HPA Axis‐Rhythms

The nuclear receptor superfamily: the second decade

Mangelsdorf, D. J., Thummel, C., Beato, M., Herrlich, P., Schütz, G., Umesono, K., Blumberg, B., Kastner, P., Mark, M., Chambon, P., et al. (1995) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90199-x · Cited by 6,964

Physiology and neurobiology of stress and adaptation: central role of the brain

McEwen, B. S. (2007) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00041.2006 · Cited by 5,429 · cited 1×

Coordination of circadian timing in mammals

Reppert, S. M., & Weaver, D. R. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature00965 · Cited by 4,379

Characterization of a 41-Residue Ovine Hypothalamic Peptide That Stimulates Secretion of Corticotropin and β-Endorphin

Vale, W., Spiess, J., Rivier, C., & Rivier, J. (1981) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.6267699 · Cited by 3,965

Characterization of a 41-Residue Ovine Hypothalamic Peptide that Stimulates Secretion of Corticotropin and β-Endorphin

Vale, W., Spiess, J., RIVIER, C. L., & Rivier, J. (1982) · Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey · doi:10.1097/00006254-198205000-00013 · Cited by 3,904

Neural regulation of endocrine and autonomic stress responses

Ulrich-Lai, Y. M., & Herman, J. P. (2009) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2647 · Cited by 3,318

Physiological functions of glucocorticoids in stress and their relation to pharmacological actions

MUNCK, A., GUYRE, P. M., & HOLBROOK, N. J. (1984) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv-5-1-25 · Cited by 3,083

Brain corticosteroid receptor balance in health and disease

de Kloet, E. R., Vreugdenhil, E., Oitzl, M. S., & Joëls, M. (1998) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv.19.3.0331 · Cited by 2,614

Brain corticosteroid receptor balance in health and disease

de Kloet, E. R. (1998) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.19.3.269 · Cited by 2,614

Two receptor systems for corticosterone in rat brain: Microdistribution and differential occupation

REUL, J. M. H. M., & KLOET, E. R. D. (1985) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-117-6-2505 · Cited by 2,580

Fetal surgery and maternal cortisol response to stress. The myelomeningocele sheep model

Pelizzo, G., Bellieni, C. V., Dell’Oste, C., Zambaiti, E., Costanzo, F., Albertini, R., Campagnol, M., Silvestri, A. D., & Calcaterra, V. (2015) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.3109/14767058.2015.1015412 · Cited by 4

Neoplastic/Pathological and Nonneoplastic/Physiological Hypercortisolism: Cushing Versus Pseudo-Cushing Syndromes

Findling, J. W., & Raff, H. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-45950-9_6 · Cited by 4

Maternal Hair Cortisol Concentrations and its Association with Increased Insulin Resistance in Mid-Pregnancy

Juvinao-Quintero, D. L., Larrabure-Torrealva, G. T., Sánchez, S. E., Kirschbaum, C., Williams, M. A., & Gelaye, B. (2022) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2023.02.011 · Cited by 4

Dual-release hydrocortisone improves body composition and the glucometabolic profile in patients with secondary adrenal insufficiency

Jørgensen, N. T., Boesen, V. B., Borresen, S. W., Christoffersen, T., Jørgensen, N. R., Plomgaard, P., Christoffersen, C., Watt, T., Feldt‐Rasmussen, U., & Klose, M. (2024) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-024-03711-9 · Cited by 4

Rhythms of stress resilience

Spiga, F., & Lightman, S. L. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813983-7.00008-2 · Cited by 4

A quantitative modeling framework to understand the physiology of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and interaction with cortisol replacement therapy

Bindellini, D., Michelet, R., Aulin, L. B. S., Melin, J., Neumann, U., Blankenstein, O., Huisinga, W., Whitaker, M. J., Ross, R., & Kloft, C. (2024) · Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics · doi:10.1007/s10928-024-09934-7 · Cited by 4

Augmenting Circadian Biology Research With Data Science

Soltani, S., Burks, J. H., & Smarr, B. L. (2025) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/07487304241310923 · Cited by 4

The Current Treatment Landscape for Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

Tonge, J. J., Bacila, I. A., & Krone, N. P. (2025) · Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40265-025-02216-7 · Cited by 4

Glucocorticoid receptor signaling: crosstalk with inflammation

Zhan, X., Song, B., Xu, S., & Zhou, H. (2026) · Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology · doi:10.1080/08923973.2025.2605579 · Cited by 3

Mineralocorticoid Receptor and Sleep Quality in Chronic Kidney Disease

de la Puente-Aldea, J., Lopez-Llanos, O., Horrillo, D., Marcos-Sánchez, H., Sanz-Ballesteros, S., Franco, R., Jaisser, F., Senovilla, L., & Palacios, R. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms252212320 · Cited by 3

The modifying effect of trait anxiety on the association of fine particulate matter with heart rate variability variables

Guo, T., Guo, H., Fu, L., Chen, X., Ma, Y., Pang, B., Shi, J., Yu, H., Shan, A., Li, Y., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.113933 · Cited by 4

Regulatory Effects of Maternal Immune Activation and Environmental Enrichment on Glucocorticoid Receptor and FKBP5 Expression in Stress-sensitive Regions of the Offspring Brain

Maganga-Bakita, I., Aiken, A. A., Puracchio, M. J., Kentner, A. C., & Hunter, R. G. (2022) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.09.010 · Cited by 3

Interaction of chronic pain, obesity and time of day on cortisol in female human adolescents

Raff, H., Phillips, J. M., Simpson, P. M., Weisman, S. J., & Hainsworth, K. R. (2022) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2022.2142778 · Cited by 3

Glucocorticoid receptor hypersensitivity enhances inflammatory signaling and inhibits cell cycle progression in porcine PBMCs

Li, Z., Hadlich, F., Wimmers, K., & Muráni, E. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.976454 · Cited by 3

Evaluation of the effect of glucocorticoid treatment on adrenocortical functions by monitoring endogenous hydrocortisone in horses

Kikuchi, M., NAGATA, S.-I., Ishige, T., Minamijima, Y., HIROTA, K.-I., Tozaki, T., Kakoi, H., & Kizaki, K. (2023) · Journal of Veterinary Medical Science · doi:10.1292/jvms.23-0011 · Cited by 3

HormoneBayes: A novel Bayesian framework for the analysis of pulsatile hormone dynamics

Voliotis, M., Abbara, A., Prague, J., Veldhuis, J. D., Dhillo, W. S., & Tsaneva-Atanasova, K. T. (2024) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011928 · Cited by 3

Relevance of Circadian Rhythm in Cancer

DiTacchio, L., DiTacchio, K. A., & Panda, S. (2015) · Energy balance and cancer · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-16733-6_1 · Cited by 3

Biological Rhythms and the HPA Axis in Psychoneuroimmunology

Yan, Q. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-45111-4_3 · Cited by 3

Sex-specific fear acquisition following early life stress is linked to amygdala glutamate metabolismPreprint

Bordes, J., Bajaj, T., Miranda, L., van Doeselaar, L., Brix, L. M., Narayan, S. V., Yang, H., Mitra, S., Kovářová, V., Springer, M., et al. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.02.15.580479 · Cited by 3

Out-of-phase treatment with the synthetic glucocorticoid betamethasone disturbs glucose metabolism in mice

Li, S., Zhang, S., Rensen, P. C. N., Meijer, O. C., Kooijman, S., & Kroon, J. (2024) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2024.123080 · Cited by 2

Glucocorticoids Selectively Inhibit Hippocampal CA1 Pyramidal Neurons Activity Through HCN Channels

Li, C., Lu, T., Pan, C., & Hu, C. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms252211971 · Cited by 2

A Circadian Trough in Glucocorticoid Signaling Is Essential for Bone Health in Mice

Smit, A. E., Yue, K., Kooijman, S., Afkir, S., Schilperoort, M., Koedam, M., van der Eerden, B. C. J., Kroon, J., Meijer, O. C., & Winter, E. M. (2026) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.70479 · Cited by 2

High expression of L-GILZ transcript variant 1 (GILZ TV 1) is associated with increased 30-day sepsis mortality, and a high expression ratio possibly contraindicates hydrocortisone administration

Rusev, S., Thon, P., Dyck, B., Ziehe, D., Rahmel, T., Marko, B., Palmowski, L., Nowak, H., Ellger, B., Limper, U., et al. (2024) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/s13054-024-05056-1 · Cited by 2

Intraoperative Low‐Dose Glucocorticoids in Surgical Patients With Abdominal Sepsis: A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study

Tao, T., Shi, Y., Ye, X., Mi, W., & Lou, J. (2025) · Health Science Reports · doi:10.1002/hsr2.70360 · Cited by 3

Circadian Regulation of Endocrine Functions

Butler, M. P., Karatsoreos, I. N., Kriegsfeld, L. J., & Silver, R. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803592-4.00012-2 · Cited by 2

Ultradian Rhythms

Spiga, F., Pooley, J. R., Russell, G. M., & Lightman, S. L. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802175-0.00043-7 · Cited by 2

Circadian fluctuations in glucocorticoid level predict perceptual discrimination sensitivityPreprint

Obleser, J., Kreitewolf, J., Vielhauer, R., Lindner, F., David, C., Oster, H., & Tune, S. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.10.07.330282 · Cited by 2

Effects of relaxation breathing exercise on fatigue and cortisol level among Indonesian gynecological cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy: a pilot study †

Mulhaeriah, M., Sangkala, M. S., Syahrul, S., & Wahyuni, R. (2024) · Frontiers of Nursing · doi:10.2478/fon-2024-0022 · Cited by 1

Glucocorticoids Rapidly Modulate Ca V 1.2-Mediated Calcium Signals through Kv2.1 Channel Clusters in Hippocampal Neurons

Wan, D., Lu, T., Li, C., & Hu, C. (2024) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0179-24.2024 · Cited by 1

Family stress and child BMIz during the COVID-19 pandemic: exploring the mediating effects of cortisol

Douglas, S., Laila, A., Tremblay, P. F., Buchholz, A. C., Miller, A. L., Pare, S. M., Gunn, E., Duncan, A. M., David, W. L., Vallis, L. A., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-025-01802-9 · Cited by 1

Modulation of glucocorticoid receptor function under iron overload

Zhu, W., Vanderhaeghen, T., Timmermans, S., Vandewalle, J., Eggermont, M., Verhoog, N. J. D., & Libert, C. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1605420 · Cited by 1

Prioritizing sleep health in foster care: Trauma-informed considerations for policy

Rusin, K., Neblett, G., Wolfson, A. R., Ripple, C. H., McGlinchey, E. L., Booher, J., & Alfano, C. A. (2024) · Child Policy Nexus · doi:10.1002/sop2.70001 · Cited by 1

Corticosterone-linked microglial activity underpins sexually dimorphic neuroplasticity after ketamine anesthesia

Venturino, A., Alamalhoda, M., Negrello, T., Jin, K., van Velthoven, C. T. J., Cubero, R. J., Yeung, J., Koppensteiner, P., Tasic, B., & Siegert, S. (2026) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adz6517 · Cited by 1

Epigenetics, Stress, and Their Potential Impact on Brain Network Function

Diwadkar, V. A. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800951-2.00015-7 · Cited by 1

Glucocorticoid Replacement in Man

Russell, G. M., Løvås, K., & Lightman, S. L. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803592-4.00078-x · Cited by 1

The role of stress in mediating inflammation in the context of neurodegeneration

Armstrong, A. M., Woodfield, A., Eccles, M. K., Groth, D., & Verdile, G. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-817558-3.00005-6 · Cited by 1

Chronobiological Study Designs

Weinert, D., & Gubin, D. G. (2024) · Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks · doi:10.1039/bk9781839167553-00579 · Cited by 1

Do weighted blankets improve sleep among children with a history of maltreatment? A randomized controlled crossover trial

Cifre, A. B., Vieira, A., Baker, C. D., Myers, A. M., Rech, M., Kim, J., Zhang, Y., & Alfano, C. A. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.11152 · Cited by 1

Steroids in paediatric heart surgery: eminence or evidence-based practice?

Fudulu, D. P., Lightman, S. L., Caputo, M., & Angelini, G. D. (2018) · Indian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery · doi:10.1007/s12055-018-0670-y · Cited by 1

Is amygdala size correlated with stress?

Canbolat, M., Erbay, M. F., Şenol, D., Uçar, C., & Yıldız, S. (2020) · Folia Morphologica · doi:10.5603/fm.a2020.0095 · Cited by 1

Fast dynamics in the HPA axis: Insight from mathematical and experimental studies

Walker, J. J., & Romanò, N. (2022) · Current Opinion in Endocrine and Metabolic Research · doi:10.1016/j.coemr.2022.100403 · Cited by 2

Effects of Corticosterone and Stress on Cry1 Expression in the Prefrontal Cortex of Male Rats, and Sex Differences in Stress-induced Cry1 Expression in the Hypothalamic Suprachiasmatic and Paraventricular Nuclei of Male and Female Rats

Swearingen, B. (2016) · CU Scholar (University of Colorado Boulder) · Cited by 1

Circadian-Regulated GR Signaling Mediates Morning Arrhythmias

Rabinovich-Nikitin, I., Crandall, M., & Kirshenbaum, L. A. (2024) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.124.324571 · Cited by 1

Vasopressin and angiotensin II differentially modulate human fear response dynamics to looming threatsPreprint

Han, M., Dong, W., Fu, K., Wang, J., Xu, Y., Zheng, Y., Kendrick, K. M., Ferraro, S., Xu, T., Yao, D., et al. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.05.18.25327885 · Cited by 1

Aging

König, R., Rotheneichner, P., Marschallinger, J., Aigner, L., & Couillard‐Després, S. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801977-1.00007-6

Dynamic Regulation of Chromatin Modification and Transcription by GR and the Steroid Receptors

George, C. L., & Conway-Campbell, B. L. (2016) · Epigenetics and human health · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24493-8_2

Dynamic Endocrine Rhythms

Upton, T. J., & Lightman, S. L. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.64285-x

Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis dysregulation in obese pregnancy

Stirrat, L. (2018) · ERA

Effects of Early, Elevated Prenatal Testosterone on the HPA Axis and Hormone Responsiveness in Mice

Wilson, H. A. (2019) · The Atrium (University of Guelph)

Anterior Pituitary and Pars Intermedia Space

Romanò, N., & Shipston, M. J. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813814-4.00008-0

The Role of the Glucocorticoid Receptor Signalling Pathway within the Human Endometrium

Thomas, S. J. (2019) · Cronfa (Swansea University) · doi:10.23889/suthesis.50584

Measuring endogenous corticosterone in laboratory mice - a mapping review, meta-analysis, and open source database_suppl2

van der Mierden, S. (2020) · ALTEX · doi:10.14573/altex.2004221s2

Measuring endogenous corticosterone in laboratory mice - a mapping review, meta-analysis, and open source database_suppl1

van der Mierden, S. (2020) · ALTEX · doi:10.14573/altex.2004221s1

Clinical Management of Endotoxemia: Corticosteroids

Boscolo, A., Sella, N., Pettenuzzo, T., & Navalesi, P. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-18591-5_8 · Cited by 1

Associação entre esgotamento profissional e alterações do cortisol em profissionais de saúde: Uma revisão sistemática

Marques, H. B., Machado, E., de Souza, E. P., Cavalcante, T. C. F., & da Silva, A. A. M. (2023) · Research Society and Development · doi:10.33448/rsd-v12i8.42864

Determination of HPA axis suppression in patients on systemic steroids in dermatology

Patlola, A., Gulanikar, A., & Aruna, G. R. (2024) · IP Indian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.18231/j.ijced.2024.006

Interactions between Brain and Heart after Stroke

唐, 于. (2024) · Advances in Clinical Medicine · doi:10.12677/acm.2024.1441267

Edu-Ecotourism Concept of Equine Cortisol Metabolites and Tri/Tetra-Iodothyronine Ratio

Aırın, C. M., Sofyan, M. S., Hardyta, G., Putri, K., & Astutı, P. (2024) · Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences · doi:10.17582/journal.aavs/2024/12.6.1174.1181

Research Progress of HPA Axis and Perinatal Depressive Symptoms

李, 星. (2024) · Nursing Science · doi:10.12677/ns.2024.135077

Effects of sleep extension combined with HIIT exercise on cortisol, IGF-1, and lactate levels in adolescents with sleep disorders: A randomized controlled trial

Ansari, S., AdibSaber, F., Elmieh, A., & Rezaei, M. (2024) · Journal of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences · doi:10.34172/jsums.944

Vasopressin and angiotensin II differentially modulate human fear response dynamics to looming threatsPreprint

Han, M. (2025) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.17605/osf.io/hfbn6

Glucocorticoids and Neutrophil Biology: Impact on the Development of Resistance to Glucocorticoid Therapy

dos Santos, P. F., da Mota, R., de Sá, Y. A. P. J., Hogaboam, C. M., Castro-Faria-Neto, H. C., & Carvalho, V. F. (2026) · NeuroImmunoModulation · doi:10.1159/000551742

Impact of CBG deficiency on emotional and cognitive processes

de Medeiros, G. F. (2016) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/5068781bzb1fez4551z99eez04f240a93ed0 · Cited by 1

Dynamiques temporelles et spatiales des signaux calciques cellulaires dans le noyau suprachiasmatique in vivo

Hussein, L. E. C. (2020) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/9042525czdb1cz48faz8c65z9705b72ae812

Characterization of novel lncRNA adrenal expression profiles in response to heat stress in rats

Gu, J., Sammad, A., Guo, R., Kang, S., Muniz, M. M. M., Xu, Y., Sheng, X., & Dou, J. (2026) · Functional & Integrative Genomics · doi:10.1007/s10142-026-01886-0

Ultradian Rhythms

Spiga, F., Pooley, J. R., Russell, G. M., & Lightman, S. L. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802175-0.00043-7 · Cited by 2

Rhythmicity matters: Circadian and ultradian patterns of HPA axis activity

Focke, C. M. B., & Iremonger, K. J. (2019) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2019.110652 · Cited by 64

Circadian and ultradian patterns of HPA-axis activity in rodents: Significance for brain functionality

den Boon, F. S., & Sarabdjitsingh, R. A. (2017) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.beem.2017.09.001 · Cited by 29

Origin of ultradian pulsatility in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis

Walker, J. J., Terry, J. R., & Lightman, S. L. (2010) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.2148 · Cited by 239

The central CLOCK system and the stress axis in health and disease

Kassi, E. N., & Chrousos, G. P. (2013) · HORMONES · doi:10.14310/horm.2002.1402 · Cited by 20