Placental hormones and the control of maternal metabolism and fetal growth
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To examine the roles of the placental and pituitary hormones in the control of maternal metabolism and fetal growth. RECENT FINDINGS: In addition to promoting growth of maternal tissues, placental growth hormone (GH-V) induces maternal insulin resistance and thereby facilitates the mobilization of maternal nutrients for fetal growth. Human placental lactogen (hPL) and prolactin increase maternal food intake by induction of central leptin resistance and promote maternal beta-cell expansion and insulin production to defend against the development of gestational diabetes mellitus. The effects of the lactogens are mediated by diverse signaling pathways and are potentiated by glucose. Pathologic conditions of pregnancy are associated with dysregulation of GH-V and hPL gene expression. SUMMARY: The somatogenic and lactogenic hormones of the placenta and maternal pituitary gland integrate the metabolic adaptations of pregnancy with the demands of fetal and neonatal development. Dysregulation of placental growth hormone and/or placental lactogen in pathologic conditions of pregnancy may adversely impact fetal growth and postnatal metabolic function.
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A proportion of the nutrients that support fetal growth, particularly in late pregnancy, come from turnover of maternal fat reserves that are built up in early pregnancy.
“This is perhaps not surprising given that a proportion of the nutrients that support fetal growth, particularly in late pregnancy, come from turnover of maternal fat reserves that are built up in early pregnancy (414).”
From Placental Origins of Chronic Disease (2016) · cites this paper as [414]
Progesterone and human placental lactogen stimulate maternal appetite during early pregnancy, enabling deposition of maternal adipose energy reserves that can be used later in pregnancy and during lactation.
“Progesterone also stimulates maternal appetite during early pregnancy, as does human placental lactogen (hPL), enabling the deposition of maternal adipose energy reserves that can be utilized later in pregnancy and during lactation (414).”
From Placental Origins of Chronic Disease (2016) · cites this paper as [414]
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“The suite of changes that occur during late pregnancy [45,46] may facilitate the transport of maternal bacteria to the fetal GIT.”
BackgroundAntibiotic use during pregnancy: how bad is it?
Kuperman, A. A., & Koren, O. (2016) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-016-0636-0 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
“Maternal gut and vaginal microbiome changes during normal pregnancy and pregnancy complications Pregnancy is characterized by profound hormonal, immunological, and metabolic changes aimed at supporting the growth of the fetoplacental unit [6].”
BackgroundOral microbiome and pregnancy: A bidirectional relationship.
Saadaoui, M., Singh, P., & Khodor, S. A. (2021) · Journal of Reproductive Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jri.2021.103293 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Intrauterine growth restriction: Clinical consequences on health and disease at adulthood
Armengaud, J.-B., Yzydorczyk, C., Siddeek, B., Peyter, A., & Siméoni, U. (2020) · Reproductive Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.10.005 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
New Insights Into Gestational Glucose Metabolism: Lessons Learned From 21st Century Approaches
Angueira, A. R., Ludvik, A. E., Reddy, T. E., Wicksteed, B. L., Lowe, W. L., & Layden, B. T. (2015) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db14-0877 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
“The mechanisms underlying the changes in insulin sensitivity have been detailed previously (6).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Role of Placental Nutrient Sensing in Maternal-Fetal Resource Allocation1
Díaz, P., Powell, T. L., & Jansson, T. (2014) · Biology of Reproduction · doi:10.1095/biolreprod.114.121798 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
“There is a 60% increase in insulin secretion, which stimulates lipogenesis and reduces fatty acid oxidation, thereby promoting maternal lipid accumulation [8].”
BackgroundInfluentialGenetics of Recurrent Miscarriage: Challenges, Current Knowledge, Future Directions
Rull, K., Nagirnaja, L., & Laan, M. (2012) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2012.00034 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
“…genes that regulate implantation, fetal and placental development, and maternal adaptation to pregnancy are synthesized by the fetus or the placenta, e.g., placental hormones as hCG, placental growth hormone and lactogen (Mannik et al., 2010; Nagirnaja et al., 2010; Newbern and Freemark, 2011).”
BackgroundThe Evolving Microbiome from Pregnancy to Early Infancy: A Comprehensive Review
Mesa, M. D., Loureiro, B., Iglesia, I., Gonzalez, S. F., Llurba, E., García‐Algar, Ó., Solana, M. J., Cabero-Pérez, M. J., Sainz, T., Martínez, L., et al. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12010133 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
“Pregnancy induces a number of immunological, hormonal, and metabolic changes necessary for the normal development of the fetus and for a timely onset of labor and successful delivery [1].”
BackgroundMaternal Fatty Acid Metabolism in Pregnancy and Its Consequences in the Feto-Placental Development
Duttaroy, A. K., & Basak, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.787848 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
“Increased blood levels of human placental lactogen, placentally derived human growth hormone, human chorionic gonadotropin, progesterone, cortisol, prolactin, and other hormones increase insulin resistance in peripheral tissues such as adipocytes and skeletal muscle (Newbern and Freemark, 2011).”
BackgroundMuralimanoharan, S., Maloyan, A., & Myatt, L. (2016) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20160076 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Kamai, E. M., McElrath, T. F., & Ferguson, K. K. (2019) · Environmental Health · doi:10.1186/s12940-019-0480-8 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
“Key players include estrogen and progesterone, placental lactogen, placental growth hormone, and placental corticotropin-releasing hormone [70].”
BackgroundEarly life events influence whole-of-life metabolic health via gut microflora and gut permeability
Kerr, C. A., Grice, D. M., Tran, C. D., Bauer, D. C., Li, D., Hendry, P. L., & Hannan, G. N. (2014) · Critical Reviews in Microbiology · doi:10.3109/1040841x.2013.837863 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
“Throughout a healthy pregnancy the mother’s body undergoes substantial hormonal, immunological and metabolic changes (Mor & Cardenas, 2010; Newbern & Freemark, 2011).”
BackgroundSoliman, A., Lacasse, A., Lanoix, D., Sagrillo‐Fagundes, L., Boulard, V., & Vaillancourt, C. (2015) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/jpi.12236 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Placental Nutrient Transport in Gestational Diabetic Pregnancies
Castillo‐Castrejón, M., & Powell, T. L. (2017) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2017.00306 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
“The placenta secretes hormones such as estrogens, progesterone, growth hormone, and human placental lactogen which may contribute to the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy by regulating the maternal physiological adaptations to pregnancy (16).”
BackgroundHussain, T., Murtaza, G., Kalhoro, D. H., Kalhoro, M. S., Metwally, E., Chughtai, M. I., Mazhar, M. U., & Khan, S. A. (2021) · Animal Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.aninu.2020.11.005 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
“Physiologically, estrogen, progesterone and leptin are greatly increased during pregnancy, whereas, adiponectin and pituitary gonadotropins are reduced (Newbern and Freemark, 2011).”
BackgroundGenetics of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Maternal Metabolism
Lowe, W. L., Scholtens, D. M., Sandler, V., & Hayes, M. G. (2016) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-015-0709-z · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Delhaes, F., Giza, S. A., Koreman, T., Eastabrook, G., McKenzie, C. A., Bedell, S., Regnault, T. R. H., & de Vrijer, B. (2018) · Placenta · doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2018.05.011 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Zhou, L., & Xiao, X. (2017) · Bioscience Reports · doi:10.1042/bsr20171234 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Changes in the Gut Microbiome and Pathologies in Pregnancy
Gorczyca, K., Obuchowska, A., Kimber-Trojnar, Ż., Wierzchowska-Opoka, M., & Leszczyńska‐Gorzelak, B. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19169961 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
“During pregnancy, a number of metabolic, immune, and hormonal changes have an influence on the development of the fetus [13].”
BackgroundVerburg, P. E., Tucker, G. R. R., Scheil, W., Erwich, J. J., Dekker, G., & Roberts, C. T. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0158807 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“Although insulin resistance is a feature of normal pregnancy[39], the male placenta may cause the mother to become relatively more insulin resistant and in association with other factors, this may increase the risk of GDM and macrosomia in male bearing pregnancies.”
BackgroundYung, H. W., Alnæs‐Katjavivi, P., Jones, C. J. P., El‐Bacha, T., Golić, M., Staff, A.-C., & Burton, G. J. (2016) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-016-4040-2 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Roland, M. C. P., Friis, C. M., Godang, K., Bollerslev, J., Haugen, G. N., & Henriksen, T. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0087303 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“The surface area of the villous tissue, a main determinant of the capacity to transport nutrients, is linearly related to placental weight [18], as is maternal plasma levels of placental hormones [19].”
BackgroundPlacental Regulation of Energy Homeostasis During Human Pregnancy
Armistead, B., Johnson, E., Vanderkamp, R., Kula-Eversole, E., Kadam, L., Drewlo, S., & Kohan‐Ghadr, H. (2020) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endocr/bqaa076 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
The matter of the reproductive microbiome
Schoenmakers, S., Steegers‐Theunissen, R. P. M., & Faas, M. M. (2018) · Obstetric Medicine · doi:10.1177/1753495x18775899 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“goes a series of physiological adaptions to prepare for support, protect and nurture the embryo and fetus.(32,33) Besides anatomical,”
BackgroundLaw, K. P., Han, T.-L., Mao, X., & Zhang, H. (2017) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2017.02.018 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Impacts of bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalate exposures on epigenetic outcomes in the human placenta
Strakovsky, R. S., & Schantz, S. L. (2018) · Current Zoology · doi:10.1093/eep/dvy022 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
McIlvride, S., Dixon, P. H., & Williamson, C. (2017) · Molecular Aspects of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.mam.2017.05.003 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“This fall in blood glucose is accompanied by enhanced insulin sensitivity in early pregnancy; however during the second and third trimesters there is marked insulin resistance (Newbern and Freemark, 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialProlactin (PRL) in Adipose Tissue: Regulation and Functions
Ben‐Jonathan, N., & Hugo, E. R. (2014) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-12114-7_1 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Cholesterol cholelithiasis in pregnant women: pathogenesis, prevention and treatment
de Bari, O., Wang, T. Y., Liu, M., Paik, C. N., Portincasa, P., & Wang, D. Q. ‐. (2014) · Annals of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/s1665-2681(19)30975-5 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Mallott, E. K., Borries, C., Koenig, A., Amato, K. R., & Lu, A. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-66865-2 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Pregnancy‐induced changes in β‐cell function: what are the key players?
Salazar‐Petres, E., & Sferruzzi-Perri, A. N. (2021) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp281082 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“…induced by increased levels of placental and maternal hormones, including placental lactogen, growth hormone variant, progesterone, cortisol and PRL, which interfere with insulin receptor signalling particularly during the third trimester of pregnancy (Newbern & Freemark, 2011; Napso et al. 2018).”
BackgroundSex Differences: A Resultant of an Evolutionary Pressure?
Torre, S. D., & Maggi, A. C. (2017) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2017.01.006 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“Placental hormones are the main driver of such a change (Burton and Fowden, 2015; Hull and Harvey, 2001; Milona et al., 2010; Newbern and Freemark, 2011).”
BackgroundHypoxia and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Pregnancy Complications
Hu, X., & Zhang, L. (2021) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox10030405 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
The Emerging Role of Biomarkers in the Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Rodrigo, N., & Glastras, S. J. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm7060120 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“Human placental growth hormone (hPGH) concentrations also increase during pregnancy, increasing peripheral insulin resistance [65,67].”
BackgroundCannabis Use in Pregnancy in British Columbia and Selected Birth Outcomes
Luke, S., Hutcheon, J. A., & Kendall, T. (2019) · Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada · doi:10.1016/j.jogc.2018.11.014 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Sibiak, R., Jankowski, M., Gutaj, P., Mozdziak, P. E., Kempisty, B., & Wender-Ożegowska, E. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9041142 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“Although the PL expression is only present in placental tissue cells, it is considered to play a significant role in the regulation of both maternal and fetal metabolic adaptations throughout the pregnancy [19,27].”
BackgroundProlactin receptor targeting in breast and prostate cancers: New insights into an old challenge
Goffin, V. (2017) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.05.009 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Maternal gut microbiota in the health of mothers and offspring: from the perspective of immunology
Lu, X., Shi, Z., Jiang, L., & Zhang, S. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1362784 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Immunoendocrine Dysregulation during Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: The Central Role of the Placenta
Olmos‐Ortiz, A., Flores‐Espinosa, P., Dı́az, L., Velázquez, P., Ramírez-Isarraraz, C., & Zaga‐Clavellina, V. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22158087 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“Derived from this structural homology, lactogens share with GH their binding capacity to both somatogenic and lactogenic receptors [89].”
BackgroundMöllers, L. S., Yousuf, E. I., Hamatschek, C., Morrison, K. M., Hermanussen, M., Fusch, C., & Rochow, N. (2021) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/s41390-021-01566-8 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Natural Physiological Changes During Pregnancy
Chandra, M., & Paray, A. A. (2024) · The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine · doi:10.59249/jtiv4138 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“These hormones lessen the sensitivity of peripheral tissues, such as adipocytes and skeletal muscle, to insulin by inter - fering with insulin receptor signaling [23].”
BackgroundHjort, L., Novakovic, B., Grunnet, L. G., Maple-Brown, L. J., Damm, P., Desoyé, G., & Saffery, R. (2019) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(19)30078-6 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
When a Neonate Is Born, So Is a Microbiota
Coscia, A., Bardanzellu, F., Caboni, E., Fanos, V., & Peroni, D. G. (2021) · Life · doi:10.3390/life11020148 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Elevated Placental Adenosine Signaling Contributes to the Pathogenesis of Preeclampsia
Iriyama, T., Sun, K., Parchim, N. F., Li, J. L., Zhao, C., Song, A., Hart, L. A., Blackwell, S. C., Sibai, B. M., Chan, L.-N. L., et al. (2014) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.114.013740 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“is an endocrine organ that synthesizes and secretes multiple hormones, neurotransmitters, and vasoactive factors.(5,6)”
BackgroundAdipokines, an adipose tissue and placental product with biological functions during pregnancy
D’Ippolito, S., Tersigni, C., Scambia, G., & Simone, N. D. (2012) · BioFactors · doi:10.1002/biof.201 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“[7] Newbern, D.”
BackgroundPlacental mitochondrial dysfunction with metabolic diseases: Therapeutic approaches
Hebert, J. F., & Myatt, L. (2020) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165967 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“The release of human placental growth hormone (hPGH) and human placental lactogen (hPL) by the syncytiotrophoblast early in pregnancy drives an increase in maternal energy storage, particularly in the form of triglycerides and glycogen [46,47].”
BackgroundNovel roles of mechanistic target of rapamycin signaling in regulating fetal growth†
Gupta, M. B., & Jansson, T. (2018) · Biology of Reproduction · doi:10.1093/biolre/ioy249 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Trosvik, P., de Muinck, E. J., Rueness, E. K., Fashing, P. J., Beierschmitt, E. C., Callingham, K. R., Kraus, J. B., Trew, T. H., Moges, A., Mekonnen, A. D., et al. (2018) · Microbiome · doi:10.1186/s40168-018-0468-6 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“metabolic changes [45, 46], and substantial remodeling of the GI microbiome has been documented from the first to the third trimester [47].”
BackgroundAlptekin, H., Çizmecioğlu, A., Işık, H., Cengiz, T., Yildiz, M., & Iyisoy, M. S. (2016) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40618-015-0427-z · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“In addition, human placental lactogen and prolactin improve the mother’s appetite by increasing leptin resistance and promote maternal beta-cell expansion and insulin production to defend against the development of GDM [14].”
BackgroundPrescribing physical activity to prevent and manage gestational diabetes
Colberg, S. R. (2013) · World Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.4239/wjd.v4.i6.256 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Chiu, Y., Mínguez‐Alarcón, L., Ford, J. B., Keller, M. G., Seely, E. W., Messerlian, C., Petrozza, J. C., Williams, P. L., Ye, X., Calafat, A. M., et al. (2017) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2017-00022 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Genetics, genomics and metabolomics: new insights into maternal metabolism during pregnancy
Lowe, W. L., & Karban, J. (2013) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.12352 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Ecological succession in the vaginal microbiota during pregnancy and birth
Rasmussen, M. A., Thorsen, J., Domínguez-Bello, M. G., Blaser, M. J., Mortensen, M. S., Brejnrod, A., Shah, S. A., Hjelmsø, M. H., Lehtimäki, J., Trivedi, U., et al. (2020) · The ISME Journal · doi:10.1038/s41396-020-0686-3 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Retnakaran, R., Ye, C., Kramer, C. K., Connelly, P. W., Hanley, A. J., Sermer, M., & Zinman, B. (2016) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc16-0043 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“Of note, the peak of b-cell proliferation coincides with increased circulating levels of prolactin and HPL, supporting the importance of these hormones in this context (9).”
BackgroundGonzález, P., Gasperowicz, M., Barbeito‐Andrés, J., Klenin, N., Cross, J. C., & Hallgrímsson, B. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0152227 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“Human placenta-specific hormones related to Growth Hormone have been implicated in regulation of maternal metabolism and fetal growth [36] and are the most obvious candidates.”
BackgroundGut Microbiome Changes in Gestational Diabetes
Ionescu, R. F., Enache, R. M., Creţoiu, S. M., & Gașpar, B. S. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms232112839 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“During pregnancy, physiological changes that aim to maintain the health of the mother and the fetus, can modify the microbiota of the gut, oral cavity, and vagina of the mother [30].”
BackgroundLü, C., Pasupulati, A. K., Sun, J., Aggarwal, A., Fan, Y., Sperling, M. A., Lumeng, C. N.-K., & Menon, R. K. (2013) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m113.460212 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“The decrease in insulin sensitivity observed during puberty and in gestational diabetes is, in part, attributed to increased GH action (1, 2).”
BackgroundZhou, P., Zhao, Y., Zhang, P., Li, Y., Gui, T., Wang, J., Jin, C., Che, L., Li, J., Lin, Y., et al. (2017) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.02242 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“…period is a key window for both mother and offspring with tremendous hormonal, metabolic and immunological changes occurring in the maternal body (Newbern and Freemark, 2011), during which microbiota remodeling is thought to be a positive response for mother to support a successful pregnancy…”
BackgroundGestational Diabetes, Maternal Obesity, and the NCD Burden
Ronald, C. W., Chan, J. C. N., Tam, W. H., Hanson, M. A., & Gluckman, P. D. (2013) · Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/grf.0b013e31829e5bb0 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“During pregnancy, the delivery of nutrients such as glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids to the fetus is optimized(32) through a range of maternal metabolic changes, induced by placental factors including placental lactogen, growth hormone, and leptin.(33) These induce a state of relative maternal insulin resistance,…”
BackgroundThe parental brain and behavior: A target for endocrine disruption
Keller, M., Vandenberg, L. N., & Charlier, T. D. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.100765 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Fetal and maternal metabolic responses to exercise during pregnancy
Mottola, M. F., & Artal, R. (2016) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2016.01.008 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Bedell, S., Hutson, J. R., de Vrijer, B., & Eastabrook, G. D. M. (2020) · Current Vascular Pharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570161118666200616144512 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Dietary fiber and microbiota interaction regulates sow metabolism and reproductive performance
Tian, M., Chen, J., Liu, J., Chen, F., Guan, W., & Zhang, S. (2020) · Animal nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.aninu.2020.10.001 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“As a result, the stability of the intestinal flora structure is fragile and easily broken (Newbern and Freemark, 2011).”
BackgroundOsorio, J. S., Trevisi, E., Ballou, M., Bertoni, G., Drackley, J. K., & Loor, J. J. (2013) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2012-5759 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Human and rat studies reported that influence of the pituitary on fetal growth might be overridden by hormones, such as growth hormone, lactogen, and leptin (Farley et al., 2010; Newbern and Freemark, 2011).”
BackgroundStages of pregnancy and weaning influence the gut microbiota diversity and function in sows
Ji, Y., Li, H., Xie, P., Li, Z., Li, H. W., Yin, Y., Blachier, F., & Kong, X. (2019) · Journal of Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1111/jam.14344 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“The relationships between pregnancy and gut microbiota are of particular interest since pregnancy is characterized by dramatic changes in hormones, immune functions and metabolism to support the growth of the mother and foetoplacental unit (Newbern and Freemark 2011).”
BackgroundEllerbrock, J., Spaanderman, B., van Drongelen, J., Mulder, E., van Balen, V. A. L., Schiffer, V. M. M. M., Jorissen, L. M., Alers, R., Leenen, J., Ghossein‐Doha, C., et al. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14122444 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“GDM is thought to originate when beta cell function cannot be sufficiently upregulated relative to the increased insulin resistance [3].”
BackgroundSferruzzi-Perri, A. N., Lopez-Tello, J., Napso, T., & Yong, H. E. J. (2020) · Placenta · doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2020.01.015 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Li, H., Miao, C., Liu, W., Gao, H., Li, W., Wu, Z., Cao, H., & Zhu, Y. (2022) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s378964 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“In pregnant women, several suggested mechanisms contribute to the state of IR, which is prone to generate metabolic disorders, chronic inflammation, and related disorders (eg, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia).(15,16) Therefore, it is essential to be aware of complications during pregnancy.”
BackgroundZampieri, T. T., Ramos-Lobo, A. M., Furigo, I. C., Pedroso, J. A. B., Buonfiglio, D. D. C., & Donato, J. (2014) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2014.12.005 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Melnik, B. C., John, S. M., & Schmitz, G. (2015) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-014-0377-9 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“Dysregulation of placental growth hormones in pathologic conditions of pregnancy adversely affects fetal growth and postnatal metabolic function [106].”
BackgroundRetnakaran, R. R., Ye, C., Kramer, C. K., Connelly, P. W., Hanley, A. J., Sermer, M., & Zinman, B. (2016) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2016-1402 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Janssen, A. B., Capron, L., O’Donnell, K. J., Tunster, S. J., Ramchandani, P. G., Heazell, A. E. P., Glover, V. A. S., & John, R. M. (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291716001598 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“…(Diplas et al. 2009); hPL forward: CATGACTCCCAGACCTCCTTC and reverse: TGCGGAGCAGCTCTAGATTG (Dutton et al. 2012). hPL primers were designed to analyse the expression of CSH1/hPL-A and CSH2/hPL-B, from which the majority of circulating placental lactogens is derived (Newbern & Freemark, 2011).”
BackgroundSerotonin transporter deficiency drives estrogen-dependent obesity and glucose intolerance
Zha, W., Ho, H. T. B., Hu, T., Hébert, M. F., & Wang, J. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-01291-5 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Dunlop, A. L., Knight, A. K., Satten, G. A., Cutler, A. J., Wright, M. L., Mitchell, R., Read, T. D., Mulle, J. G., Hertzberg, V., Hill, C. C., et al. (2019) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.8004 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Endoplasmic reticulum stress responses in placentation - A true balancing act
Bastida-Ruiz, D., Aguilar, E. R. C., Ditisheim, A., Yart, L., & Cohen, M. (2017) · Placenta · doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2017.07.004 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“These changes in the endocrine regulation ensure an adequate circulating blood glucose level to fulfill the fetus demand [67].”
BackgroundHabibi, N., Mousa, A., Tay, C. T., Khomami, M. B., Patten, R. K., Andraweera, P. H., Wassie, M., Vandersluys, J., Aflatounian, A., Bianco‐Miotto, T., et al. (2022) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.3532 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Bile acids metabolism in the gut-liver axis mediates liver injury during lactation
Huang, L. S., Li, Y., Tang, R., Yang, P., Zhuo, Y., Jiang, X., Che, L., Lin, Y., Xu, S., Li, J., et al. (2023) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122380 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Metabolomics in gestational diabetes
Mao, X., Chen, X., Chen, C., Zhang, H., & Law, K. P. (2017) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2017.10.019 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Liu, Y., Qin, S., Feng, Y., Song, Y., Lv, N., Liu, F., Zhang, X., Wang, S., Wei, Y., Li, S., et al. (2020) · Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease · doi:10.1017/s2040174420000768 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Fetoplacental vasculature as a model to study human cardiovascular endocrine disruption
Lorigo, M., & Cairrão, E. (2021) · Molecular Aspects of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.mam.2021.101054 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Rassie, K. L., Giri, R., Joham, A. E., Teede, H. J., & Mousa, A. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms232415621 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“It has been widely implicated in pregnancy-induced insulin resistance, maternal beta cell adaptation to pregnancy, and regulation of fetal growth in pre-clinical studies [3,9].”
BackgroundIntestinal dysbiosis: An emerging cause of pregnancy complications?
Zhang, D., Huang, Y., & Ye, D. (2015) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2014.12.029 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Furthermore, maternal maladaptations may result in several pregnancy disorders, including intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), spontaneous miscarriages and preeclampsia (PE) [2–4,6,10–13].”
BackgroundInfluential
- Authors
- Newbern, D., & Freemark, M.
- Affiliations
- Duke University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Newbern, Dorothee
- Venue
- Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes & Obesity
- Published
- 2011-12
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 409-416
- ISSN
- 1752-296X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2160934677
- Cited by
- 487
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 2.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Opinion in Endocrinology Diabetes and Obesity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Endocrine Fellows Foundation
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Pregnancy and preeclampsia studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Gestational Diabetes Research and Management
- Keywords
- placental hormones, maternal metabolism, fetal growth, placental growth hormone, human placental lactogen, prolactin, leptin resistance, maternal insulin resistance, gestational diabetes mellitus, beta-cell expansion, glucose signaling, pregnancy complications, pituitary hormones
- MeSH terms
- Female, Fetus, Glucocorticoids, Humans, Insulin, Maternal-Fetal Exchange, Pituitary Gland, Placenta, Placental Hormones, Pregnancy, Leptin, Fetal Development, Adipokines
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