Genetic engineering approaches to improve posttranslational modification of biopharmaceuticals in different production platforms
Open accessAbstract
The number of approved biopharmaceuticals, where product quality attributes remain of major importance, is increasing steadily. Within the available variety of expression hosts, the production of biopharmaceuticals faces diverse limitations with respect to posttranslational modifications (PTM), while different biopharmaceuticals demand different forms and specifications of PTMs for proper functionality. With the growing toolbox of genetic engineering technologies, it is now possible to address general as well as host‐ or biopharmaceutical‐specific product quality obstacles. In this review, we present diverse expression systems derived from mammalians, bacteria, yeast, plants, and insects as well as available genetic engineering tools. We focus on genes for knockout/knockdown and overexpression for meaningful approaches to improve biopharmaceutical PTMs and discuss their applicability as well as future trends in the field.
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Murine cell lines NS0 and Sp2/0 produce glycan structures similar to humans but also produce immunogenic epitopes such as Galα(1-3)Gal and have high NeuGc sialic acid, which is why they are less commonly used for biotherapeutic production.
“while murine cell lines such as NS0 and Sp2/0 also produce glycan structures similar to humans, they also produce immunogenic epitopes such as the Galα(1–3)Gal epitope and they have a high content of NeuGc sialic acid, which is why they are less commonly used for biotherapeutic production [1,73].”
From Glycoengineering Chinese hamster ovary cells: a short history (2021) · cites this paper as [73]
The Accepted Article passage (page unavailable) says biopharmaceuticals from mouse cell lines have a higher proportion of Neu5Gc than those from CHO cells, and identifies this as a major reason mouse lines stopped being used for human antibody production. The passages do not establish the specific claims about NS0 and Sp2/0, their human-like glycans, or their production of the Galα(1–3)Gal epitope; the source also speaks specifically about human antibody production rather than biotherapeutics generally. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn CHO cells, knock down, knock out and overexpression of glycosylation enzymes and NSD transporters have been used in biotherapeutic functional studies and for development of biobetters.
“In CHO cells, the knock down (KD), knock out (KO) and overexpression (OE) of glycosylation enzymes and NSD transporters have been used in biotherapeutic functional studies and for the development of biobetters, as summarised in Figure 2 [73,74].”
From Glycoengineering Chinese hamster ovary cells: a short history (2021) · cites this paper as [73]
Section 5.1.1 and Table 2 describe knockdown, knockout and overexpression of glycosylation-related enzymes in CHO cells to alter biopharmaceutical glycosylation and product properties. The passages do not establish the claimed use of NSD transporter engineering in CHO cells; Table 2 lists overexpression of SLC35A2 in yeast instead. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe availability of genomic sequences has enabled CHO cell engineering with unprecedented precision using engineered nucleases including ZFNs, TALENs and CRISPR.
“The availability of genomic sequences has enabled CHO cell engineering with unprecedented precision using engineered nucleases, including zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription activator like nucleases (TALENs) and the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) system [71–73,75,76].”
From Glycoengineering Chinese hamster ovary cells: a short history (2021) · cites this paper as [73]
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- Authors
- Amann, T., Schmieder, V., Faustrup Kildegaard, H., Borth, N., & Andersen, M. R.
- Affiliations
- Novo Nordisk Foundation (DK)
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (Austria) (AT)
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability Technical University of Denmark Kongens Lyngby Denmark
- BOKU University (AT)
- Technical University of Denmark (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Andersen, Mikael Rørdam
- Venue
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2019-07-21
- Volume
- 116
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 2778-2796
- ISSN
- 0006-3592 (ISSN-L)
- 1097-0290
- OpenAlex
- W2955046473
- Cited by
- 46
- References
- 224
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 4
- FWCI
- 0.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Orbit (Technical University of Denmark, DTU) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Novo Nordisk Fonden (NNF10CC1016517)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Viral Infectious Diseases and Gene Expression in Insects
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein purification and stability
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biotechnology › Transgenic Plants and Applications
- Keywords
- post-translational modification, biopharmaceuticals, genetic engineering, expression systems, overexpression, product quality attributes, mammalian cell expression systems, yeast expression system, plant expression systems, insect expression system, prokaryotic expression
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Biological Products, Genetic Engineering, Humans
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