Mind over matter: reappraising arousal improves cardiovascular and cognitive responses to stress
Open accessAbstract
Researchers have theorized that changing the way we think about our bodily responses can improve our physiological and cognitive reactions to stressful events. However, the underlying processes through which mental states improve downstream outcomes are not well understood. To this end, we examined whether reappraising stress-induced arousal could improve cardiovascular outcomes and decrease attentional bias for emotionally negative information. Participants were randomly assigned to either a reappraisal condition in which they were instructed to think about their physiological arousal during a stressful task as functional and adaptive, or to 1 of 2 control conditions: attention reorientation and no instructions. Relative to controls, participants instructed to reappraise their arousal exhibited more adaptive cardiovascular stress responses-increased cardiac efficiency and lower vascular resistance-and decreased attentional bias. Thus, reappraising arousal shows physiological and cognitive benefits. Implications for health and potential clinical applications are discussed.
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Men and women do not reliably show differences in patterning of physiologic responses during acute stress.
“Further, men and women do not reliably show differences in patterning of physiologic responses during acute stress, so there is little evidence that there are sex differences in general approach versus avoidant (challenge versus threat) physiologic patterns (Mendes et al., 2008; Kassam et al., 2009; Jamieson et al., 2012).”
From More than a feeling: A unified view of stress measurement for population science (2018) · cites this paper as Jamieson et al., 2012
The Method > Participants section reports 25 male and 25 female participants, and Results > Physiological reactivity compares stress responses across reappraisal conditions. Neither section reports a male–female comparison or addresses whether challenge-versus-threat patterns reliably differ by sex. Searches for gender, sex differences, and male/female found no passage establishing the attributed claim; page numbers were unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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“For example, recent research has found that techniques for reappraising the physiological arousal associated with stress and anxiety in a given moment (49-54) lead to lower perceived stress and better performance in stressful situations.”
Capitalizing on Appraisal Processes to Improve Affective Responses to Social Stress
Jamieson, J. P., Hangen, E. J., Lee, H. Y., & Yeager, D. S. (2018) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073917693085 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“…of summaries of scientific articles on the adaptive benefits of stress responses (e.g., Jamieson, Mendes, & Nock, 2013; Jamieson et al., 2016; Jamieson et al., 2012; materials are freely available for download at http://socialstresslab. wixsite.com/urochester/research); and (b) a “short…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationAn Overview of Emotion in Artificial Intelligence
Assunção, G., Patrão, B., Castelo-Branco, M., & Menezes, P. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tai.2022.3159614 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“Moreover, physical or body-based metrics can be devised as means of monitoring the internal and external components of emotion, as well as reporting of intrinsic appraisals during particular events or experiences [79], [80].”
BackgroundPeters, B. J., Overall, N. C., & Jamieson, J. P. (2014) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.07.015 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Self-citationMapping the interplay among cognitive biases, emotion regulation, and depressive symptoms
Everaert, J., Grahek, I., Duyck, W., Buelens, J., Van den Bergh, N., & Koster, E. H. W. (2017) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2016.1144561 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Keith, J. M., Jamieson, J. P., & Bennetto, L. (2018) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-018-0455-1 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Self-citationLiu, J. J. W., Ein, N., Gervasio, J., & Vickers, K. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0212854 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Fear, excitement, and financial risk-taking
Lee, C. J., & Andrade, E. B. (2014) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2014.898611 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Zähringer, J., Jennen-Steinmetz, C., Schmahl, C. G., Ende, G., & Paret, C. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00470 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Can I tell you how I feel? Perceived partner responsiveness encourages emotional expression.
Ruan, Y., Reis, H. T., Clark, M. S., Hirsch, J. L., & Bink, B. D. (2019) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000650 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
An Integrative Framework of Stress, Attention, and Visuomotor Performance
Vine, S. J., Moore, L. J., & Wilson, M. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01671 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“Congruent with the BPSM, the integrative model proposes that a challenge evaluation will lead to a cardiovascular response consisting of relatively higher cardiac output and lower total peripheral resistance compared to a threat evaluation.”
Changing the Conceptualization of Stress in Social Anxiety Disorder
Jamieson, J. P., Nock, M. K., & Mendes, W. B. (2013) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702613482119 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“After oral instructions, participants read three summaries of scientific journal articles (that we created) outlining the positive outcomes associated with stress arousal and the adaptive benefits of stress (also see Jamieson et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citationJentsch, V. L., & Wolf, O. T. (2020) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2020.107893 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“An intended sample size of 25 participants per group (in total 75 participants) was set in advance based on sample sizes from previous studies investigating the impact of emotion regulation on psychophysiological stress responses (cf. Denson et al., 2014; Jamieson et al., 2012).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialEmotion Malleability Beliefs Influence the Spontaneous Regulation of Social Anxiety
Kneeland, E. T., Nolen–Hoeksema, S., Dovidio, J. F., & Gruber, J. (2016) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-016-9765-1 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Dolcos, S., & Albarracin, D. (2014) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2048 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“They are characterized by positive attitudes toward future experiences (e.g., Folkman & Lazarus, 1985; Jamieson et al., 2012) and can have strong impacts on people’s thoughts, feelings, and performance (Alter et al., 2010; Jamieson et al., 2012; Wood Brooks, 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialAttention training through gaze-contingent feedback: Effects on reappraisal and negative emotions.
Sánchez-López, Á., Everaert, J., & Koster, E. H. W. (2016) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000198 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Saunders-Scott, D., Braley, M. B., & Stennes-Spidahl, N. (2017) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-017-9660-4 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Cognitive reappraisal increases neuroendocrine reactivity to acute social stress and physical pain
Denson, T. F., Creswell, J. D., Terides, M. D., & Blundell, K. A. (2014) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.07.003 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“Relative to control participants, those who reappraised showed less vasoconstriction and heightened cardiac output (Jamieson et al., 2012).”
BackgroundCan Test Anxiety Interventions Alleviate a Gender Gap in an Undergraduate STEM Course?
Harris, R. B., Grunspan, D. Z., Pelch, M. A., Fernandes, G., Ramirez, G., & Freeman, S. (2019) · CBE—Life Sciences Education · doi:10.1187/cbe.18-05-0083 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“Research has found that students who engage in emotional reappraisal perform better on challenging in-lab tests, course exams, and high-stakes standardized exams like the Graduate Record Examination (Jamieson et al. 2010, 2012, 2016).”
Seery, M. D., & Quinton, W. J. (2016) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2016.02.002 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Neurobiological Concomitants of Motivational States
Mendes, W. B., & Park, J. (2014) · Advances in motivation science · doi:10.1016/bs.adms.2014.09.001 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“In one study, participants were instructed to deliver a speech in the presence of a panel of evaluators for a mock job interview (Jamieson et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citationPeters, B. J., & Jamieson, J. P. (2016) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000202 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“This system and method has been used frequently in the social psychophysiological literature (e.g., Cush- man, Gray, Gaffey, & Mendes, 2012; Jamieson et al., 2012, 2014; Kassam, Koslov, & Mendes, 2009; Peters et al., 2014).”
MethodSelf-citationBaker, F., Baker, K., & Burrell, J. (2021) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/joop.12340 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Simcock, G. P., Kildea, S. V., Elgbeili, G., Laplante, D. P., Stapleton, H., Cobham, V. E., & King, S. (2016) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21407 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Mindsets in the clinic: Applying mindset theory to clinical psychology
Schroder, H. S. (2020) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101957 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Shields, G. S., Fassett-Carman, A. N., Gray, Z. J., Gonzales, J. E., Snyder, H. R., & Slavich, G. M. (2022) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3165 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“…given exposure to a stressor, converting interventions that aim to decrease the perceived stressfulness of experienced stressors (Crum et al., 2017; Jamieson et al., 2012; Shields, Spahr, & Slavich, 2020) to longitudinal forms and assessing changes in health over time may help to further clarify…”
BackgroundNasso, S., Vanderhasselt, M., Demeyer, I., & Raedt, R. D. (2018) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000448 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Rith-Najarian, L. R., McLaughlin, K. A., Sheridan, M. A., & Nock, M. K. (2014) · Stress · doi:10.3109/10253890.2014.891102 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“Participants completed appraisals of the degree of stress (‘‘The upcoming task is very stressful’’), threat (‘‘I think the upcoming task represents a threat to me’’), and positive challenge (‘‘I view the upcoming task as a positive challenge’’) that they anticipated to experience during the speech using a measure util…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationOyserman, D., Elmore, K., Novin, S., Fisher, O., & Smith, G. C. M. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00781 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“Stereotype threat arises when an accessible stereotype provides an explanation for experienced difficulty, resulting in impaired performance among stigmatized individuals on standardized academic tasks such as the Graduate Record Exam (Aronson and Dee, 2012; Jamieson et al., 2012).”
BackgroundThe Association Between Emotion Regulation, Physiological Arousal, and Performance in Math Anxiety
Pizzie, R., & Kraemer, D. J. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.639448 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Neural evidence for cognitive reappraisal as a strategy to alleviate the effects of math anxiety
Pizzie, R. G., McDermott, C. L., Salem, T. G., & Kraemer, D. J. M. (2020) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsaa161 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Cytokine responses and math performance: The role of stereotype threat and anxiety reappraisals
John‐Henderson, N. A., Rheinschmidt, M. L., & Mendoza‐Denton, R. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2014.10.002 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Sustainable Compassion Training: Integrating Meditation Theory With Psychological Science
Condon, P., & Makransky, J. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02249 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“akin to reappraising stress as a helpful energy for responding to challenges in the environment (Jamieson et al., 2012).”
BackgroundNegative Stress Beliefs Predict Somatic Symptoms in Students Under Academic Stress
Fischer, S., Nater, U. M., & Laferton, J. A. C. (2016) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-016-9562-y · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Trotman, G. P., Williams, S. E., Quinton, M. L., & Zanten, J. V. (2018) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.02.004 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“This has important practical applications for stress interventions and relates to literature promoting reappraisal techniques to lead to more efficient CVR (Jamieson et al., 2012; Moore et al., 2015).”
BackgroundSommaruga, M., Angelino, E., Porta, P. D., Abatello, M., Baiardo, G., Balestroni, G., Bettinardi, O., Callus, E., Ciracì, C., Omodeo, O., et al. (2018) · Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease · doi:10.4081/monaldi.2018.966 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Vocal Hygiene Habits and Vocal Handicap Among Conservatory Students of Classical Singing
Achey, M. A., He, M. Z., & Akst, L. M. (2016) · Journal of Voice · doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2015.02.003 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“It has also been demonstrated that individuals who are trained to ‘‘reappraise’’ their physiological stress response as ‘‘functional and adaptive’’ in turn demonstrate improved physical stress response.(13) This finding is consistent with prior studies, which have found that vocal hygiene practices are less effective…”
ResultAdaptive Stress Coping in Awake Bruxism
Soto-Goñi, X., Alén, F., Buiza-González, L., Marcolino-Cruz, D., Sánchez, T. S., García, I. A., Aneiros-López, F., & Jiménez‐Ortega, L. (2020) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.564431 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“On the other hand, recent investigations demonstrate that arousal reappraisal (encouraging individuals to interpret heightened physiological arousal as a tool that can help maximize performance) benefits cardiovascular and cognitive responses to stress (49, 50).”
BackgroundPerceived stress and well-being among dental hygiene and dental therapy students
Harris, M., Wilson, J. C., Holmes, S., & Radford, D. R. (2017) · BDJ · doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.2017.76 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of professionals in 77 hospitals in France
Fournier, A., Laurent, A., Lheureux, F., Ribeiro-Marthoud, M. A., Ecarnot, F., Binquet, C., & Quenot, J. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0263666 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Liu, J., Vickers, K., Reed, M., & Hadad, M. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0173188 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Cardiovascular reactivity as a mechanism linking child trauma to adolescent psychopathology
Heleniak, C., McLaughlin, K. A., Ormel, J., & Riese, H. (2016) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.08.007 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Motivating Personal Growth by Seeking Discomfort
Woolley, K., & Fishbach, A. (2022) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/09567976211044685 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Sánchez-López, Á., Raedt, R. D., van Put, J., & Koster, E. H. W. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.04.005 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Direct and indirect associations of cognitive reappraisal and suppression with disease biomarkers
Ellis, E. M., Prather, A. A., Grenen, E. G., & Ferrer, R. A. (2019) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2018.1529313 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Investigating the relationship between optimism and stress responses: A biopsychosocial perspective
Baumgartner, J. N., Schneider, T. R., & Capiola, A. (2018) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2018.03.021 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
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Thomas, S. A., Aldao, A., & Reyes, A. D. L. (2012) · Professional Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/a0029183 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
The Beliefs About Stress Scale (BASS): Development, reliability, and validity.
Laferton, J. A. C., Stenzel, N., & Fischer, S. (2016) · International Journal of Stress Management · doi:10.1037/str0000047 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Stress and executive control: Mechanisms, moderators, and malleability
Tsai, N., Eccles, J. S., & Jaeggi, S. M. (2018) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2018.10.004 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Yoga as a Therapy for Irritable Bowel Syndrome
D’Silva, A., MacQUEEN, G. M., Nasser, Y., Taylor, L., Vallance, J. K., & Raman, M. (2019) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10620-019-05989-6 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Challenge and threat imagery manipulates heart rate and anxiety responses to stress
Williams, S. E., Zanten, J. V., Trotman, G. P., Quinton, M. L., & Ginty, A. T. (2017) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2017.04.011 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Previous research demonstrates that pre-stress instructions encouraging participants to view physiological sensations as adaptive and functional can lead to more adaptive cardiovascular responses of a stress task (Jamieson et al., 2011).”
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Cognitive reappraisal reduces perceived exertion during endurance exercise
Giles, G. E., Cantelon, J. A., Eddy, M. D., Brunyé, T. T., Urry, H. L., Taylor, H. A., Mahoney, C. R., & Kanarek, R. B. (2018) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-018-9697-z · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Keith, J. M., Jamieson, J. P., & Bennetto, L. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3685-8 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationQuantifying rapid changes in cardiovascular state with a moving ensemble average
Cieslak, M., Ryan, W. S., Babenko, V., Erro, H., Rathbun, Z., Meiring, W., Kelsey, R. M., Blascovich, J., & Grafton, S. T. (2017) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13018 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Reappraisal and mindset interventions on pressurised esport performance
Sharpe, B. T., Leis, O., Moore, L. J., Sharpe, A. T. R., Seymour, S., Obine, E. A. C., & Poulus, D. (2024) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/apps.12544 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
- Authors
- Jamieson, J. P., Nock, M. K., & Mendes, W. B.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
- Published
- 2012
- Volume
- 141
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 417-422
- ISSN
- 0096-3445 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2222
- PMC
- PMC3410434
- OpenAlex
- W2071829071
- Semantic Scholar
- 01ae9f1d401b9aad4517f4aae3946a64d62a4a0d
- Cited by
- 444
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 76 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 9.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Psychology General (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institute for Child and Human Development (F32-HD061195)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- cognitive reappraisal, stress arousal, cardiovascular stress response, cardiac efficiency, vascular resistance, attentional bias, attentional control, stress physiology
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety, Arousal, Attention, Cognition, Emotions, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Stress, Psychological, Young Adult
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