Expression and roles of steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein in 'non-classical', extra-adrenal and extra-gonadal cells and tissues
Abstract
The activity of the steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein is indispensable and rate limiting for high output synthesis of steroid hormones in the adrenal cortex and the gonads, known as the 'classical' steroidogenic organs (StAR is not expressed in the human placenta). In addition, studies of recent years have shown that StAR is also expressed in many tissues that produce steroid hormones for local use, potentially conferring some functional advantage by acting via intracrine, autocrine or paracrine fashion. Others hypothesized that StAR might also function in non-steroidogenic roles in specific tissues. This review highlights the evidence for the presence of StAR in 17 extra-adrenal and extra-gonadal organs, cell types and malignancies. Provided is the physiological context and the rationale for searching for the presence of StAR in such cells. Since in many of the tissues the overall level of StAR is relatively low, we also reviewed the methods used for StAR detection. The gathered information suggests that a comprehensive understanding of StAR activity in 'non-classical' tissues will require the use of experimental approaches that are able to analyze StAR presence at single-cell resolution.
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Several cellular components of the interfollicular epidermis and pilosebaceous unit have the capability of de-novo steroid biosynthesis supported by StAR activity.
“Several cellular components of the interfollicular epidermis and pilosebaceous unit have the capability of de-novo steroid biosynthesis supported by StAR activity (Anuka et al., 2013).”
From Intracrine androgen biosynthesis, metabolism and action revisited (2018) · cites this paper as Anuka et al., 2013
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- Authors
- Anuka, E., Gal, M., Stocco, D. M., & Orly, J.
- Affiliations
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem (IL)
- Texas Tech University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Orly, Joseph
- Venue
- Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-05
- Volume
- 371
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 47-61
- ISSN
- 0303-7207 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2095296616
- Semantic Scholar
- 60d1b4faa6debcc14985ddba319ae7865ee2d07a
- Cited by
- 60
- References
- 194
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 0.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD17481)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Estrogen and related hormone effects
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Steroid Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Keywords
- steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, stars, steroidogenesis, adrenal cortex, gonads
- MeSH terms
- Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein, Adrenal Cortex, Adrenal Cortex Hormones, Endothelium, Vascular, Gonads, Humans, Liver, Macrophages, Neoplasms, Phosphoproteins, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Steroids
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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