Afferent and efferent connections of the dorsolateral precentral gyrus (area 4, hand/arm region) in the macaque monkey, with comparisons to area 8
Abstract
The afferent and efferent connections of the dorsolateral precentral gyrus, the primary motor cortex for control of the upper extremity, were studied by using the retrograde and anterograde capabilities of the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) technique in three adult macaque monkeys that had received HRP gel implants in this cortical region. Reciprocal corticocortical connections were observed primarily with the supplementary motor area (SMA) in medial premotor area 6 and dorsal bank of the cingulate sulcus, postarcuate area 6 cortex, dorsal cingulate cortex (area 24), superior parietal lobule (area 5, PE/PEa), and inferior parietal lobule (area 7b, PF/PFop, including the secondary somatosensory SII region). In these heavily labeled regions, the associational intrahemispheric afferents originated primarily from small and medium sized pyramidal cells in layer III, but also from layer V. The SMA projections were columnar in organization. Intrahemispheric afferents from contralateral homologous and nonhomologous frontal and cingulate cortices also originated predominantly from layer III, but the connections from contralateral area 4 were almost exclusively from layer III. The bilateral connections with premotor frontal area 6 and cingulate cortices were not observed with parietal regions; i.e., only ipsilateral intrahemispheric parietal corticocortical connections were observed. There were no significant connections with prearcuate area 8 or the granular frontal (prefrontal) cortex.…
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There are no direct pathways between prefrontal cortex and motor cortex.
“Anatomical support, for instance, comes from the absence of direct pathways between prefrontal cortex and motor cortex (Leichnetz, 1986; Passingham, 1993, p. 125).”
From The case for the development and use of ecologically valid measures of executive function in experimental and clinical neuropsychology (2006) · cites this paper as Leichnetz, 1986
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- Authors
- Leichnetz, G. R.
- Affiliations
- Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Leichnetz, George R.
- Venue
- Journal of Comparative Neurology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1986-12-22
- Volume
- 254
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 460-492
- ISSN
- 0021-9967 (ISSN-L)
- 1096-9861
- OpenAlex
- W2073784907
- Cited by
- 234
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 3.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Comparative Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Keywords
- primary motor cortex, area 4, corticocortical connections, supplementary motor area, upper extremity motor control, macaque, parietal cortex, superior parietal lobule
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Arm, Brain Stem, Diencephalon, Eye Movements, Hand, Macaca fascicularis, Macaca mulatta, Motor Cortex, Neural Pathways, Spinal Cord, Telencephalon
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