a sort of cyber harassment, where one ’ s personal data such as name, address, and telephone is exposed with the aim that the readers in solidarity go after that person with malicious intent (Anderson & Wood, 2021, p. 205).”
The Implications of Artificial Intelligence for Education
Ismail, M., Allam, M., & Suyanto, B. (2024) · Journal of Educational Research and Policies · doi:10.53469/jerp.2024.06(11).33 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Technology and Ethics in Social Media: A Study of the Phenomenon of Digital Bullying in the Young Generation
Rini, E. F. S., Raptis, P., Sözcü, Ö. F., Abdelrhman, S. A. A. M., & Lara-Valenzuela, C. (2023) · Journal of Educational Technology and Learning Creativity · doi:10.37251/jetlc.v1i2.1400 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Exploring the Impact of Social Media Marketing on Customer Engagement and Purchasing Involvement among Grade 12 Students in a Private Sectarian School in Cagayan de Oro City, Misamis Oriental, Philippines: A Quantitative AnalysisPreprint
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Capturing Life or Missing it: How Mindful Photo-Taking Can Affect ExperiencesPreprint
Diehl, K., & Zauberman, G. S. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4125332
Targeting audiences’ moral values shapes misinformation sharingPreprint
Abdurahman, S., Reimer, N. K., Golazizian, P., Baek, E. C., Shen, Y. L., Trager, J. P., Lulla, R., Kaplan, J., Parkinson, C. M., & Dehghani, M. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/ztq2k
Perceived Contextual Use Questionnaire: An Instrument for Measuring Contextual Use of Mobile Social MediaPreprint
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Perceived Contextual Use Questionnaire: An Instrument for Measuring Contextual Use of Mobile Social MediaPreprint
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Social Media Use is Predictable from App Sequences: Using LSTM and Transformer Neural Networks to Model Habitual BehaviorPreprint
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PENGARUH SOCIAL MEDIA MARKETING ACTIVITIES DAN CUSTOMER KNOWLEDGE TERHADAP VISIT INTENTION DIMEDIASI OLEH PERCEIVED VALUE
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Why People PostPreprint
Nitsch, F. J., Wertenbroch, K., & Plaßmann, H. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4874305
The Effect of Information Services Through Documentary Film Media on Social Media Addiction in Students
Sekartresna, A. N., Wastuti, S. N. Y., & Wastuti, S. N. Y. (2024) · Indonesian Counseling and Psychology · doi:10.24114/icp.v4i2.60532
“(Anderson & Wood, 2021) Platform media sosial memberikan isyarat yang menciptakan konteks yang stabil dan memfasilitasi pembentukan kebiasaan.”
Background
Populizm jako proces transformacji demokracji
Szewczyk, U. (2024) · Civitas Studia z filozofii polityki · doi:10.35757/civ.2023.32.08
Are there differences in the everyday social comparison experiences of youth in the 1990s versus 2020s?
Locke, K. D. (2025) · Comprehensive Results in Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/23743603.2025.2507435
No, you are not addicted to your digital device, but you may have a habit you want to break
Anderson, I. A., & Wood, W. (2021) · doi:10.64628/aai.kykpcx7yw
Self-citation
Social media can in fact be made better: Research shows it is possible to reward users for sharing accurate information instead of misinformation
Anderson, I. A., Wood, W., & Ceylan, G. (2023) · doi:10.64628/aai.jvrd6p454
Self-citation
The Chicken-and-Egg Dilemma of Adult Social Anxiety and Compulsive Social Media Use
Žiedelis, A., Bulotaitė, L., & Kymantienė, J. (2025) · Psichologija · doi:10.15388/psichol.2026.74.8

Authors: Anderson, I. A., & Wood, W.
Affiliations: University of Southern California (US)
Corresponding author: Wood, Wendy
ORCID: Anderson, Ian A.
Wood, Wendy
Venue: Consumer Psychology Review
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2020-11-22
Volume: 4
Issue: 1
Pages: 83-99
ISSN: 2476-1273 (ISSN-L)
2476-1281
DOI: 10.1002/arcp.1063
OpenAlex: W3108514068
Semantic Scholar: 147f955181cb7f0f2ff2be1f82632a70bc8c48e7
Cited by: 108
References: 93
Citations by year: 2026: 12 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 1
FWCI: 14.40
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Consumer Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Innovative Human-Technology Interaction
Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Media and Digital Communication
Keywords: social media, habit formation, cues, reward, social media design, consumer behavior

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Habits and the electronic herd: the psychology behind social media’s successes and failures

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