Get excited: reappraising pre-performance anxiety as excitement.
Abstract
Individuals often feel anxious in anticipation of tasks such as speaking in public or meeting with a boss. I find that an overwhelming majority of people believe trying to calm down is the best way to cope with pre-performance anxiety. However, across several studies involving karaoke singing, public speaking, and math performance, I investigate an alternative strategy: reappraising anxiety as excitement. Compared with those who attempt to calm down, individuals who reappraise their anxious arousal as excitement feel more excited and perform better. Individuals can reappraise anxiety as excitement using minimal strategies such as self-talk (e.g., saying "I am excited" out loud) or simple messages (e.g., "get excited"), which lead them to feel more excited, adopt an opportunity mind-set (as opposed to a threat mind-set), and improve their subsequent performance. These findings suggest the importance of arousal congruency during the emotional reappraisal process.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Attempts to control or suppress thoughts and feelings may reinforce the notion that physiological symptoms are something negative, to be eliminated.
“Attempts to control or suppress thoughts and feelings may reinforce the notion that physiological symptoms are something negative, to be eliminated (Brooks, 2014).”
From Examining a Group Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Intervention for Music Performance Anxiety in Student Vocalists (2020) · cites this paper as Brooks, 2014
Attempts to control or suppress thoughts and feelings can paradoxically increase the experience of those thoughts and feelings.
“Unfortunately, attempts to control or suppress thoughts and feelings can paradoxically increase the experience of those thoughts and feelings (Eifert and Forsyth, 2005; Brooks, 2014).”
From Examining a Group Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Intervention for Music Performance Anxiety in Student Vocalists (2020) · cites this paper as Brooks, 2014
Individuals who reappraise anxiety as excitement demonstrate improved performance.
“Indeed, individuals who reappraise anxiety as excitement demonstrate improved performance (Brooks, 2014).”
From Examining a Group Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Intervention for Music Performance Anxiety in Student Vocalists (2020) · cites this paper as Brooks, 2014
Cites
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.51.6.1173 · Cited by 91,542 · see citing works
Self-efficacy: The exercise of control
Bandura, A., Freeman, W. H., & Lightsey, R. (1999) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.13.2.158 · Cited by 46,835 · see citing works
SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004) · Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers · doi:10.3758/bf03206553 · Cited by 17,383 · see citing works
Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348 · Cited by 11,929 · see citing works
An argument for basic emotions
Ekman, P. (1992) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699939208411068 · Cited by 9,646 · see citing works
Psychological stress and the coping process
Lazarus, R. S. (1966) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 7,164 · see citing works
Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state.
Schachter, S., & Singer, J. (1962) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0046234 · Cited by 6,223 · see citing works
Anxiety and cognitive performance: Attentional control theory
Eysenck, M. W., Derakshan, N., Santos, R., & Calvo, M. G. (2007) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.7.2.336 · Cited by 5,289 · see citing works
Gross, J. J. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.74.1.224 · Cited by 4,671 · see citing works
Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion.
Smith, C. A., & Ellsworth, P. C. (1985) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.48.4.813 · Cited by 4,068 · see citing works
Emotional regulation in the workplace: A new way to conceptualize emotional labor.
Grandey, A. A. (2000) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/1076-8998.5.1.95 · Cited by 3,592 · see citing works
Fredrickson, B. L. (2001) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.56.3.218 · Cited by 3,512 · see citing works
Promotion and Prevention: Regulatory Focus as A Motivational Principle
Higgins, E. T. (1998) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60381-0 · Cited by 3,511 · see citing works
The ripple effect: emotional contagion and its influence on group behavior
Barsade, S. G. (2002) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3094912 · Cited by 3,361 · see citing works
Lerner, J. S., & Keltner, D. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.81.1.146 · Cited by 3,325 · see citing works
Looking at pictures: Affective, facial, visceral, and behavioral reactions
LANG, P. J., GREENWALD, M. K., BRADLEY, M. M., & HAMM, A. O. (1993) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb03352.x · Cited by 3,190 · see citing works
The Dimensions, Antecedents, and Consequences of Emotional Labor
Morris, J. A., & Feldman, D. C. (1996) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.1996.9704071861 · Cited by 2,548 · see citing works
Writing About Emotional Experiences as a Therapeutic Process
Pennebaker, J. W. (1997) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00403.x · Cited by 2,486 · see citing works
Grandey, A. A. (2003) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/30040678 · Cited by 2,285 · see citing works
A neuropsychological theory of positive affect and its influence on cognition.
Ashby, F. G., Isen, A. M., & Turken, A. U. (1999) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.106.3.529 · Cited by 2,270 · see citing works
Appraisal Considered as a Process of Multilevel Sequential Checking
Scherer, K. R. (2001) · Appraisal Processes in Emotion · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195130072.003.0005 · Cited by 1,907 · see citing works
Strack, F., Martin, L. L., & Stepper, S. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.5.768 · Cited by 1,898 · see citing works
A stitch in time: Self-regulation and proactive coping.
Aspinwall, L. G., & Taylor, S. E. (1997) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.121.3.417 · Cited by 1,691 · see citing works
The psychology of self-defense: Self-affirmation theory
Sherman, D. K., & Cohen, G. L. (2006) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(06)38004-5 · Cited by 1,614 · see citing works
Emotion Regulation in Adulthood: Timing Is Everything
Gross, J. (2001) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-8721.00152 · Cited by 1,430 · see citing works
Emotional suppression: Physiology, self-report, and expressive behavior.
Gross, J. J., & LEVENSON, R. W. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.64.6.970 · Cited by 1,364 · see citing works
All Negative Moods Are Not Equal: Motivational Influences of Anxiety and Sadness on Decision Making
Raghunathan, R., & Pham, M. T. (1999) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1006/obhd.1999.2838 · Cited by 1,243 · see citing works
Coping with stress: Divergent strategies of optimists and pessimists.
Scheier, M. F., Weintraub, J. K., & Carver, C. S. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.51.6.1257 · Cited by 1,190 · see citing works
(1992) · Cited by 1,154 · see citing works
Rethinking stress: The role of mindsets in determining the stress response.
Crum, A. J., Salovey, P., & Achor, S. (2013) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0031201 · Cited by 979 · see citing works
Discerning Threats and Opportunities
Jackson, S. E., & Dutton, J. E. (1988) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2392714 · Cited by 962 · see citing works
The Interpersonal Effects of Anger and Happiness in Negotiations.
Kleef, G. A. V., Dreu, C. K. W. D., & Manstead, A. S. R. (2004) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.86.1.57 · Cited by 882 · see citing works
Carney, D. R., Cuddy, A. J. C., & Yap, A. J. (2010) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797610383437 · Cited by 875 · see citing works
Emotional intelligence, cognitive intelligence, and job performance
Côté, S., & Miners, C. T. H. (2006) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2189/asqu.51.1.1 · Cited by 873 · see citing works
Defensive pessimism: Harnessing anxiety as motivation.
Norem, J. K., & Cantor, N. L. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.51.6.1208 · Cited by 731 · see citing works
Happiness is the Frequency, Not the Intensity, of Positive Versus Negative Affect
Diener, E., Sandvik, E., & Pavot, W. (2009) · Social indicators research series · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2354-4_10 · Cited by 702 · see citing works
Feelings and Consumer Decision Making: The Appraisal‐Tendency Framework
Han, S., Lerner, J. S., & Keltner, D. J. (2007) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1016/s1057-7408(07)70023-2 · Cited by 701 · see citing works
Beilock, S. L., & Carr, T. H. (2005) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.00789.x · Cited by 596 · see citing works
The Interpersonal Effects of Emotions in Negotiations: A Motivated Information Processing Approach.
Kleef, G. A. V., Dreu, C. K. W. D., & Manstead, A. S. R. (2004) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.87.4.510 · Cited by 593 · see citing works
Positive Reappraisal Mediates the Stress-Reductive Effects of Mindfulness: An Upward Spiral Process
Garland, E. L., Gaylord, S. A., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2011) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-011-0043-8 · Cited by 572 · see citing works
Perceiver threat in social interactions with stigmatized others.
Blascovich, J., Mendes, W. B., Hunter, S. B., Lickel, B. A., & Kowai-Bell, N. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.80.2.253 · Cited by 564 · see citing works
Anxiety and Cognition: A Unified Theory
Eysenck, M. W. (2014) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 531 · see citing works
A Dark Side of Happiness? How, When, and Why Happiness Is Not Always Good
Gruber, J., Mauss, I. B., & Tamir, M. (2011) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691611406927 · Cited by 515 · see citing works
Elevation Leads to Altruistic Behavior
Schnall, S., Roper, J., & Fessler, D. M. T. (2010) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797609359882 · Cited by 497 · see citing works
Anxiety, learning, and memory: A reconceptualization
Eysenck, M. W. (1979) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/0092-6566(79)90001-1 · Cited by 494 · see citing works
An Interpersonal Approach to Emotion in Social Decision Making
Kleef, G. A. V., Dreu, C. K. W. D., & Manstead, A. S. R. (2010) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(10)42002-x · Cited by 493 · see citing works
Dispositional affectivity as a predictor of work attitudes and job performance
Cropanzano, R., James, K. E., & Konovsky, M. A. (1993) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.4030140609 · Cited by 488 · see citing works
Affirmation of personal values buffers neuroendocrine and psychological stress responses
Creswell, J. D., Welch, W. T., Taylor, S. E., Sherman, D. K., Gruenewald, T. L., & Mann, T. (2005) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01624.x · Cited by 482 · see citing works
Hofmann, S. G., Heering, S., Sawyer, A. T., & Asnaani, A. (2009) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.02.010 · Cited by 464 · cited 1× · see citing works
“A substantial literature demonstrates that reappraising negative emotions is more effective than suppressing them (e.g., Gross, 1998, 2001; Gross & Levenson, 1993; Hofmann et al., 2009).”
BackgroundSpeaking clearly: A critical review of the self-talk literature
Hardy, J. (2006) · Psychology of Sport and Exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2005.04.002 · Cited by 462 · see citing works
Further evidence for mixed emotions.
Larsen, J. T., & McGraw, A. P. (2011) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021846 · Cited by 435 · see citing works
Writing About Testing Worries Boosts Exam Performance in the Classroom
Ramirez, G., & Beilock, S. L. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1199427 · Cited by 434 · see citing works
Can seeking happiness make people unhappy? Paradoxical effects of valuing happiness.
Mauss, I. B., Tamir, M., Anderson, C. L., & Savino, N. S. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0022010 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
Social "facilitation" as challenge and threat.
Blascovich, J., Mendes, W. B., Hunter, S. B., & Salomon, K. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.1.68 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Turning the knots in your stomach into bows: reappraising arousal improves performance on the GRE
Jamieson, J. P., Mendes, W. B., Blackstock, E., & Schmader, T. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.08.015 · Cited by 376 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In contrast, individuals in an excited state tend to focus on the potential positive outcomes of upcoming events and believe that they can achieve more positive outcomes (Ashby, Isen, & Turken, 1999; Aspinwall & Taylor, 1997; Brown & Curhan, 2013; Fredrickson, 2001; Jamieson et al., 2010; Scheier, Weintraub, & Carver,…”
BackgroundAnticipatory stress and coping reactions under various conditions of uncertainty.
Monat, A., Averill, J. R., & Lazarus, R. S. (1972) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0033297 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
The Impact of Positive and Negative Affect and Issue Framing on Issue Interpretation and Risk Taking
Mittal, V., & Ross, W. T. (1998) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1006/obhd.1998.2808 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Crum, A. J., & Langer, E. J. (2007) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01867.x · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Mendes, W. B., Blascovich, J., Hunter, S. B., Lickel, B. A., & Jost, J. T. (2007) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.4.698 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Brooks, A. W., & Schweitzer, M. E. (2011) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2011.01.008 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
A questionnaire for the measurement of nonpathological worry
Tallis, F., Eysenck, M. W., & Mathews, A. (1992) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(92)90038-q · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Effects of Self-Talk: A Systematic Review
Tod, D., Hardy, J., & Oliver, E. J. (2011) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.33.5.666 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Contribution of attachment theory to developmental psychopathology.
Carlson, E. A., & Sroufe, L. A. (1995) · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Math Anxiety: Who Has It, Why It Develops, and How to Guard against It
Maloney, E. A., & Beilock, S. L. (2014) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781400847990-016 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Improving Acute Stress Responses: The Power of Reappraisal
Jamieson, J. P., Mendes, W. B., & Nock, M. K. (2013) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721412461500 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Challenge and Threat During Social Interactions With White and Black Men
Mendes, W. B., Blascovich, J., Lickel, B. A., & Hunter, S. B. (2002) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/014616720202800707 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Francesca Gino, B., Brooks, A. W., & Schweitzer, M. E. (2011) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0026413 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Math Performance in Stressful Situations
Beilock, S. L. (2008) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00602.x · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Keep Your Fingers Crossed!: How Superstition Improves Performance
Damisch, L., Stoberock, B., & Mussweiler, T. (2010) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797610372631 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Handbook on Stress and Anxiety.
Teele, J. E., Kutash, I. L., & Schlesinger, L. B. (1982) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2067050 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Griskevicius, V., Shiota, M., & Nowlis, S. (2010) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/651442 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
The positive psychology of negative thinking
Norem, J. K., & Chang, E. C. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.10094 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Van Kleef, G. A., De Dreu, C. K. W., & Manstead, A. S. R. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.1.124 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Poignancy: Mixed emotional experience in the face of meaningful endings.
Ersner-Hershfield, H., Mikels, J. A., Sullivan, S. J., & Carstensen, L. L. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.94.1.158 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Rising to the threat: Reducing stereotype threat by reframing the threat as a challenge
Alter, A. L., Aronson, J. M., Darley, J. M., Rodriguez, C., & Ruble, D. N. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.09.014 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Sherman, D. K., Bunyan, D. P., Creswell, J. D., & Jaremka, L. M. (2009) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0014663 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Effects of self–other decision making on regulatory focus and choice overload.
Polman, E. (2012) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0026966 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Jordan, A. H., Monin, B., Dweck, C. S., Lovett, B. J., John, O. P., & Gross, J. J. (2011) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167210390822 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Shiota, M. N., & Levenson, R. W. (2012) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0029208 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
State anxiety and affective physiology: effects of sustained exposure to affective pictures
Smith, J. C., Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (2004) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2004.09.001 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Implicit regulatory focus associated with asymmetrical frontal cortical activity
Amodio, D. M., Shah, J. Y., Sigelman, J. D., Brazy, P. C., & Harmon‐Jones, E. (2003) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0022-1031(03)00100-8 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Mattarella-Micke, A., Mateo, J. M., Kozak, M. N., Foster, K. T., & Beilock, S. L. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0023224 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Cork! the Effects of Positive and Negative Self-Talk on Dart Throwing Performance
Raalte, J. L. V., Brewer, B. W., Lewis, B. P., & Linder, D. E. (1995) · Journal of sport behavior · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Scheepers, D. T. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2008.09.011 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Filipowicz, A., Barsade, S., & Melwani, S. (2011) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0023545 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Shiota, M. N. (2006) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.6.2.335 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
The Paradoxical Effects of Pursuing Positive Emotion
Ford, B. Q., & Mauss, I. B. (2014) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199926725.003.0020 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Derks, B., Scheepers, D. T., van Laar, C., & Ellemers, N. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2010.08.016 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Spielberger, C. D. (2019) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203728215-11 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Effect of association, dissociation and positive self-talk strategies on endurance performance.
Weinberg, R. S., Smith, J., Jackson, A., & Gould, D. R. (1984) · PubMed · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Senay, I., Albarracín, D., & Noguchi, K. (2010) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797610364751 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Rothman, N. B. (2011) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2011.05.004 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Bamber, J. H. (1974) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221325.1974.10532310 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Jennings, J. R., Averill, J. R., Opton, E. M., & Lazarus, R. S. (1970) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1970.tb02226.x · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Validating self-report measures of state and trait anxiety against a physiological measure
Kantor, L., Endler, N. S., Heslegrave, R. J., & Kocovski, N. L. (2001) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-001-1007-2 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Fear, panic, and anxiety: what's in a name?
Gray, J. A. (1991) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0201_18 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Zell, E., Warriner, A. B., & Albarracín, D. (2011) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550611430164 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
[The effects of positive, negative and neutral self-talk on motor performance].
Dagrou, E., Gauvin, L. I., & Halliwell, W. R. (1992) · PubMed · Cited by 32 · see citing works
The expressed fears of young children
Lentz, K. A. (1985) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/bf00707766 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
The Polarizing Effect of Arousal on Negotiation
Brown, A. D., & Curhan, J. R. (2013) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797613480796 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Personality through metaphor: Optimism, pessimism, locus of control, and sensation seeking
McConnell, A. R., Bill, C. M., Dember, W. N., & Grasha, A. F. (1993) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/bf02686802 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Andrade, E. B., & Leaf Van Boven, A. (2010) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797610368809 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Carr, J. R. (2015) · Canadian Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.1080/00455091.2015.1123454 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Challenge and Threat Appraisal
Elliot, A. J. (2013) · doi:10.4324/9780203888148-37 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 105 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Emotion regulation: current status and future prospects
Gross, J. J. (2015) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2014.940781 · Cited by 5,229 · see citing works
Positive Affect and Health: What Do We Know and Where Next Should We Go?
Pressman, S. D., Jenkins, B. N., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2019) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102955 · Cited by 452 · see citing works
The Handbook of Behavior Change
Hagger, M. S., Cameron, L. D., Hamilton, K., Hankonen, N. E., & Lintunen, T. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
Diener, E., Thapa, S., & Tay, L. (2020) · Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012119-044908 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
The Structure of Intrinsic Motivation
Fishbach, A., & Woolley, K. (2021) · Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012420-091122 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Emotion Regulation in Achievement Situations: An Integrated Model
Harley, J. M., Pekrun, R., Taxer, J., & Gross, J. (2019) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/00461520.2019.1587297 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Dhabhar, F. S. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.03.004 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
The Social Regulation of Emotion: An Integrative, Cross-Disciplinary Model
Reeck, C., Ames, D. R., & Ochsner, K. N. (2015) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2015.09.003 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Changing Behavior Using the Theory of Planned Behavior
Ajzen, I., & Schmidt, P. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.002 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Understanding the dark and bright sides of anxiety: A theory of workplace anxiety.
Cheng, B. H., & McCarthy, J. M. (2018) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000266 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Optimizing stress responses with reappraisal and mindset interventions: an integrated model
Jamieson, J. P., Crum, A. J., Goyer, J. P., Marotta, M. E., & Akinola, M. (2018) · Anxiety, Stress, & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2018.1442615 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Chang, H., & Beilock, S. L. (2016) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.04.011 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Optimizing stress: An integrated intervention for regulating stress responses.
Crum, A. J., Jamieson, J. P., & Akinola, M. (2020) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000670 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Anxious and egocentric: How specific emotions influence perspective taking.
Todd, A. R., Forstmann, M., Burgmer, P., Brooks, A. W., & Galinsky, A. D. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000048 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Jamieson, J. P., Peters, B. J., Greenwood, E. J., & Altose, A. J. (2016) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550616644656 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Reappraising Test Anxiety Increases Academic Performance of First-Year College Students
Brady, S. T., Hard, B., & Gross, J. (2017) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000219 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Emotion Regulation in Adolescent Well-Being and Positive Education
Morrish, L., Rickard, N. S., Chin, T., & Vella‐Brodrick, D. (2017) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-017-9881-y · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Changing Behavior Using the Model of Action Phases
Keller, L., Gollwitzer, P. M., & Sheeran, P. (2020) · The Handbook of Behavior Change · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.006 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Mindfulness Meditation Impairs Task Motivation but Not Performance
Hafenbrack, A. C., & Vohs, K. D. (2018) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2018.05.001 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Does positivity enhance work performance?: Why, when, and what we don’t know
Tenney, E. R., Poole, J. M., & Diener, E. (2016) · Research in Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.riob.2016.11.002 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Osborne, M. S., Greene, D. J., & Immel, D. (2014) · Psychology of Well-Being Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1186/s13612-014-0018-3 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
How Does Intrinsic Motivation Improve Auditor Judgment in Complex Audit Tasks?
Kadous, K., & Zhou, Y. (2018) · Contemporary Accounting Research · doi:10.1111/1911-3846.12431 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Pressed for Time? Goal Conflict Shapes how Time is Perceived, Spent, and Valued
Etkin, J., Evangelidis, I., & Aaker, J. (2015) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1509/jmr.14.0130 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
RETRACTED: Don’t stop believing: Rituals improve performance by decreasing anxiety
Brooks, A. W., Schroeder, J., Risen, J. L., Gino, F., Galinsky, A. D., Norton, M. I., & Schweitzer, M. E. (2016) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2016.07.004 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
RetractedMusic performance anxiety in classical musicians – what we know about what works
Matei, R., & Ginsborg, J. (2017) · BJPsych International · doi:10.1192/s2056474000001744 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Hagger, M., Keech, J. J., & Hamilton, K. (2020) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.2969 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
The Influence of University Students' Stress Mindsets on Health and Performance Outcomes.
Keech, J. J., Hagger, M., O'Callaghan, F., & Hamilton, K. (2018) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kay008 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Health Education for Musicians
Matei, R., Broad, S., Goldbart, J., & Ginsborg, J. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01137 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Capitalizing on Appraisal Processes to Improve Affective Responses to Social Stress
Jamieson, J. P., Hangen, E. J., Lee, H. Y., & Yeager, D. S. (2018) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073917693085 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Stepping back to move forward: Expressive writing promotes self-distancing.
Park, J., Ayduk, Ö., & Kross, E. (2016) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000121 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Costa, J. M. D. R., Guimbretière, F. V., Jung, M. F., & Choudhury, T. (2019) · Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies · doi:10.1145/3328911 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Changing Behavior Using the Health Action Process Approach
Schwarzer, R., & Hamilton, K. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.007 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Mindfulness Meditation as an On-The-Spot Workplace Intervention
Hafenbrack, A. (2017) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.01.017 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Mitigating malicious envy: Why successful individuals should reveal their failures.
Brooks, A. W., Huang, K., Abi-Esber, N., Buell, R. W., Huang, L., & Hall, B. P. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000538 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
The affective antecedents of cognitive social network activation
Shea, C. T., Menon, T., Smith, E. B., & Emich, K. J. (2015) · Social Networks · doi:10.1016/j.socnet.2015.01.003 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
(Too) optimistic about optimism: The belief that optimism improves performance.
Tenney, E. R., Logg, J. M., & Moore, D. A. (2015) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspa0000018 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
EXPLORING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
Mason, G. (2014) · University Libraries (University of Maryland) · doi:10.13016/m2n30k · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Changing Our Implicit Minds: How, When, and Why Implicit Evaluations Can Be Rapidly Revised
Cone, J., Mann, T. C., & Ferguson, M. J. (2017) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2017.03.001 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Nook, E. C., Stavish, C. M., Sasse, S. F., Lambert, H. K., Mair, P., McLaughlin, K. A., & Somerville, L. H. (2019) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000609 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Liu, J. J. W., Ein, N., Gervasio, J., & Vickers, K. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0212854 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Deng, H., Walter, F. H., Lam, C. K., & Zhao, H. H. (2016) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/peps.12156 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Bitterly, T. B., & Schweitzer, M. E. (2019) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2019.01.005 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
An Integrative Framework of Stress, Attention, and Visuomotor Performance
Vine, S. J., Moore, L. J., & Wilson, M. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01671 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Emotional Dynamics in Conflict and Negotiation: Individual, Dyadic, and Group Processes
Kleef, G. A. V., & Côté, S. (2017) · Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032117-104714 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Dolcos, S., & Albarracin, D. (2014) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2048 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
The Construct Validation of the Math Anxiety Scale for Teachers
Ganley, C. M., Schoen, R. C., LaVenia, M., & Tazaz, A. M. (2019) · AERA Open · doi:10.1177/2332858419839702 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Anxiety and Performance in Sex, Sport, and Stage: Identifying Common Ground
Rowland, D. L., & van Lankveld, J. J. D. M. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01615 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Stress, Mindsets, and Success in Navy SEALs Special Warfare Training
Smith, E. N., Young, M. D., & Crum, A. J. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02962 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Tewfik, B. A. (2021) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2020.1627 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Gardner, B., Rebar, A. L., & Lally, P. J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.041 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Cohen, S., & Bodner, E. (2018) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/0305735618765349 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Changing Behavior Using Social Cognitive Theory
Łuszczyńska, A., & Schwarzer, R. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.003 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Stress and Learning in Pupils: Neuroscience Evidence and its Relevance for Teachers
Whiting, S. B., Wass, S. V., Green, S., & Thomas, M. S. C. (2021) · Mind Brain and Education · doi:10.1111/mbe.12282 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Performance Brand Placebos: How Brands Improve Performance and Consumers Take the Credit
Garvey, A. M., Germann, F., & Bolton, L. E. (2015) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1093/jcr/ucv094 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Buckley, S., Reid, K., Goos, M., Lipp, O. V., & Thomson, S. (2016) · Australian Journal of Education · doi:10.1177/0004944116653000 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Liang, L. H., Hanig, S., Evans, R., Brown, D. J., & Lian, H. (2017) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2248 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Context Matters in the Effectiveness of Emotion Regulation Strategies
Rottweiler, A.-L., Taxer, J. L., & Nett, U. E. (2018) · AERA Open · doi:10.1177/2332858418778849 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Pre-performance emotions and music performance anxiety beliefs in young musicians
Kaleńska-Rodzaj, J. (2019) · Research Studies in Music Education · doi:10.1177/1321103x19830098 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
The role of discomfort in the continued influence effect of misinformation
Susmann, M. W., & Wegener, D. T. (2021) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-021-01232-8 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
The effect of arousal on regulation of negative emotions using cognitive reappraisal: An ERP study
Langeslag, S. J. E., & Surti, K. (2017) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2017.05.012 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Phuksuksakul, N., Kanitpong, K., & Chantranuwathana, S. (2020) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.aap.2020.105945 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Rethinking reappraisal: The double-edged sword of regulating negative emotions in the workplace
Feinberg, M., Ford, B. Q., & Flynn, F. J. (2020) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.03.005 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Warner, L. M., & French, D. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.032 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Managing perceptions of distress at work: Reframing emotion as passion
Wolf, E. B., Lee, J. J., Sah, S., & Brooks, A. W. (2016) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2016.07.003 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Changing Behavior Using Ecological Models
Salmon, J., Hesketh, K. D., Arundell, L., Downing, K. L., & Biddle, S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.017 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Clarke, L. K., Osborne, M. S., & Baranoff, J. A. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01127 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“Additionally, it has been proposed that it is not simply the experience of physiological symptoms of anxiety, but an individual’s appraisal of these symptoms, which impacts performance (Brooks, 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialReducing Math Anxiety in School Children: A Systematic Review of Intervention Research
Balt, M., Börnert-Ringleb, M., & Orbach, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2022.798516 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Feelings of Being for Mobile User Experience Design
Dirin, A., Nieminen, M., & Laine, T. H. (2022) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2022.2108964 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Motivating Personal Growth by Seeking Discomfort
Woolley, K., & Fishbach, A. (2022) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/09567976211044685 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
The dark side of competitive psychological climate: exploring the role of workplace envy
Murtza, M. H., & Rasheed, M. I. (2022) · Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights · doi:10.1108/jhti-03-2022-0097 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Changing Behavior Using Self-Determination Theory
Hagger, M. S., Hankonen, N. E., Chatzisarantis, N. L. D., & Ryan, R. M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.008 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Casey, B., & Ganley, C. (2021) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2021.100963 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
A Role for Exercise in Attenuating Unhealthy Food Consumption in Response to Stress
Leow, S., Jackson, B., Alderson, J. A., Guelfi, K. J., & Dimmock, J. A. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10020176 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Chow, G. M., & Luzzeri, M. (2019) · Journal of Sport Psychology in Action · doi:10.1080/21520704.2018.1555565 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Planning and Implementation Intention Interventions
Rhodes, R. E., Grant, S. J., & de Bruijn, G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.039 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Attitudes and Persuasive Communication Interventions
Hamilton, K., & Johnson, B. T. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.031 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Changing Behavior Using Habit Theory
Orbell, S., & Verplanken, B. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.013 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Arousal May Not Be Anything to Get Excited About
Smith, K. E., Woodard, K. A., & Pollak, S. D. (2024) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/17540739241303499 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Changing Behavior: A Theory- and Evidence-Based Approach
Hagger, M. S., Cameron, L. D., Hamilton, K., Hankonen, N. E., & Lintunen, T. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.001 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Lay beliefs about competition: Scale development and gender differences
Kesebir, S., Lee, S. Y., Elliot, A. J., & Pillutla, M. M. (2019) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-019-09779-5 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Tarrant, M., Haslam, C., Carter, M., Calitri, R., & Haslam, S. A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.044 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Kaleńska-Rodzaj, J. (2020) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/0305735620961154 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Park, I., Sah, Y. J., Lee, S., & Lee, D. (2022) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2022.2041897 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Cohen, L. D., Korem, N., & Rubinsten, O. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11121609 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Changing Behavior Using Integrated Theories
Hagger, M. S., & Hamilton, K. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.015 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Emotional acknowledgment: How verbalizing others’ emotions fosters interpersonal trust
Yu, A., Berg, J. M., & Zlatev, J. J. (2021) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2021.02.002 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Regulation of Romantic Love Feelings: Preconceptions, Strategies, and Feasibility
Langeslag, S. J. E., & Strien, J. W. V. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161087 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Challenge vs. Threat: the Effect of Appraisal Type on Resource Depletion
Palmwood, E. N., & McBride, C. A. (2017) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-017-9713-6 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Bosshard, M., & Gomez, P. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-58408-w · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Re-Thinking Anxiety: Using Inoculation Messages to Reduce and Reinterpret Public Speaking Fears
Jackson, B., Compton, J., Thornton, A., & Dimmock, J. A. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0169972 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
The effect of brief anxiety interventions on reported anxiety and math test performance
Ganley, C. M., Conlon, R. A., McGraw, A. L., Barroso, C., & Geer, E. A. (2021) · Journal of Numerical Cognition · doi:10.5964/jnc.6065 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-talk interventions for athletes: A theoretically grounded approach
Raalte, J. L. V., Vincent, A., & Brewer, B. W. (2016) · Journal of Sport Psychology in Action · doi:10.1080/21520704.2016.1233921 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Preparing humanity for change and artificial intelligencePreprint
Laukkonen, R., Biddell, H., & Gallagher, R. (2019) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/g5qwc · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Changing Behavior Using the Transtheoretical Model
DiClemente, C. C., & Graydon, M. M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.010 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Enhancing Human Cognitive Capital by Harnessing the Brain’s Inherent Neuroplasticity
Chapman, S. B., Cook, L. G., Vas, A., & Robertson, I. H. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190455132.003.0012 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Changing Behavior Using the Health Belief Model and Protection Motivation Theory
Orbell, S., Zahid, H., & Henderson, C. J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.004 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Mathur, A., Li, J. C., Lipitz, S. R., & Graham‐Engeland, J. E. (2022) · Adversity and Resilience Science · doi:10.1007/s42844-022-00051-3 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
He, Q., Wang, Y., Qiu, Q., Su, Y., Wang, Y., Wei, H., & Li, J. (2022) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160607 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
How winning changes motivation in multiphase competitions.
Huang, S., Etkin, J., & Jin, L. (2017) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspa0000082 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Cognitively and socially induced stress affects postural control
Doumas, M., Morsanyi, K., & Young, W. R. (2017) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-017-5128-8 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
- Authors
- Brooks, A. W.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Brooks, Alison Wood
- ORCID
- Brooks, Alison Wood
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Psychology General
- Published
- 2014
- Volume
- 143
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1144-1158
- ISSN
- 0096-3445 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2222
- OpenAlex
- W2166132302
- Cited by
- 349
- References
- 105
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 78 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 15.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Psychology General (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Wharton Behavioral Lab
- Wharton Risk Center
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
- Keywords
- pre-performance anxiety, cognitive reappraisal, excitement, emotional reappraisal, self-talk, public speaking, mathematics achievement, performance anxiety, coping strategies
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Arousal, Emotions, Female, Humans, Male, Young Adult, Performance Anxiety
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
