The inner speech of behavioral regulation: Intentions and task performance strengthen when you talk to yourself as a You
Abstract
People often talk to themselves using the first‐person pronoun (I), but they also talk to themselves as if they are speaking to someone else, using the second‐person pronoun (You). Yet, the relative behavioral control achieved by I and You self‐talk remains unknown. The current research was designed to examine the potential behavioral advantage of using You in self‐talk and the role of attitudes in this process. Three experiments compared the effects of I and You self‐talk on problem solving performance and behavioral intentions. Experiment 1 revealed that giving self‐advice about a hypothetical social situation using You yielded better anagram task performance than using I. Experiment 2 showed that using You self‐talk in preparation for an anagram task enhanced anagram performance and intentions to work on anagrams more than I self‐talk, and that these effects were mediated by participants' attitudes toward the task. Experiment 3 extended these findings to exercise intentions and highlighted the role of attitudes in this effect. Altogether, the current research showed that second‐person self‐talk strengthens both actual behavior performance and prospective behavioral intentions more than first‐person self‐talk. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
A large body of empirical work has arisen relating to inner speech, albeit in rather disparate research areas, and it plays an increasingly prominent role in psychological theorizing.
“Nevertheless, a large body of empirical work has arisen relating to inner speech, albeit in rather disparate research areas, and it plays an increasingly prominent role in psychological theorizing (Dolcos & Albarracín, 2014; Fernyhough & McCarthy-Jones, 2013; Hurlburt, Heavey, & Kelsey, 2013; Oppenheim & Dell, 2010; Williams, Bowler, & Jarrold, 2012).”
From Inner Speech: Development, Cognitive Functions, Phenomenology, and Neurobiology (2015) · cites this paper as Dolcos & Albarracín, 2014
Second-person self-talk leads to better performance and motivation than first-person.
“prompts to imagine giving advice in the form of “You . . .” leading to better performance and motivation than imagined speech in the first person: “I can do this.””
From Inner Speech: Development, Cognitive Functions, Phenomenology, and Neurobiology (2015) · cites this paper as Dolcos & Albarracín, 2014
It was shown by Dolcos and Albarracin that imagining giving advice in the second person led to better performance and motivation than imagined speech in the first person.
“It was shown by Dolcos and Albarracin36, that imagining giving an advice in the second person led to better performance and motivation than imagined speech in the first person.”
From An experimental study of a virtual reality counselling paradigm using embodied self-dialogue (2019) · cites this paper as [36]
Cites
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/brm.40.3.879 · Cited by 34,117 · see citing works
Lazarus, R. S. (1991) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195069945.001.0001 · Cited by 12,691 · see citing works
Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1985) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.48.1.150 · Cited by 4,845 · see citing works
Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1985) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.48.1.150 · Cited by 4,845 · see citing works
(1987) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,399 · see citing works
How are habits formed: modelling habit formation in the real world
Lally, P., van Jaarsveld, C. H. M., Potts, H. W. W., & Wardle, J. (2010) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.674 · Cited by 2,036 · see citing works
Appraisal Considered as a Process of Multilevel Sequential Checking
Scherer, K. R. (2001) · Appraisal Processes in Emotion · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195130072.003.0005 · Cited by 1,907 · see citing works
Cordova, D. I., & Lepper, M. R. (1996) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.88.4.715 · Cited by 1,568 · see citing works
A new look at habits and the habit-goal interface.
Wood, W., & Neal, D. T. (2007) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.114.4.843 · Cited by 1,470 · see citing works
Appraisal components, core relational themes, and the emotions
Smith, C. A., & Lazarus, R. S. (1993) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699939308409189 · Cited by 1,302 · see citing works
Hermans, H. J. M., & Hermans-Konopka, A. (2010) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511712142 · Cited by 698 · see citing works
Gardner, B., de Bruijn, G.-J., & Lally, P. (2011) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-011-9282-0 · Cited by 574 · see citing works
Shades of Joy: Patterns of Appraisal Differentiating Pleasant Emotions
Ellsworth, P. C., & Smith, C. A. (1988) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699938808412702 · Cited by 542 · see citing works
Prediction and change of health behavior: Applying the reasoned action approach.
Ajzen, I., Albarracín, D., & Hornik, R. (2007) · Cited by 495 · see citing works
Mind over matter: reappraising arousal improves cardiovascular and cognitive responses to stress
Jamieson, J. P., Nock, M. K., & Mendes, W. B. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/a0025719 · Cited by 444 · cited 5× · see citing works
“They are characterized by positive attitudes toward future experiences (e.g., Folkman & Lazarus, 1985; Jamieson et al., 2012) and can have strong impacts on people’s thoughts, feelings, and performance (Alter et al., 2010; Jamieson et al., 2012; Wood Brooks, 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialSOCIOCULTURAL THEORY AND L2: State of the Art
Lantolf, J. P. (2006) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263106060037 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
A Model of Appraisal in the Emotion System Integrating Theory, Research, and Applications
Roseman, I. J. (2001) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195130072.003.0004 · Cited by 409 · see citing works
Dialogical Self Theory: Positioning and Counter-Positioning in a Globalizing Society
Hermans, H. J. M., & Hermans-Konopka, A. (2010) · Cited by 393 · see citing works
Turning the knots in your stomach into bows: reappraising arousal improves performance on the GRE
Jamieson, J. P., Mendes, W. B., Blackstock, E., & Schmader, T. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.08.015 · Cited by 376 · see citing works
Self-Talk and Sports Performance: A Meta-Analysis
Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Zourbanos, N., Galanis, E., & Theodorakis, Y. (2011) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691611413136 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Get excited: reappraising pre-performance anxiety as excitement.
Brooks, A. W. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/a0035325 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Self-talk as a regulatory mechanism: how you do it matters.
Kross, E., Bruehlman-Senecal, E., Park, J., Burson, A., Dougherty, A., Shablack, H., Bremner, R., Moser, J., & Ayduk, O. (2014) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0035173 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Predicting athletic performance from cardiovascular indexes of challenge and threat
Blascovich, J., Seery, M. D., Mugridge, C. A., Norris, R. K., & Max Weisbuch, A. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2003.10.007 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Prediction and Change of Health Behavior
Gorn, G. (2007) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203937082 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
The phenomena of inner experience
Heavey, C. L., & Hurlburt, R. T. (2008) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2007.12.006 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Cognitive Appraisals and Interest in Visual Art: Exploring an Appraisal Theory of Aesthetic Emotions
Silvia, P. J. (2005) · Empirical Studies of the Arts · doi:10.2190/12av-ah2p-mceh-289e · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Rising to the threat: Reducing stereotype threat by reframing the threat as a challenge
Alter, A. L., Aronson, J. M., Darley, J. M., Rodriguez, C., & Ruble, D. N. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.09.014 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Representations of the self in the near and distant future.
Wakslak, C. J., Nussbaum, S., Liberman, N., & Trope, Y. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0012939 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Still talking to ourselves after all these years: a review of current research on private speech
Winsler, A. (2009) · Private Speech, Executive Functioning, and the Development of Verbal Self-Regulation · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511581533.003 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
A description of self-talk in exercise
Gammage, K. L., Hardy, J., & Hall, C. R. (2001) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/s1469-0292(01)00011-5 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
The Confidence of Choice: Evidence for an Augmentation Effect on Self-Perceived Performance
Tafarodi, R. W., Milne, A. B., & Smith, A. J. (1999) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167299259006 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Libby, L. K., Valenti, G., Pfent, A. M., & Eibach, R. P. (2011) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0026105 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Senay, I., Albarracín, D., & Noguchi, K. (2010) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797610364751 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Psychophysiological effects of emotional responding to goal attainment
Kreibig, S. D., Gendolla, G. H. E., & Scherer, K. R. (2009) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2009.11.004 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
The effects of autonomy-supportive versus controlling environments on self-talk
Oliver, E. J., Markland, D. A., Hardy, J., & Petherick, C. M. (2008) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-008-9097-x · Cited by 62 · see citing works
The Psychology of Concentration in Sport Performers: A Cognitive Analysis
Moran, A. P. (2016) · doi:10.4324/9781315784946 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Situational Factors Affecting Judgments of Future Performance
Henry, R. A., & Sniezek, J. A. (1993) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1006/obhd.1993.1005 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Zell, E., Warriner, A. B., & Albarracín, D. (2011) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550611430164 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Clowes, R. W. (2007) · Journal of Consciousness Studies · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Albarracín, D. (2011) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e634112013-286 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Inner Speech: Development, Cognitive Functions, Phenomenology, and Neurobiology
Alderson-Day, B., & Fernyhough, C. (2015) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000021 · Cited by 808 · see citing works
“…(Jones, 2010), with only some forms of the phenomenon being explicable in terms of misattributed inner speech: others may be better understood in terms of a “hypervigilant” attention to external threat (Dodgson & Gordon, 2009), or intrusions from memory (Michie, Badcock, Waters, & Maybery, 2005).”
BackgroundAlbarracín, D., & Shavitt, S. (2017) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-122216-011911 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Kross, E., & Ayduk, O. (2017) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2016.10.002 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Self-talk: Review and sport-specific model.
Van Raalte, J. L., Vincent, A., & Brewer, B. W. (2016) · Psychology of Sport and Exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.08.004 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
An experimental study of a virtual reality counselling paradigm using embodied self-dialogue
Slater, M., Neyret, S., Johnston, T., Iruretagoyena, G., Crespo, M. Á. D. L. C., Alabèrnia-Segura, M., Spanlang, B., & Feixas, G. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-46877-3 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Neurolinguistics Research Advancing Development of a Direct-Speech Brain-Computer Interface
Cooney, C., Folli, R., & Coyle, D. (2018) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2018.09.016 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
The Psychology of Framing: How Everyday Language Shapes the Way We Think, Feel, and Act
Flusberg, S. J., Holmes, K. J., Thibodeau, P. H., Nabi, R. L., & Matlock, T. (2024) · Gothic.net · doi:10.1177/15291006241246966 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Orvell, A., Vickers, B. D., Drake, B., Verduyn, P., Ayduk, O., Moser, J., Jonides, J., & Kross, E. (2021) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702620951539 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Depression, Language, and Affect
Bernard, J. D., Baddeley, J. L., Rodriguez, B. F., & Burke, P. A. (2015) · Journal of Language and Social Psychology · doi:10.1177/0261927x15589186 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Linguistic Shifts: A Relatively Effortless Route to Emotion Regulation?
Orvell, A., Ayduk, Ö. N., Moser, J. S., Gelman, S. A., & Kross, E. F. (2019) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721419861411 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Thinking of You: How Second-Person Pronouns Shape Cultural Success
Packard, G. M., & Berger, J. A. (2020) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797620902380 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Inner speech in motor cortex and implications for speech neuroprostheses
Kunz, E. M., Abramovich Krasa, B., Kamdar, F., Avansino, D. T., Hahn, N., Yoon, S., Singh, A., Nason-Tomaszewski, S. R., Card, N. S., Jude, J. J., et al. (2025) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2025.06.015 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“All participants had experience with attempted speech decoding and preferred inner speech for its lower physical effort and more neutral outward appearance.”
Baten, E., Vansteenkiste, M., De Muynck, G.-J., De Poortere, E., & Desoete, A. (2020) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000444 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-Reflection at Work: Why It Matters and How to Harness Its Potential and Avoid Its Pitfalls
Kross, E. F., Ong, M., & Ayduk, Ö. N. (2023) · Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031921-024406 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Third‐Person Self‐Talk Reduces Ebola Worry and Risk Perception by Enhancing Rational Thinking
Kross, E. F., Vickers, B. D., Orvell, A., Gainsburg, I., Moran, T. P., Boyer, M. C., Jonides, J. J., Moser, J. S., & Ayduk, Ö. N. (2017) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12103 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Being kind to ourselves: Self-compassion, coping, and consumption
Karanika, K., & Hogg, M. K. (2015) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.07.042 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-talk interventions for athletes: A theoretically grounded approach
Raalte, J. L. V., Vincent, A., & Brewer, B. W. (2016) · Journal of Sport Psychology in Action · doi:10.1080/21520704.2016.1233921 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Twelve tips for providing feedback to peers about their teaching
Newman, L. R., Roberts, D. H., & Frankl, S. E. (2018) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.1080/0142159x.2018.1521953 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Ireland, M. E., & Iserman, M. (2018) · CLPsych@NAACL-HTL · doi:10.18653/v1/w18-0620 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Pattern Theory of Selflessness: How Meditation May Transform the Self-Pattern
Berkovich‐Ohana, A., Brown, K. W., Gallagher, S., Barendregt, H. P., Bauer, P. R., Giommi, F., Nyklı́ček, I., Ostafin, B. D., Raffone, A., Slagter, H. A., et al. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02418-2 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Distanced self-talk enhances goal pursuit to eat healthier
Furman, C. R., Kross, E., & Gearhardt, A. N. (2020) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702619896366 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Karanika, K., & Hogg, M. K. (2019) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.10.005 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Distanced self-talk changes how people conceptualize the self
Gainsburg, I., & Kross, E. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2020.103969 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Krejtz, I., Rohnka, N., Holas, P., Rusanowska, M., & Nezlek, J. B. (2020) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2020.1795627 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Local dominance effects on self-evaluations and intrinsic motivation
Zell, E., Strickhouser, J. E., & Alicke, M. D. (2017) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2017.1295100 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Distanced self-talk increases rational self-interest
Gainsburg, I., Sowden, W. J., Drake, B., Herold, W., & Kross, E. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-04010-3 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
To me, to you: How you say things matters for endurance performance
Hardy, J., Thomas, A. V., & Blanchfield, A. (2019) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2019.1622240 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Husbands, D., Linceviciute, S., & Yetkili, O. (2025) · Race Ethnicity and Education · doi:10.1080/13613324.2024.2386949 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Selbstgesteuertes Lernen neu denken
Konrad, K. (2024) · Beltz Juventa eBooks · doi:10.3262/978-3-7799-7903-6 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Lee, S., Wang, T., & Ren, X. (2019) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2019.1612035 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Neural Effects of One’s Own Voice on Self-Talk for Emotion Regulation
Jo, H.-J., Park, C., Lee, E., Lee, J. H., Kim, J., Han, S.-J., Kim, J., Kim, E. J., Kim, E., & Kim, J. (2024) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci14070637 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
I Will Use Declarative Self-Talk . . . or Will I? Replication, Extension, and Meta-Analyses
Raalte, J. L. V., Cornelius, A. E., Mullin, E. M., Brewer, B. W., Dyke, E. D. V., Johnson, A. J., & Iwatsuki, T. (2017) · The Sport Psychologist · doi:10.1123/tsp.2016-0088 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Representation of verbal thought in motor cortex and implications for speech neuroprosthesesPreprint
Kunz, E. M., Meschede-Krasa, B., Kamdar, F. B., Avansino, D. T., Nason, S. R., Card, N. S., Jacques, B. G., Bechefsky, P. H., Hahn, N. V., Iacobacci, C., et al. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.10.04.616375 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The impact of the environment on behavior
Albarracín, D., & Dai, W. (2024) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2023.12.001 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Ceci n’est pas un fragment”: Identity, Intertextuality and Fictionality in Sappho’s “Brothers Poem”
Bär, S. (2016) · Symbolae Osloenses · doi:10.1080/00397679.2016.1253259 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Neural Decoding of Spontaneous Overt and Intended Speech
Dash, D., Ferrari, P., & Wang, J. (2024) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2024_jslhr-24-00046 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Albarracín, D., & Dai, W. (2021) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2021.1889319 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
A UK Study of Thinking and Language Expression
Sage, R., Sage, L. D., & Kaczmarek, B. L. J. (2023) · The New Educational Review · doi:10.15804/tner.23.71.1.07 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Experimental Paradigm for Measuring the Effects of Self-distancing in Young Children
Grenell, A., White, R. E., Prager, E. O., Schaefer, C., Kross, E. F., Duckworth, A. L., & Carlson, S. M. (2019) · Journal of Visualized Experiments · doi:10.3791/59056 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Stepping Outside the Self Promotes Pro-Environmental Behaviors
Hou, C., Sarigöllü, E., Jo, M., & Liang, D. (2018) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su10093128 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Reconsidering intrapersonal communication through an interdisciplinary lens
Bainbridge, C. M., Bryant, G. A., & Dale, R. A. C. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1569493 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Reframing self-talk in endurance sports using grammatical taxonomy
Wallentin, M., & Nedergaard, J. (2023) · Cognitive Semiotics · doi:10.1515/cogsem-2023-2006 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Wu, H., Yue, C., Cao, F., Long, Y., & Wang, Y. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1283624 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The effect of second-person self-talk on performance and motivation in Japanese individuals
Magata, Y., & Tanaka, A. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0305251 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The Experience of Personal Time in Alzheimer’s Disease
Thomas, P., & Hazif‐Thomas, C. (2020) · Lurian Journal · doi:10.15826/lurian.2020.1.1.10 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-talk: Effects on emotion in interpersonal communication context
Qadar, F. (2016) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Ireland, M. E., Adams, K., & Farrell, S. (2022) · Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology (CLPsych) · doi:10.18653/v1/2022.clpsych-1.7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Functions of inner speech: linguistic, pragmatic and psychological aspects
Koltsova, E. A., & Kartashkova, F. I. (2018) · Science for Education Today · doi:10.15293/2226-3365.1804.04 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Guicciardi, M., & Prinzis, F. (2021) · RICERCHE DI PSICOLOGIA · doi:10.3280/rip2021oa11936 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The frequency, form, and function of self-talk in everyday life
Schertz, K. E., Orvell, A., Chandhok, S., Vickers, B. D., Moser, J. S., Ayduk, Ö. N., & Kross, E. F. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-22647-2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Grundmann, F., Epstude, K., & Scheibe, S. (2026) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-026-10201-0 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kaczmarek, F., Matecka, M., Bartkowiak-Wieczorek, J., Kmiecik, M., Kaczmarek, K., Gajniak, P., Fiutak, M., Stężycka, J., Krupa, K. K., Marchwiak, S., et al. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm15176582 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Hamid, N., Rezaeemanesh, S., & Rostami, R. (2021) · Journal of Multidisciplinary Care · doi:10.34172/jmdc.2021.02 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Divekar, R. R. (2024) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-76809-5_4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Distant” Pictures Benefit Emotion Regulation in Emotion Disclosure on WeChat Moments
Wang, F., Yu, C., Zuo, S., Huang, N., Cai, P., & Cheng, L. (2018) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2017.0606 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Bockarov, M. (2015) · TSpace (University of Toronto) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-Talk and Autonomy on Well-Structured Problem-Solving
Lam, Y. H. K., & Zhou, D.-H. R. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-8034-0_11
Hamid, N., Rezaeemanesh, S., & Rostami, R. (2021) · یافته · doi:10.32592/yafteh.2021.23.2.9
Effects of the Types of Self-talk on Task Performance and Post-task Emotion
Cho, M., & Chong, Y.-S. (2022) · THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF CULTURE AND SOCIAL ISSUES · doi:10.20406/kjcs.2022.5.28.2.83
SPORCULARDA ZİHİNSEL DAYANIKLILIK Kendinle Konuşma ve Tutkunluk
Bayköse, N. (2022) · Akademisyen Kitabevi eBooks · doi:10.37609/akya.1026
Language Research in Social Personality Psychology
Ireland, M. E., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009170123.015
Zdolności językowe a myślenie u dzieci w wieku 6–10 lat. Raport z badań
Sage, R., & Sage, L. D. (2024) · Przegląd Psychologiczny · doi:10.31648/przegldpsychologiczny.10906
Abdoli, B., Taherkhani, S., Moteshareie, E., & Hardy, J. (2025) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413200.2025.2462562
Language Skills and Thinking in Children Aged 6‒10 Years. Research Report
Sage, R., & Sage, L. D. (2024) · Przegląd Psychologiczny · doi:10.31648/przegldpsychologiczny.10494
Kraitzman, A. P., DeMora, S. L., & Albarracín, D. (2025) · Political Communication · doi:10.1080/10584609.2025.2472768
Linguistic and cultural adaptation of the Russian version of the “Self-Talk Scale” questionnaire
Proskurina, V. V., & Ткаченко, А. А. (2025) · V M BEKHTEREV REVIEW OF PSYCHIATRY AND MEDICAL PSYCHOLOGY · doi:10.31363/2313-7053-2025-1-976
SİPAHİ, B. B. (2025) · International Journal of Healthcare Management · doi:10.1080/20479700.2025.2545233
Social Meanings and Discourse Functions of Self-Talk in Korean Media Interview ConversationsPreprint
Yoon, S.-S. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5396777
(2017) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-68123-984-220251007
Regulating emotional memories: The role of self-distancing across basic and self-conscious emotions
Dilek, S. (2026) · Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi · doi:10.57127/kpd.26024438.1745244
Hearing what we would like to hear: The prima facie view of indirect self‐talk
Rivadulla-Duró, A. (2026) · Mind & Language · doi:10.1111/mila.70020
Mémoire prospective, émotions, vieillissement normal et maladie d'Alzheimer
Graa, M. (2022) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/bed0a381z0315z4079z8b0ezdde8afb4c838
Cheng, P. (2026) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2026.107278
How the Content and Referential Form of Self‐Talk Influence Experimental Pain
Puchalska‐Wasyl, M. M., Jankowski, T., Chwaszcz, M., Chyziak, P., Derecka, I., Jankowska, A., & Nowakowska, Z. (2026) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.70408
The Study of Inner Speech: Adaptation of Russian-Language Versions of Inner Speech Questionnaires
Proskurina, V. V., & Ткаченко, А. А. (2026) · Psikhiatriya · doi:10.30629/2618-6667-2026-24-4-83-92
Dołżycka, J., & Herbert, C. (2026) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-026-02370-x
- Authors
- Dolcos, S., & Albarracin, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Annenberg School for Communication University of Pennsylvania Champaign USA
- Corresponding author
- Dolcos, Sanda
- ORCID
- Dolcos, Sanda
- Venue
- European Journal of Social Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2014-06-23
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 636-642
- ISSN
- 0046-2772 (ISSN-L)
- 1099-0992
- OpenAlex
- W1825524188
- Cited by
- 79
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 5
- FWCI
- 6.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Journal of Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Representations and Identity
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
- Keywords
- self-talk, behavioral regulation, behavioral intention, task performance, problem solving, exercise intention
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
