Functional heterogeneity in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
Open accessAbstract
Early work stressed the differing involvement of the central amygdala (CeA) and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) in the genesis of fear versus anxiety, respectively. In 2009, Walker, Miles, and Davis proposed a model of amygdala-BNST interactions to explain these functional differences. This model became extremely influential and now guides a new wave of studies on the role of BNST in humans. Here, we consider evidence for and against this model, in the process highlighting central principles of BNST organization. This analysis leads us to conclude that BNST's influence is not limited to the generation of anxiety-like responses to diffuse threats, but that it also shapes the impact of discrete threatening stimuli. It is likely that BNST-CeA interactions are involved in modulating responses to such threats. In addition, whereas current views emphasize the contributions of the anterolateral BNST region in anxiety, accumulating data indicate that the anteromedial and anteroventral regions also play a critical role. The presence of multiple functional subregions within the small volume of BNST raises significant technical obstacles for functional imaging studies in humans.
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Most projections to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus originate from the ventral BNST.
“most of the projections to PVN originate from this area [51].”
From The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis as a brain correlate of psychological inflexibility in fibromyalgia (2020) · cites this paper as [51]
The reciprocal communication between the central amygdala and the BNST is critical for regulating anxiety levels.
“Although the GPe has only modest connections to the amygdala59,60, the central amygdala and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) are known to communicate reciprocally, a relationship critical for regulating anxiety levels61,62.”
From Dopamine dynamics as a regulatory mechanism for shifting between defensive and reward-seeking behaviors (2026) · cites this paper as [62]
The central amygdala and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) communicate reciprocally.
“Although the GPe has only modest connections to the amygdala59,60, the central amygdala and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) are known to communicate reciprocally, a relationship critical for regulating anxiety levels61,62.”
From Dopamine dynamics as a regulatory mechanism for shifting between defensive and reward-seeking behaviors (2026) · cites this paper as [62]
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- Authors
- Gungor, N. Z., & Pare, D.
- Venue
- Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2016-08-03
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 31
- Pages
- 8038-8049
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC4971356
- OpenAlex
- W2491422019
- Cited by
- 214
- References
- 153
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 6
- FWCI
- 15.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-098738, R01MH098738)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, central amygdala, anxiety, fear, functional heterogeneity, threat response
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Anxiety, Fear, Humans, Models, Neurological, Nerve Net, Septal Nuclei, Stress, Psychological
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