Cited by 267Stress Responses and CortisolAdrenal Hormones and DisordersCircadian rhythm and melatonin

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HPA Axis‐Rhythms

Spiga, Francesca, Walker, Jamie J., Terry, John R., Lightman, Stafford L.·2014·Comprehensive Physiology

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Abstract

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis regulates circulating levels of glucocorticoid hormones, and is the major neuroendocrine system in mammals that provides a rapid response and defense against stress. Under basal (i.e., unstressed) conditions, glucocorticoids are released with a pronounced circadian rhythm, characterized by peak levels of glucocorticoids during the active phase, that is daytime in humans and nighttime in nocturnal animals such as mice and rats. When studied in more detail, it becomes clear that the circadian rhythm of the HPA axis is characterized by a pulsatile release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal gland that results in rapid ultradian oscillations of hormone levels both in the blood and within target tissues, including the brain. In this review, we discuss the regulation of these circadian and ultradian HPA rhythms, how these rhythms change in health and disease, and how they affect the physiology and behavior of the organism.

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Authors: Spiga, F., Walker, J. J., Terry, J. R., & Lightman, S. L.
Affiliations: University of Bristol (GB)
University of Exeter (GB)
ORCID: Spiga, Francesca
Walker, Jamie J.
Terry, John R.
Lightman, Stafford L.
Venue: Comprehensive Physiology
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2014-08-07
Volume: 4
Issue: 3
Pages: 1273-1298
ISSN: 2040-4603 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c140003
OpenAlex: W2110243057
Cited by: 267
References: 219
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 3
Type: other
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1 (tdm)
Locations: Comprehensive physiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Wellcome Trust
Medical Research Council (MR/J008893/1, MR/J013811/1)
Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
Keywords: hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, circadian rhythm, ultradian oscillations, glucocorticoids, stress response, neuroendocrine regulation, circadian phase shift
MeSH terms: Animals, Circadian Rhythm, Glucocorticoids, Humans, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Stress, Physiological

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