Inputs to the ventrolateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
Open accessAbstract
The ventrolateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTvl) receives direct input from two specific subpopulations of neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). It is heavily innervated by aldosterone‐sensitive NTS neurons, which are selectively activated by sodium depletion, and by the A2 noradrenergic neurons, which are activated by visceral and immune‐ and stress‐related stimuli. Here, we used a retrograde neuronal tracer to identify other brain sites that innervate the BSTvl. Five general brain regions contained retrogradely labeled neurons: cerebral cortex (infralimbic and insular regions), rostral forebrain structures (subfornical organ, organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis, taenia tecta, nucleus accumbens, lateral septum, endopiriform nucleus, dorsal BST, substantia innominata, and, most prominently the amygdala—primarily its basomedial and central subnuclei), thalamus (central medial, intermediodorsal, reuniens, and, most prominently the paraventricular thalamic nucleus), hypothalamus (medial preoptic area, perifornical, arcuate, dorsomedial, parasubthalamic, and posterior hypothalamic nuclei), and brainstem (periaqueductal gray matter, dorsal and central superior raphe nuclei, parabrachial nucleus, pre‐locus coeruleus region, NTS, and A1 noradrenergic neurons in the caudal ventrolateral medulla). In the arcuate hypothalamic nucleus, some retrogradely labeled neurons contained either agouti‐related peptide or cocaine/amphetamine‐regulated transcript. Of the numerous retrogradely labeled neurons in the perifornical hypothalamic area, few contained melanin‐concentrating hormone or orexin. In the brainstem, many retrogradely labeled neurons were either serotoninergic or catecholaminergic. In summary, the BSTvl receives inputs from a variety of brain sites implicated in hunger, salt and water intake, stress, arousal, and reward. J. Comp. Neurol. 511:628–657, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
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In the LN, these changes may directly affect fear conditioning, whereas changes in the BN may impact on hippocampal context learning, and involvement of the CE, ME and ABN suggests direct effects on the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, speculatively impacting on sustained fear mechanisms.
“In the LN, these changes may directly affect fear conditioning, whereas changes in the BN may impact on hippocampal context learning, and involvement of the CE, ME and ABN suggests direct effects on the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, speculatively impacting on sustained fear mechanisms.95, 96, 97, 98”
From Aggrecan and chondroitin-6-sulfate abnormalities in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a postmortem study on the amygdala (2015) · cites this paper as [95]
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- Authors
- Shin, J., Geerling, J. C., & Loewy, A. D.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Loewy, Arthur D.
- ORCID
- Geerling, Joel C.
- Venue
- Journal of Comparative Neurology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2008-10-29
- Volume
- 511
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 628-657
- ISSN
- 0021-9967 (ISSN-L)
- 1096-9861
- PMC
- PMC2748802
- OpenAlex
- W2033296244
- Cited by
- 115
- References
- 135
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 2.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Journal of Comparative Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL25449, R37HL025449, R01HL025449)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroscience of respiration and sleep
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Keywords
- nucleus tractus solitarius, sodium depletion, amygdala, paraventricular thalamus, hypothalamus, arcuate nucleus, perifornical area, brainstem, serotonin, catecholamines, hunger, stress, arousal, reward, retrograde tracing
- MeSH terms
- Afferent Pathways, Animals, Autonomic Nervous System, Axonal Transport, Brain Mapping, Brain Stem, Cholera Toxin, Immunohistochemistry, Limbic System, Male, Septal Nuclei, Biogenic Monoamines, Biomarkers, Prosencephalon, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Autonomic Pathways, Neurotransmitter Agents, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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