A critical review of reports of endogenous psychedelic N, N-dimethyltryptamines in humans: 1955-2010.
Abstract
Three indole alkaloids that possess differing degrees of psychotropic/psychedelic activity have been reported as endogenous substances in humans; N,N‐dimethyltryptamine (DMT), 5‐hydroxy‐DMT (bufotenine, HDMT), and 5‐methoxy‐DMT (MDMT). We have undertaken a critical review of 69 published studies reporting the detection or detection and quantitation of these compounds in human body fluids. In reviewing this literature, we address the methods applied and the criteria used in the determination of the presence of DMT, MDMT, and HDMT. The review provides a historical perspective of the research conducted from 1955 to 2010, summarizing the findings for the individual compounds in blood, urine, and/or cerebrospinal fluid. A critique of the data is offered that addresses the strengths and weaknesses of the methods and approaches to date. The review also discusses the shortcomings of the existing data in light of more recent findings and how these may be overcome. Suggestions for the future directions of endogenous psychedelics research are offered. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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“Since then, many studies have identified DMT in the body fluids both of schizophrenics and healthy, nondrug using individuals (Barker et al., 2012).”
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“Similarly, there are no data on the possible presence of HDMT in CSF although it has been routinely identified in urine (Barker et al., 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationEffects of <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-Dimethyltryptamine on Rat Behaviors Relevant to Anxiety and Depression
Cameron, L. P., Benson, C. J., Dunlap, L. E., & Olson, D. E. (2018) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00134 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Ayahuasca, dimethyltryptamine, and psychosis: a systematic review of human studies
SANTOS, R. G. D., Bouso, J. C., & Hallak, J. E. C. (2017) · Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/2045125316689030 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
“However, although DMT is indeed an endogenous compound that has been detected in the human cerebrospinal fluid, blood, and urine [Barker et al. 2012], and some studies did find increased concentrations of DMT and related compounds (5-hydroxy-DMT, 5-methoxy-DMT) in the body fluids of psychotic/schizophrenic patients an…”
BackgroundPsychedelics and Immunomodulation: Novel Approaches and Therapeutic Opportunities
Szabo, A. (2015) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2015.00358 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Short term changes in the proteome of human cerebral organoids induced by 5-MeO-DMT
Dakic, V., Minardi Nascimento, J., Costa Sartore, R., Maciel, R. D. M., de Araujo, D. B., Ribeiro, S., Martins-de-Souza, D., & Rehen, S. K. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-12779-5 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
“P20702 ITGAX 5 (1) Integrin alpha-X −1.”
The Role of Sigma-1 Receptor, an Intracellular Chaperone in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Penke, B., Fülöp, L., Szűcs, M., & Frecska, E. (2017) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x15666170529104323 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Brito-da-Costa, A. M., Dias-da-Silva, D., Gomes, N. G. M., Dinis-Oliveira, R. J., & Madureira-Carvalho, Á. (2020) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph13110334 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Dark Classics in Chemical Neuroscience:N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT)
Cameron, L. P., & Olson, D. E. (2018) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00101 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Biosynthesis and Extracellular Concentrations of N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) in Mammalian Brain
Dean, J. G., Liu, T., Huff, S., Sheler, B., Barker, S. A., Strassman, R. J., Wang, M. M., & Borjigin, J. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-45812-w · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self-citationFrecska, E., Szabo, A., Winkelman, M. J., Luna, L. E., & McKenna, D. J. (2013) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-013-1024-y · Cited by 109 · see citing works
“N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is a naturally occurring methylated indolealkylamine possessing potent psychotropic properties (Barker et al. 2012).”
BackgroundMartial, C., Cassol, H., Charland‐Verville, V., Pallavicini, C., Sanz, C., Zamberlán, F., Vivot, R. M., Erowid, F., Erowid, E., Laureys, S., et al. (2019) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2019.01.011 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Jordi Riba, A., McIlhenny, E. H., Bouso, J. C., & Barker, S. A. (2014) · Drug Testing and Analysis · doi:10.1002/dta.1685 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Self-citationA narrative synthesis of research with 5-MeO-DMT
Ermakova, A. O., Dunbar, F., Rucker, J., & Johnson, M. W. (2021) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811211050543 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“Email: annapolarfox@gmail.com Incilius (formerly Bufo) alvarius (Erspamer et al., 1967; Uthaug et al., 2019; Weil and Davis, 1994) and in mammals (Barker et al., 2012; Beaton and Morris, 1984).”
BackgroundDuan, W., Cao, D., Wang, S., & Cheng, J. (2023) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00375 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
DMT alters cortical travelling waves
Alamia, A., Timmermann, C., Nutt, D. J., VanRullen, R., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2020) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.59784 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Szabó, Í., Varga, V. É., Dvorácskó, S., Farkas, A. E., Körmöczi, T., Berkecz, R., Kecskés, S., Menyhárt, Á., Frank, R., Hantosi, D., et al. (2021) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108612 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“…2021; Received in revised form 23 April 2021; Accepted 13 May 2021 Neuropharmacology 192 (2021) 108612 tissues (e.g. lung, pineal gland, brain) (Christian et al., 1977; Mandel et al., 1977; Barker et al., 2013) and body fluids (urine, blood plasma and cerebrospinal fluid) (Barker et al., 2012).”
BackgroundBarker, S. A., Borjigin, J., Lomnicka, I., & Strassman, R. (2013) · Biomedical Chromatography · doi:10.1002/bmc.2981 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationLi, J., Sun, C., Cai, W., Li, J., Rosen, B. P., & Chen, J. (2021) · Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research · doi:10.1016/j.mrrev.2021.108396 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
<i>N,N</i> -dimethyltryptamine and the pineal gland: Separating fact from myth
Nichols, D. E. (2018) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881117736919 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Barker, S. A. (2022) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-022-06065-0 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“There have also been some 70 published studies conducted that reported the detection and/or quantitation of DMT in human blood and urine (Barker et al. 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSANTOS, R. G. D., & Hallak, J. E. C. (2019) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.04.053 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Chu, U. B., Vorperian, S. K., Satyshur, K. A., Eickstaedt, K., Cozzi, N. V., Mavlyutov, T. A., Hajipour, A. R., & Ruoho, A. E. (2014) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi500175p · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Gallimore, A. R., & Strassman, R. J. (2016) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2016.00211 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Furthermore, the endogenous production of DMT in humans is well-established (Barker et al., 2012), although the biological significance of this remains to be elucidated.”
BackgroundSelf-citationExploring DMT: Endogenous role and therapeutic potential
Schimmelpfennig, J., & Jankowiak-Siuda, K. (2025) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2025.110314 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Psychoactive natural products: overview of recent developments.
Ujváry, I. (2014) · PubMed · doi:10.4415/ann_14_01_04 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Michael, P., Luke, D. P., & Robinson, O. C. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.720717 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Reviews of its detection in the urine, cerebrospinal fluid and blood of human beings points to a maximum possible endogenous concentration of 55 ng/ml (Barker et al., 2012).”
BackgroundN,N‐dimethyltryptamine and Amazonian ayahuasca plant medicine
James, E., Keppler, J., Robertshaw, T. L., & Sessa, B. (2022) · Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1002/hup.2835 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Ayahuasca as a Candidate Therapy for PTSD
Nielson, J. L., & Megler, J. D. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-40426-9_3 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Meyer, M. R., Caspar, A. T., Brandt, S. D., & Maurer, H. H. (2013) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-013-7425-9 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Psychoactive Substances and Paranormal Phenomena: A Comprehensive Review
Luke, D. P. (2012) · International Journal of Transpersonal Studies · doi:10.24972/ijts.2012.31.1.97 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Pineal gland and schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Bastos, M. A. V., Bastos, P. R. H. D. O., Portella, R. B., Soares, L. F. G., Conde, R. B., Rodrigues, P. M. F., & Lucchetti, G. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.02.024 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Gaujac, A., Martinez, S. T., Gomes, A. A., de Andrade, S. J., Pinto, Â. D. C., David, J. M., Navickiene, S., & de Andrade, J. B. (2012) · Microchemical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.microc.2012.03.033 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“It can be found in a wide range of plants, as well as in the human body [2,3].”
BackgroundSignificance of mammalian N, N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT): A 60-year-old debate
Jiménez, J. H., & Bouso, J. C. (2022) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811221104054 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“DMT and INMT activity have also been detected in human blood (Barker et al., 2012; Bhikharidas et al., 1975; Wyatt et al., 1973).”
BackgroundInfluentialSalgueiro‐González, N., Zuccato, E., & Castiglioni, S. (2022) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156982 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Gaujac, A., Navickiene, S., Collins, M. I., Brandt, S. D., & de Andrade, J. B. (2012) · Drug Testing and Analysis · doi:10.1002/dta.1343 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Finally, a more thorough application of sensitive and selective MS/MS-based methodologies is expected to shed more light on the role of psychoactive tryptamines present in mammalian tissues including humans.([94])”
BackgroundDean, J. G. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00232 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Several of these studies have reported elevated levels of DMT, 5-HO-DMT, and 5-MeO-DMT in the blood, plasma, urine and cerebrospinal fluid of schizophrenics vs. healthy controls (Emanuele et al., 2010; Barker et al., 2012).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBarsuglia, J. P., Polanco, M., Palmer, R., Malcolm, B. J., Kelmendi, B., & Calvey, T. (2018) · Progress in Brain Research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.08.002 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
The evolution of N, N-Dimethyltryptamine: from metabolic pathways to brain connectivity
Gupta, S., Bhatnagar, R. K., Gupta, D., Maharaj Kumari, K., & Chopra, A. (2025) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-025-06777-z · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“…DMT has been detected in human blood, urine, plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (Christian et al. 1975; Franzen and Gross 1965; Walker et al. 1973; Barker et al. 2012), and organs such as the brain, pineal gland, adrenal glands, and lungs (Mandell and Morgan 1971; Barker et al. 2013; Dean et al.…”
InfluentialAyahuasca and cancer treatment
Schenberg, E. E. (2013) · SAGE Open Medicine · doi:10.1177/2050312113508389 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
New Paradigms of Old Psychedelics in Schizophrenia
Mahmood, D., Alenezi, S. K., Anwar, M. J., Azam, F., Qureshi, K. A., & Jaremko, M. (2022) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph15050640 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“In 2012, Barker and colleagues found evidence from many studies that indicated the presence of DMT in the biological samples of both schizophrenia patients and control subjects who had never consumed it [108].”
BackgroundDimethyltryptamine: Endogenous Role and Therapeutic Potential
Rodrigues, A. V., Almeida, F., & Vieira‐Coelho, M. A. (2019) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2019.1602291 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“DMT is produced in very small quantities in the human body (Barker, McIlhenny, and Strassman 2012) and in the rat (Barker et al. 2013).”
BackgroundJiang, X.-L., Shen, H.-W., Mager, D. E., & Yu, A. (2013) · Drug Metabolism and Disposition · doi:10.1124/dmd.112.050724 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“It is noteworthy that 5-MeO-DMT is an endotoxin because of its presence within the human body (Barker et al., 2012).”
BackgroundGrammenos, D., & Barker, S. A. (2014) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-014-1329-5 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“DMT is an endogenous compound detected in the human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood, and urine (Barker et al. 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citationKanu, A. B., Brandt, S. D., Williams, M., Zhang, N., & Hill, H. H. (2013) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ac401951a · Cited by 28 · see citing works
N,N-Dimethyltryptamine–Induced Psychosis
Paterson, N. E., Darby, W. C., & Sandhu, P. (2015) · Clinical Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1097/wnf.0000000000000078 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“The hallucinogen N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is an indolealkylamine that is found in several plant species,(1) as well as the central nervous systems of several mammal species including humans.(2) Despite a well-documented ethnographic history of its use(1) and chemical identification and synthesis in Europe approxim…”
BackgroundA neuroscientific model of near-death experiences
Martial, C., Fritz, P., Gosseries, O., Bonhomme, V. L., Kondziella, D., Nelson, K. R., & Lejeune, N. (2025) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/s41582-025-01072-z · Cited by 30 · see citing works
DMT alters cortical travelling wavesPreprint
Alamia, A., Timmermann, C., VanRullen, R., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.05.06.080937 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Risk assessment of dietary exposure to tryptamine for the Austrian population
Wüst, N., Rauscher‐Gabernig, E., Steinwider, J., Bauer, F., & Paulsen, P. (2016) · Food Additives & Contaminants Part A · doi:10.1080/19440049.2016.1269207 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“The physiological role of endogenous DMT in humans is largely unknown (Su et al. 2009; Barker et al. 2012; Frecska et al. 2013).”
BackgroundBambauer, T. P., Wagmann, L., Maurer, H. H., Weber, A. A., & Meyer, M. R. (2020) · Talanta · doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2020.120847 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Gomes, M. M., Coimbra, J. B., Clara, R. O., Dörr, F. A., Moreno, A. C. R., Chagas, J. R., Tufik, S., Pinto, E., Catalani, L. H., & Čampa, A. (2014) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2014.01.035 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“In vitro and animal studies have found endogenous psychedelic tryptamines in humans [38] and also found tryptamine metabolites in the pineal gland [39].”
BackgroundChen, W.-C., Bai, R., Cheng, W.-L., Peng, C.-Y., Reddy, D. M., Badsara, S. S., & Lee, C. (2023) · Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry · doi:10.1039/d3ob00279a · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Updated View on the Relation of the Pineal Gland to Autism Spectrum Disorders
Shomrat, T., & Nesher, N. (2019) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00037 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“DMT is widely found in plants and animals, and although there have been indications for endogenous DMT in mammals since the 60 s, only in the last decade was it indisputably proven that DMT is present in humans (69).”
BackgroundMichael, P., Luke, D. P., & Robinson, O. C. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1083356 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“One essential reason for the interest in this compound is its endogenous nature, including in human beings (Barker et al., 2012), where enzymatic co-localization for DMT synthesis (INMT and AADC) has also been evidenced in mammalian brain tissue (Dean et al., 2019).”
BackgroundCampanale, A., Inserra, A., & Comai, S. (2024) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111058 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“However, even though endogenous psychedelics have been found in fecal samples, antibiotic-induced gut sterilization, and diet-induced GM changes did not affect the levels of endogenous psychedelics (Barker et al., 2012; Dean et al., 2019; K ¨ arkk ¨ ainen et al., 2005).”
BackgroundGrafinger, K. E., Wilke, A., König, S., & Weinmann, W. (2018) · Drug Testing and Analysis · doi:10.1002/dta.2544 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Bambauer, T. P., Wagmann, L., Weber, A. A., & Meyer, M. R. (2021) · Drug Testing and Analysis · doi:10.1002/dta.3106 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
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Ayahuasca: what mental health professionals need to know
SANTOS, R. G. D., Bouso, J. C., & Hallak, J. E. C. (2017) · Archives of Clinical Psychiatry (São Paulo) · doi:10.1590/0101-60830000000130 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
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Falchi-Carvalho, M., Barros, H., Bolcont, R., Laborde, S., Wießner, I., Silva, S. R. B., Montanini, D., Barbosa, D. C., Teixeira, E., Florence-Vilela, R., et al. (2024) · Psychedelic Medicine · doi:10.1089/psymed.2024.0002 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Ayahuasca: Pharmacology, Safety, and Therapeutic Effects
SANTOS, R. G. D., & Hallak, J. E. C. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009585330.005 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
QEEG studies of the acute effects of the visionary tryptamine DMT.
Acosta‐Urquidi, J. (2015) · Cosmos and history · doi:10.13140/rg.2.1.4069.4248 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Alkaloids: Their relevance in cancer treatment
Varela, C. L., Silva, F., Costa, G., & Cabral, C. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-99873-4.00006-2 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Psychedelic Therapy: A Primer for Primary Care Clinicians—N,N-Dimethyltryptamine and Ayahuasca
Shinozuka, K., Tabaac, B. J., Arenas, A., Beutler, B. D., Cherian, K. N., Evans, V. D., Fasano, C., & Muir, O. S. (2024) · American Journal of Therapeutics · doi:10.1097/mjt.0000000000001725 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“30,32,33 Proper measurement of endogenous DMT is difficult because of the small concentration of DMT in the human body, 23 DMT ’ s rapid breakdown by MAO, 34 and the traditional use of whole-brain homogenate samples in experiments that may dilute local peaks in DMT concentration.”
BackgroundGlatfelter, G. C., Clark, A. A., Cavalco, N. G., Landavazo, A., Partilla, J. S., Naeem, M., Golen, J. A., Chadeayne, A. R., Manke, D. R., Blough, B. E., et al. (2024) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00513 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
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Analysis of 28 hair samples from users of the hallucinogenic beverage ayahuasca
Liu, M., Yang, H., Hu, J., Shen, B., Xiang, P., Qiang, H., Deng, H., Yu, Z., & Shi, Y. (2021) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110790 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
A Sideways Look at the Neurobiology of Psi: Precognition and Circadian Rhythms
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Long-lasting analgesic effect of the psychedelic drug changa: A case report
Oña, G., & Troncoso, S. (2019) · Journal of Psychedelic Studies · doi:10.1556/2054.2019.001 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Kubicskó, K., & Farkas, Ö. (2020) · Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry · doi:10.1039/d0ob01118e · Cited by 12 · see citing works
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“Since the 1960s and 1970s we have known that mammals, including humans, endogenously produce DMT (18, 42, 43); for a comprehensive review, see Barker et al. (2012) (44).”
Lajin, B., & Francesconi, K. A. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0167013 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
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Sensors for the Detection of Illicit Drugs
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Ligand-Free Signaling of G-Protein-Coupled Receptors: Physiology, Pharmacology, and Genetics
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Barman, R., Bora, P. K., Saikia, J., Konwar, P., Sarkar, A., Kemprai, P., Saikia, S. P., Haldar, S., Slater, R. J., & Banik, D. (2023) · Phytochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113928 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
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Research on psychedelic substances
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Novel extended-release transdermal formulations of the psychedelic N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT)
Witowski, C. G., Hess, M. R., Jones, N., Pellitteri-Hahn, M. C., Razidlo, J. A., Bhavsar, R., Beer, C., Gonzalez-Velazquez, N. M., Scarlett, C. O., Wenthur, C. J., et al. (2024) · European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2024.106803 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
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Bastos, M. A. V., Bastos, P. R. H. D. O., dos Santos, M. L., Iandoli, D., Portella, R. B., & Lucchetti, G. (2018) · EXPLORE · doi:10.1016/j.explore.2018.04.013 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“In a recent comprehensive review of reports of endogenous psychedelics, Barker et al(7) found that there is convincing evidence that DMT and bufotenine are endogenous in humans, whereas the evidence is less compelling for 5-MeODMT.(7) DMT has recently been characterized as an endogenous substrate for sigma 1 receptor,…”
InfluentialMaitland, A. D., Gonzalez, N. R., Walther, D. M., Pereira, F. L. F., Baumann, M. H., & Glatfelter, G. C. (2025) · ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science · doi:10.1021/acsptsci.5c00305 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
N -Methylserotonin hydrogen oxalate
Naeem, M., Anas, N. A., Chadeayne, A. R., Golen, J. A., & Manke, D. R. (2023) · IUCrData · doi:10.1107/s2414314623003784 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Alves, C. L., Ciba, M., Toutain, T. G. L. D. O., Porto, J. A. M., de Sena, E. P., Thielemann, C., & Rodrigues, F. A. (2024) · Journal of Physics Complexity · doi:10.1088/2632-072x/ad1c68 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Introduction to the chemistry and pharmacology of psychedelic drugs
Walker, S. R., Pullella, G. A., Piggott, M., & Duggan, P. J. (2023) · Australian Journal of Chemistry · doi:10.1071/ch23050 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Greene, S. L. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818788-3.00014-0 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Barker, S. A. (2025) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111259 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationGomonit, M. M., Swortwood, M. J., Truver, M. T., & Skillman, B. N. (2025) · Journal of Forensic Sciences · doi:10.1111/1556-4029.70013 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Hyperespace dans le cyberespace : DMT et méta-ritualisation
John, G. S. (2017) · Drogues santé et société · doi:10.7202/1041854ar · Cited by 4 · see citing works
N,N-dimethyltryptamine facts and myths
Barker, S. A. (2018) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881118767648 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationMichael, P., Luke, D. P., & Robinson, O. C. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1532937 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
- Authors
- Barker, S. A., McIlhenny, E. H., & Strassman, R.
- Affiliations
- Louisiana State University (US)
- University of New Mexico (US)
- Corresponding author
- Barker, Steven A.
- ORCID
- Barker, Steven A.
- Venue
- Drug Testing and Analysis
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012-02-28
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 7-8
- Pages
- 617-635
- ISSN
- 1942-7603 (ISSN-L)
- 1942-7611
- OpenAlex
- W1822863173
- Cited by
- 142
- References
- 104
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 1.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Drug Testing and Analysis (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UNM’s Digital Repository (University of New Mexico) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Alkaloids: synthesis and pharmacology
- Keywords
- N,N-dimethyltryptamine, bufotenine, indole alkaloids, human body fluids, blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, detection methods, psychotropic activity, history of research
- MeSH terms
- Bufotenin, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Hallucinogens, Humans, Methoxydimethyltryptamines, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century
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