Vasopressin and oxytocin gene expression in the human hypothalamus
Open accessAbstract
We studied the distribution of messenger ribonucleic acids coding for vasopressin and oxytocin in the human hypothalamus by means of hybridization histochemistry. Numerous large and medium-sized neurons contain vasopressin messenger ribonucleic acid in the paraventricular nucleus, supraoptic nucleus, and accessory magnocellular nucleus. Small, lightly labeled vasopressin neurons also were detected in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. In addition, a relatively sparse band of mostly ovoid, medium-sized vasopressin neurons mingle with unlabeled neurons of the lateral hypothalamic area; these cells extend dorsoventrally from the region ventral to the stria terminalis to the ventrolateral hypothalamus, sometimes transgressing the boundaries of nearby nuclei. We did not detect vasopressin gene expression in neurons of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis proper, although some of the dorsal-most labeled neurons of the lateral hypothalamus extend into the region of the caudal bed nucleus. Some lateral hypothalamic neurons also encroach upon other extrahypothalamic structures, such as the zona incerta. The nucleus basalis of Meynert complex was, with only rare exceptions, devoid of cells containing vasopressin messenger ribonucleic acid. Oxytocin messenger ribonucleic acid is found in the supraoptic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, accessory magnocellular nucleus and, less frequently, in neurons of the lateral hypothalamus. In the hypothalamic magnocellular nuclei, oxytocin neurons are somewhat smaller than vasopressin neurons. Vasopressin cells outnumber oxytocin cells in the supraoptic nucleus, but their numbers are comparable in the paraventricular nucleus. As with vasopressin neurons, lateral hypothalamic oxytocin cells loosely span several diencephalic nuclei and encroach occasionally upon adjacent regions. These results confirm that the organization of vasopressin and oxytocin neurons in the human hypothalamus is largely comparable to that in nonhuman species and demonstrate the utility of hybridization histochemistry for elucidating the chemoarchitecture of the human brain.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Progress in mapping OT and AVP receptors in primate brains lags significantly behind rodent research.
“Despite the apparent interest in mapping OT and AVP receptors in the brains of primates (Ichimiya et al., 1988; Kawata and Sano, 1982; Sukhov et al., 1993; Ueda et al., 1983), progress lags significantly behind rodent research in this area.”
From Neuropeptide diversity and the regulation of social behavior in New World primates (2016) · cites this paper as Sukhov et al., 1993
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Suprachiasmatic nucleus : the mind's clock
Klein, D. C., Moore, R. Y., & Reppert, S. M. (1991) · Cited by 1,713 · see citing works
The suprachiasmatic nucleus of the human brain in relation to sex, age and senile dementia
Swaab, D. F., Fliers, E., & Partiman, T. S. (1985) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(85)91350-2 · Cited by 847 · see citing works
Synthesis, transport, and release of posterior pituitary hormones
Brownstein, M. J., Russell, J. T., & Gainer, H. (1980) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.6153132 · Cited by 838 · see citing works
Sausville, E., Carney, D., & Battey, J. (1985) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(17)39236-0 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
Changes in oxytocin and vasopressin secretion during sexual activity in men
MURPHY, M. R., SECKL, J. R., BURTON, S., CHECKLEY, S. A., & LIGHTMAN, S. L. (1987) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-65-4-738 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Oxytocin, vasopressin and memory: opposite effects on consolidation and retrieval processes
Bohus, B. ́., Kova´cs, G. L., & de Wied, D. (1978) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(78)90052-5 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Rance, N. E., & Young, W. S. (1991) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-128-5-2239 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Uhl, G. R., & Reppert, S. M. (1986) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.3961487 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
In Situ Hybridization Histochemistry
Young, W. S. (1989) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-349-10726-1_1 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Vasopressin Exhibits a Rhythmic Daily Pattern in Cerebrospinal Fluid But Not in Blood
Reppert, S. M., Artman, H. G., Swaminathan, S., & Fisher, D. A. (1981) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7268432 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Fliers, E., Swaab, D. F., W. Pool, C., & Verwer, R. W. H. (1985) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(85)91351-4 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Meister, B., Villar, M. J., Ceccatelli, S., & Hökfelt, T. G. M. (1990) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(90)90094-k · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Dierickx, K., & Vandesande, F. (1977) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/bf00220524 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Hypothalamic pathology in Alzheimer's disease
Saper, C. B., & German, D. C. (1987) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(87)90325-9 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Coexpression of Vasopressin and Oxytocin in Hypothalamic Supraoptic Neurons of Lactating Rats*
Mezey, É., & Kiss, J. Z. (1991) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-129-4-1814 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Vasopressin and oxytocin systems in the brain and upper spinal cord of <i>Macaca fascicularis</i>
Caffé, A. R., Van Ryen, P. C., Van Der Woude, T. P., & Van Leeuwen, F. W. (1989) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.902870304 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
The hypothalamus of the human adult: chiasmatic region
Braak, H., & Braak, E. (1987) · Anatomy and Embryology · doi:10.1007/bf00309845 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Amyloid in the brains of aged squirrel monkeys
Walker, L. C., Masters, C., Beyreuther, K., & Price, D. L. (1990) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/bf00307691 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
The Hypothalamus: Morphological, Functional, Clinical and Surgical Aspects.
(1939) · Archives of Neurology And Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archneurpsyc.1939.02270160224023 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Fliers, E., Guldenaar, S. E. F., Wal, N. V. D., & Swaab, D. F. (1986) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(86)90759-6 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Gai, W., Geffen, L. B., & Blessing, W. W. (1990) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.902980302 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Kiyama, H., & Emson, P. C. (1990) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.1990.tb00401.x · Cited by 97 · see citing works
In situ hybridization histochemical detection of neuropeptide mRNA using DNA and RNA probes
Young, W. S. (1989) · Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology · doi:10.1016/0076-6879(89)68051-2 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Influence of oxytocin on human memory processes
FERRIER, B. M., Kennet, D. J., & Devlin, M. (1980) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/0024-3205(80)90499-3 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Chung, S. K., McCabe, J. T., & Pfaff, D. W. (1991) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.903070209 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Vasopressin analog (DDAVP) facilitates concept learning in human males
Beckwith, B. E., Petros, T., Beckwith, S. K., Couk, D. I., Haug, R. J., & Ryan, C. (1982) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/0196-9781(82)90162-0 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
The Topography and Homologies of the Hypothalamic Nuclei in Man.
Clark, W. E. L. G. (1936) · PubMed · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Stopa, E. G., King, J. C., Lydic, R., & Schoene, W. C. (1984) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(84)90553-5 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Chapter 11 Multiple chemical messengers in hypothalamic magnocellular neurons
Brownstein, M., & Mezey, É. (1986) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(08)60237-x · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Dierickx, K., & Vandesande, F. (1979) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/bf00240096 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Carter, D., & Murphy, D. (1992) · Molecular Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0169-328x(92)90133-v · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Saper, C. B. (1990) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-547625-6.50020-9 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Central role for vasopressin in cardiovascular regulation and the pathogenesis of hypertension.
Berecek, K. H., & Swords, B. H. (1990) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.16.3.213 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Galanin mRNA in the nucleus basalis of Meynert complex of baboons and humans
Walker, L. C., Rance, N. E., Price, D. L., & Young, W. S. (1991) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.903030110 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Carter, D., & Murphy, D. (1989) · Molecular Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0169-328x(89)90069-7 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Expression of the Oxytocin and Vasopressin Genes
Young, W. S. (1992) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.1992.tb00201.x · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Vogels, O. J. M., Broere, C. A. J., & Nieuwenhuys, R. (1990) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(90)90538-k · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Influence of oxytocin on human memory processes: Validation by a control study
Kennett, D. J., Devlin, M., & FERRIER, B. M. (1982) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/0024-3205(82)90589-6 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Expression of the vasopressin and oxytocin genes in human hypothalami
Mohr, E., Hillers, M., Ivell, R., Haulica, I. D., & Richter, D. (1985) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/0014-5793(85)80069-7 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Kawata, M., McCabe, J. T., & Pfaff, D. W. (1988) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/0361-9230(88)90079-2 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Localization and regulation of vasopressin mRNA in human neurons
Rivkees, S. A., Chaar, M., Hanley, D. F., Maxwell, M., Reppert, S. M., & Uhl, G. R. (1989) · Synapse · doi:10.1002/syn.890030311 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Eerdenburg, F. J. C. M. V., & Swaab, D. F. (1991) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(91)90439-z · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Chapter 4 In situ hybridization histochemistry in the human hypothalamus
Mengod, G., Goudsmit, E., Probst, A., & Palacios, J. M. (1992) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(08)64562-8 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Vasopressinergic neurons in the magnocellular nuclei of the human basal forebrain
Ulfig, N., Braak, E., Ohm, T. G., & Pool, C. W. (1990) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(90)90678-5 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Hypophysiotrophic function of vasopressin and oxytocin
Antoni, F. A., Kovács, K., Dohanits, J., Makara, G. B., Holmes, M. C., & Mazurek, M. F. (1988) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/0361-9230(88)90084-6 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Young, W. S., & Hsu, A. (1991) · Neuropeptides · doi:10.1016/0143-4179(91)90003-2 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Clarke, R. (1936) · The Antiquaries Journal · doi:10.1017/s000358150009394x · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Oxytocin as Part of Stress Responses
Samson, W. K., & MOGG, R. J. (1990) · Current topics in neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-75837-9_3 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Brownstein MJ, and Mezey E (1986) Multiple chemical messengers in hypothalamic magnocellular neurons. Prog. Brain Res 68:161–180. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mengod G, Goudsmit E, Probst A, and Palacios JM (1992) In situ hybridization histochemistry in the human hypothalamus. Prog. Brain Res 93:45–55. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nauta WJH, and Haymaker W (1969) Hypothalamic nuclei and fiber connections. In Haymaker W, Anderson E, and Nauta WJH (eds): The Hypothalamus. Springfield: C.C. Thomas, pp. 136–209. [Google Scholar]
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Morphological and electrophysiological classification of hypothalamic supraoptic neurons
Armstrong, W. E. (1995) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/0301-0082(95)80005-s · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Vasopressin and the Output of the Hypothalamic Biological Clock
Kalsbeek, A., Fliers, E., Hofman, M. A., Swaab, D. F., & Buijs, R. M. (2010) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2010.01956.x · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Generation of neuropeptidergic hypothalamic neurons from human pluripotent stem cells
Merkle, F. T., Maroof, A. M., Wataya, T., Sasai, Y., Studer, L., Eggan, K. C., & Schier, A. F. (2015) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.117978 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Diversity of oxytocin neurones: Beyond magno‐ and parvocellular cell types?
Althammer, F., & Grinevich, V. (2018) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.12549 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Blevins, J. E., & Baskin, D. G. (2015) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.05.023 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Novel Noninvasive Approaches to the Treatment of Obesity: From Pharmacotherapy to Gene Therapy
Angelidi, A. M., Belanger, M. J., Kokkinos, A. D., Koliaki, C. C., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2021) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/endrev/bnab034 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Oxytocin and vasopressin: genetics and behavioral implications
Caldwell, H. K., & Young, W. S. (2006) · Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30381-9_25 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Self-citationOxytocin and Vasopressin: Genetics and Behavioral Implications
Caldwell, H. K., & Young, W. S. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-387-30395-2_25 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Rance, N. E., Young, W. S., & McMullen, N. T. (1994) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.903390408 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
The role of oxytocin in regulation of appetitive behaviour, body weight and glucose homeostasis
Lawson, E. A., Olszewski, P. K., Weller, A., & Blevins, J. E. (2019) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.12805 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Letinić, K., & Kostović, I. (1997) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19970804)384:3 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Collective timekeeping among cells of the master circadian clock
Evans, J. A. (2016) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/joe-16-0054 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Neuropeptide diversity and the regulation of social behavior in New World primates
French, J. A., Taylor, J. H., Mustoe, A. C., & Cavanaugh, J. (2016) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2016.03.004 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Kitahama, K., Ikemoto, K., Jouvet, A., Nagatsu, I., Sakamoto, N., & Pearson, J. (1998) · Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy · doi:10.1016/s0891-0618(98)00060-x · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Opioid precursor gene expression in the human hypothalamus
Sukhov, R. R., Walker, L. C., Rance, N. E., Price, D. L., & Young, W. S. (1995) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.903530410 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
The anatomy of the Göttingen minipig hypothalamus
Ettrup, K. S., Sørensen, J. C. H., & Bjarkam, C. R. (2009) · Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy · doi:10.1016/j.jchemneu.2009.12.004 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Oxytocin in the human--regulation of derivations and destinations
Evans, J. J. (1997) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje.0.1370559 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Lucassen, P. J., Goudsmit, E., Pool, C. W., Mengod, G., Palacios, J. M., Raadsheer, F. C., Guldenaar, S. E. F., & Swaab, D. F. (1995) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/0165-0270(94)00152-7 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Vries, G. J. D., AL‐SHAMMA, H. A., & ZHOU, L. (1994) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb55789.x · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Oxytocin as an Anti-obesity Treatment
Niu, J., Tong, J., & Blevins, J. E. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.743546 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Rubín, R. T. (1999) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(98)00077-3 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Guldenaar, S. E. F., & Swaab, D. F. (1995) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(95)00939-n · Cited by 15 · see citing works
le Moullec, J.-M., Jouquey, S., Corvolb, P., & Pinet, F. (1997) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0303-7207(97)04033-1 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Rubín, R. T., Rhodes, M. E., Miller, T. H., Jakab, R. L., & Czambel, R. K. (2006) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2006.07.023 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
McConn, B. R., Siegel, P. B., Cline, M. A., & Gilbert, E. R. (2019) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A Molecular & Integrative Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.03.009 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Ishunina, T. A., Wouda, J., Fisser, B., & Swaab, D. F. (2002) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(02)03269-9 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Pfaff, D. W., Ogawa, S., & Kow, L. (1999) · Results and problems in cell differentiation · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-49421-8_5 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Neuropeptides of the human magnocellular hypothalamus
Pałasz, A., Vecchia, A. D., Saganiak, K., & Worthington, J. J. (2021) · Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy · doi:10.1016/j.jchemneu.2021.102003 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Endocrine gland size is proportional to its target tissue size
Raz, M., Milo, T., Glass, D. S., Mayo, A., & Alon, U. (2024) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2024.110625 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Unifying regulatory motifs in endocrine circuits
Raz, M., Glass, D. S., Milo, T., Kohanim, Y. K., Karin, O., Tendler, A., Mayo, A., & Alon, U. S. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-65924-4 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Derycke, S., Kéver, L., Herten, K., den Berge, K. V., Steenberge, M. W. V., Houdt, J. V., Clement, L., Poncin, P., Parmentier, É., & Verheyen, E. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00136 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Therapeutic potential of vasopressin in the treatment of neurological disorders
Mishra, S., Grewal, J., Wal, P., Bhivshet, G. U., Tripathi, A. K., & Walia, V. (2024) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171166 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Borie, A. M., Dromard, Y., Dufner, D., Pollozi, E., Huzard, D., Tömböli, C., Olma, A., Manning, M., Colson, P. H., Guillon, G., et al. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/800425 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Wilkinson, M., & Imran, S. A. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108149938.010 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Unifying design principles of endocrine gland mass and its regulatory circuitsPreprint
Raz, M., Milo, T., Kohanim, Y. K., Karin, O., Tendler, A., Bar, A., Glass, D. S., Mayo, A., & Alon, U. S. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.07.03.547486 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Wang, Z. C. (2013) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Biochemical and Molecular Study of Lactuca sativa on Diuresis- induced experimentally in Rats.
Awadein, A., Ali, H., Mahfouz, M., Hassan, O., & Marzouk, M. (2024) · Benha Veterinary Medical Journal · doi:10.21608/bvmj.2024.258533.1769
Hypothalamic Atrophy and Textural Changes in Polyglutamine Ataxias
Rodrigues, L., de Rezende, T. J. R., Martinez, A. R., Massuyama, B. K., Pedroso, J. L., Barsottini, O. G. P., Iglesias, J. E., Appenzeller, S., Rittner, L., & França, M. C. (2026) · The Cerebellum · doi:10.1007/s12311-026-01978-4
Weisenseel, Z., & Glasper, E. R. (2026) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2026.101328
Wang (1997) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2396(199709)27:1
- Authors
- Sukhov, R. R., Walker, L. C., Rance, N. E., Price, D. L., & Young, W. S.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- National Institute of Mental Health (US)
- University of Arizona (US)
- Corresponding author
- Walker, Lary C.
- Venue
- Journal of Comparative Neurology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1993-11-08
- Volume
- 337
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 295-306
- ISSN
- 0021-9967 (ISSN-L)
- 1096-9861
- PMC
- PMC9883978
- OpenAlex
- W2089154287
- Cited by
- 39
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 3.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Journal of Comparative Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5t32ns007179-15)
- U.S. Public Health Service
- National Institute on Aging (R56AG009214, R01AG009214, P50AG005146)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS AG 05146, NS-07179, F32NS010580, NS-20471)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Keywords
- vasopressin, oxytocin, hypothalamus, gene expression, mRNA distribution, paraventricular nucleus, supraoptic nucleus, lateral hypothalamus, suprachiasmatic nucleus, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, zona incerta, nucleus basalis of Meynert, magnocellular neurons, chemoarchitecture, human brain
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Histocytochemistry, Humans, Hypothalamus, Male, Middle Aged, Neurons, Oxytocin, RNA, Messenger, Vasopressins, Oligonucleotide Probes, Gene Expression, In Situ Hybridization
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
