A new look at habits and the habit-goal interface.

Wood, Wendy; Neal, David T.

doi:10.1037/0033-295x.114.4.843

Cited by 1,470Behavioral Health and InterventionsBehavioral and Psychological StudiesNeural and Behavioral Psychology Studies

A new look at habits and the habit-goal interface.

Wood, Wendy, Neal, David T.·2007·Psychological Review

DOI 10.1037/0033-295x.114.4.843

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Abstract

The present model outlines the mechanisms underlying habitual control of responding and the ways in which habits interface with goals. Habits emerge from the gradual learning of associations between responses and the features of performance contexts that have historically covaried with them (e.g., physical settings, preceding actions). Once a habit is formed, perception of contexts triggers the associated response without a mediating goal. Nonetheless, habits interface with goals. Constraining this interface, habit associations accrue slowly and do not shift appreciably with current goal states or infrequent counterhabitual responses. Given these constraints, goals can (a) direct habits by motivating repetition that leads to habit formation and by promoting exposure to cues that trigger habits, (b) be inferred from habits, and (c) interact with habits in ways that preserve the learned habit associations. Finally, the authors outline the implications of the model for habit change, especially for the self-regulation of habit cuing.

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Research across a very wide range of settings has shown that people maintain habitual behaviours even if their goals change.
“Research in a very wide range of settingscar use, recycling, blood donation, votinghas shown that people maintain these habitual behaviours, even if their goals change (Wood & Neal, 2007).”
From Identifying the characteristics of effective teacher professional development: a critical review (2021) · cites this paper as Wood & Neal, 2007
Experimental, observational and neuroscientific research shows that new behaviours must be practised repeatedly before they become automatic.
“Experimental and observational research in a range of contexts, as well as evidence from neuroscientific research, shows that it is necessary to repeatedly practice new behaviours before they become automatic (see Wood and Neal, 2007).”
From Identifying the characteristics of effective teacher professional development: a critical review (2021) · cites this paper as Wood and Neal, 2007
Wood and Neal (2007) have proposed that repetition of behaviour in a consistent setting could lead to the development of goal-directed automaticity rather than habit when the behaviour is complex.
“Wood and Neal (2007) have proposed that repetition of behaviour in a consistent setting could lead to the development of goal-directed automaticity rather than habit when the behaviour is complex.”
From How are habits formed: modelling habit formation in the real world (2010) · cites this paper as Wood and Neal, 2007
Because exercise behaviours can be considered more complex than eating or drinking behaviours, development of automaticity for these behaviours may take longer or reach a lower maximum.
“Because exercise behaviours can be considered more complex than eating or drinking behaviours, development of automaticity for these behaviours may take longer or reach a lower maximum.”
From How are habits formed: modelling habit formation in the real world (2010) · cites this paper as Wood and Neal, 2007
The SRHI items used here assess automaticity rather than habit strength.
“The SRHI items used here assess automaticity rather than habit strength.”
From How are habits formed: modelling habit formation in the real world (2010) · cites this paper as Wood and Neal (2007)

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Motivational control after extended instrumental training
Dickinson, A., Balleine, B. W., Watt, A. A., González, F., & Boakes, R. A. (1995) · Animal Learning & Behavior · doi:10.3758/bf03199935 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Priming against your will: How accessible alternatives affect goal pursuit
Shah, J. Y., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2002) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0022-1031(02)00005-7 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
On building, defending, and regulating the self : a psychological perspective
Tesser, A., Wood, J. V., & Stapel, D. A. (2005) · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Evidence-Based and Intuition-Based Self-Knowledge: An fMRI Study.
Lieberman, M. D., Jarcho, J. M., & Satpute, A. B. (2004) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.87.4.421 · Cited by 272 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Supporting this idea, Lieberman, Jarcho, and Satpute (2004) reported that people making self-judgments in domains in which they had considerable experience, such as athletes judging themselves on athletic traits, showed activation of habitual control systems (i.e., basal ganglia, ventromedial PFC, amygdala, and latera…”
Background
Kitchenscapes, Tablescapes, Platescapes, and Foodscapes
Sobal, J., & Wansink, B. C. (2006) · Environment and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0013916506295574 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Automaticity in action: The unconscious as repository of chronic goals and motives.
Bargh, J. A., & Barndollar, K. (1996) · Cited by 253 · see citing works
The cognitive neuroscience of self-regulation
Banfield, J. F., Wyland, C. L., Macrae, C. N., Münte, T. F., & Heatherton, T. F. (2004) · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Hierarchical schemas and goals in the control of sequential behavior.
Cooper, R., & Shallice, T. (2006) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.113.4.887 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Help, I Need Somebody: Automatic Action and Inaction
Macrae, C. N., & Johnston, L. C. (1998) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.1998.16.4.400 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Regulatory Fit and Resisting Temptation during Goal Pursuit
Freitas, A. L., Liberman, N., & Higgins, E. T. (2002) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1006/jesp.2001.1504 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Attention to Action: Specific Modulation of Corticocortical Interactions in Humans
Rowe, J. B., Friston, K. J., Frackowiak, R. S. J., & Passingham, R. E. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2002.1156 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Specifying the determinants of the initiation and maintenance of behavior change: An examination of self-efficacy, satisfaction, and smoking cessation.
Baldwin, A. S., Rothman, A. J., Hertel, A. W., Linde, J. A., Jeffery, R. W., Finch, E. A., & Lando, H. A. (2006) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.25.5.626 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Comparing direct and indirect measures of sequence learning.
Jiménez, L., Paz, C. M., & Cleeremans, A. (1996) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.22.4.948 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Handbook of psychological change : psychotherapy processes & practices for the 21st century
Snyder, C. R. R., & Ingram, R. E. (2000) · John Wiley & Sons, Inc. eBooks · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Reinstatement of Conditioned Fear in Humans Is Context Dependent and Impaired in Amnesia.
LaBar, K. S., & Phelps, E. A. (2005) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.119.3.677 · Cited by 184 · cited 1× · see citing works
“LaBar & Phelps, 2005; Lewicki, Hill, & Bizot, 1988), prior responses in learned sequences (see Graybiel, 1998), and everyday objects associated with particular physical motions (e.g., power gripping of hammers, precision gripping of keys; Tucker & Ellis, 2004).”
Background
Intentional Control and Implicit Sequence Learning.
Wilkinson, L., & Shanks, D. R. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.30.2.354 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
The substitutability of external control and self-control
Ayelet Fishbach, B., & Yaacov Trope, B. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2004.07.002 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Learning Theory and the Symbolic Processes.
Moore, O. K., & Mowrer, O. H. (1961) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2090681 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Persuasive communications to change actions: An analysis of behavioral and cognitive impact in HIV prevention.
Albarracín, D., McNatt, P. S., Klein, C. T. F., Ho, M. R., Mitchell, A. L., & Kumkale, G. T. (2003) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037//0278-6133.22.2.166 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Personal Accounts of Successful Versus Failed Attempts at Life Change
Heatherton, T. F., & Nichols, P. A. (1994) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167294206005 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
A brief history of memory research
Bower, G. H. (2000) · The Oxford Handbook of Memory · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195122657.003.0001 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Theoretical and computational analysis of skill learning, repetition priming, and procedural memory.
Gupta, P., & Cohen, N. J. (2002) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.109.2.401 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Separating habit and recollection: Memory slips, process dissociations, and probability matching.
Hay, J. F., & Jacoby, L. L. (1996) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.22.6.1323 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
In search of the nonconscious sources of goal pursuit: Accessibility and positive affective valence of the goal state
Ruud Custers, A., & Aarts, H. (2006) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2006.02.005 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
How does practice makes perfect?
Jonides, J. (2004) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn0104-10 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Reflecting and Deflecting Stereotypes: Assimilation and Contrast in Impression Formation and Automatic Behavior
Dijksterhuis, A., Spears, R., & Lépinasse, V. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1006/jesp.2000.1449 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
The goal‐dependent automaticity of drinking habits
Sheeran, P., Aarts, H., Ruud Custers, A., Rivis, A., Webb, T. L., & Cooke, R. W. I. (2005) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466604x23446 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Oops, I did it again—relapse errors in routinized decision making
Betsch, T., Haberstroh, S., Molter, B., & Glöckner, A. (2003) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2003.09.002 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
The Effects of Behavioral Inhibition: Integrating Internal Cues, Cognition, Behavior, and Affect
Polivy, J. (1998) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0903_1 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
The cognitive neuroscience of self-regulation
Banfield, J. F., Wyland, C. L., Macrae, C. N., Münte, T. F., & Heatherton, T. F. (2004) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Predicting future blood donor returns: Past behavior, intentions, and observer effects.
Ferguson, E., & Bibby, P. A. (2002) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.21.5.513 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
A Theory of Autobiographical Memory: Necessary Components and Disorders Resulting from their Loss
Klein, S. B., German, T. P., Cosmides, L., & Gabriel, R. H. (2004) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.22.5.460.50765 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Experimental slips and human error : exploring the architecture of volition
Baars, B. J. (1992) · Plenum Press eBooks · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Contemporary Behavior Therapy
Spiegler, M. D., & Guevremont, D. C. (2020) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Problems of Operationalizing Habits and Integrating Habits in Normative Decision‐Making Models1
Klöckner, C. A., Matthies, E., & Hunecke, M. (2003) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2003.tb01902.x · Cited by 102 · see citing works
In Defense of Consciousness: The Role of Conscious and Unconscious Inputs in Consumer Choice
Simonson, I. (2005) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15327663jcp1503_5 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Sticky Rules: Integration Between Abstract Rules and Specific Actions.
Mayr, U., & Bryck, R. L. (2005) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.31.2.337 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Distraction and action slips in an everyday task: Evidence for a dynamic representation of task context
Botvinick, M., & Bylsma, L. M. (2005) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03206436 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
The role of response-reinforcer associations increases throughout extended instrumental training
Colwill, R. M., & Rescorla, R. A. (1988) · Animal Learning & Behavior · doi:10.3758/bf03209051 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Conflict and Habit: A Social Cognitive Neuroscience Approach to the Self
Tesser, A., Wood, J. V., & Stapel, D. A. (2005) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203998052-7 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Of men and mackerels: Attention and automatic behavior
Dijksterhuis, A. J., Bargh, J. A., & Miedema, J. (2000) · Radboud Repository (Radboud University) · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Such stuff as habits are made on: A reply to Cooper and Shallice (2006).
Botvinick, M., & Plaut, D. C. (2006) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.113.4.917 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Cognitive Underspecification
REASON, J. T. (1992) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-1164-3_3 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Kitchenscapes, Tabelscapes, Platescapes and Foodscapes: Influences of Micro-Scale Built Environments on Food IntakePreprint
Sobal, J., & Wansink, B. C. (2006) · SSRN Electronic Journal · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Review of Habitats, environments, and human behavior: Studies in ecological psychology and eco-behavioral science from the midwest psychological field station, 1947-1972.
Altman, I. (1978) · Contemporary Psychology · doi:10.1037/017360 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Reinstatement of conditioned fear and the hippocampus: An attentional-associative model
Schmajuk, N. A., LARRAURI, J., & LaBar, K. S. (2006) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2006.11.026 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Organisation: What levels of processing are levels of
Mandler, G. (2002) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658210244000153 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Repeated Turnout as a Habit
Aldrich, J. H., Taylor, A. B., Wood, W., & Montgomery, J. (2007) · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citation

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

The Intention–Behavior Gap
Sheeran, P., & Webb, T. L. (2016) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12265 · Cited by 2,185 · see citing works
How are habits formed: modelling habit formation in the real world
Lally, P., van Jaarsveld, C. H. M., Potts, H. W. W., & Wardle, J. (2010) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.674 · Cited by 2,036 · see citing works
Dealing with feeling: a meta-analysis of the effectiveness of strategies derived from the process model of emotion regulation
Webb, T. L., Miles, E., & Sheeran, P. (2012) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0027600 · Cited by 2,006 · see citing works
“One interpretation of these findings might be that people find it easier to regulate amusement or sadness than other forms of emotion, perhaps because these emotions are more frequently encountered and regulated (see Wood & Neal, 2007, for a review on the development of habitual responding).”
Background
Psychology of Habit.
Wood, W., & Rünger, D. (2016) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033417 · Cited by 1,445 · see citing works
Self-citation
A taxonomy of behaviour change methods: an Intervention Mapping approach
Kok, G., Gottlieb, N. H., Peters, G.-J. Y., Mullen, P. D., Parcel, G. S., Ruiter, R. A. C., Fernández, M. E., Markham, C., & Bartholomew, L. K. (2016) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2015.1077155 · Cited by 1,137 · see citing works
Habits make smartphone use more pervasive.
Oulasvirta, A., Rattenbury, T., Ma, L., & Raita, E. (2012) · Personal and Ubiquitous Computing · doi:10.1007/s00779-011-0412-2 · Cited by 1,190 · see citing works
Value-driven attentional capture
Anderson, B. A., Laurent, P. A., & Yantis, S. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1104047108 · Cited by 1,098 · see citing works
A review and analysis of the use of ‘habit’ in understanding, predicting and influencing health-related behaviour
Gardner, B. (2015) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2013.876238 · Cited by 1,016 · see citing works
Modeling habitual and addictive smartphone behavior
van Deursen, A. J. A. M., Bolle, C. L., Hegner, S. M., & Kommers, P. A. M. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.12.039 · Cited by 1,031 · see citing works
Promoting habit formation
Lally, P., & Gardner, B. (2013) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2011.603640 · Cited by 901 · see citing works
Changing Human Behavior to Prevent Disease: The Importance of Targeting Automatic Processes
Marteau, T. M., Hollands, G. J., & Fletcher, P. C. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1226918 · Cited by 855 · see citing works
Reflecting on rumination: Consequences, causes, mechanisms and treatment of rumination
Watkins, E. R., & Roberts, H. (2020) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2020.103573 · Cited by 862 · see citing works
Context change and travel mode choice: Combining the habit discontinuity and self-activation hypotheses
Verplanken, B., Walker, I. O., Davis, A., & Jurasek, M. (2007) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2007.10.005 · Cited by 687 · see citing works
A cultural task analysis of implicit independence: Comparing North America, Western Europe, and East Asia.
Kitayama, S., Park, H., Sevincer, A. T., Karasawa, M., & Uskul, A. K. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015999 · Cited by 639 · see citing works
The habitual consumer
Wood, W., & Neal, D. T. (2009) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2009.08.003 · Cited by 626 · see citing works
Self-citation
Re-examining the influence of trust on online repeat purchase intention: The moderating role of habit and its antecedents
Chiu, C., Hsu, M., Lai, H., & Chang, C. (2012) · Decision Support Systems · doi:10.1016/j.dss.2012.05.021 · Cited by 637 · see citing works
Making health habitual: the psychology of ‘habit-formation’ and general practice
Gardner, B., Lally, P., & Wardle, J. (2012) · British Journal of General Practice · doi:10.3399/bjgp12x659466 · Cited by 591 · see citing works
Nonconscious processes and health.
Sheeran, P., Gollwitzer, P. M., & Bargh, J. A. (2013) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0029203 · Cited by 579 · see citing works
Processes of Personality Development in Adulthood: The TESSERA Framework
Wrzus, C., & Roberts, B. W. (2017) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868316652279 · Cited by 559 · see citing works
The automatic component of habit in health behavior: Habit as cue-contingent automaticity.
Orbell, S., & Verplanken, B. (2010) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0019596 · Cited by 563 · see citing works
More than resisting temptation: Beneficial habits mediate the relationship between self-control and positive life outcomes.
Galla, B. M., & Duckworth, A. L. (2015) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000026 · Cited by 565 · see citing works
Hierarchical models of behavior and prefrontal function
Botvinick, M. M. (2008) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2008.02.009 · Cited by 532 · see citing works
A unified framework for addiction: Vulnerabilities in the decision process
Redish, A. D., Jensen, S., & Johnson, A. (2008) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x0800472x · Cited by 501 · see citing works
Planned, motivated and habitual hygiene behaviour: an eleven country review
Curtis, V. A., Danquah, L. O., & Aunger, R. V. (2009) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/cyp002 · Cited by 482 · see citing works
Serotonergic function, two-mode models of self-regulation, and vulnerability to depression: What depression has in common with impulsive aggression.
Carver, C. S., Johnson, S. L., & Joormann, J. (2008) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0013740 · Cited by 487 · see citing works
Integrating Personality Structure, Personality Process, and Personality Development
Baumert, A., Schmitt, M., Perugini, M., Johnson, W., Blum, G. S., Borkenau, P., Costantini, G., Denissen, J. J. A., Fleeson, W., Grafton, B., et al. (2017) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2115 · Cited by 514 · see citing works
Mindfulness-Based Eating Awareness Training (MB-EAT) for Binge Eating: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Kristeller, J., Wolever, R. Q., & Sheets, V. (2014) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-012-0179-1 · Cited by 469 · see citing works
Empowering interventions to promote sustainable lifestyles: Testing the habit discontinuity hypothesis in a field experiment
Verplanken, B., & Roy, D. R. (2015) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2015.11.008 · Cited by 460 · see citing works
Health Behavior Change: Moving from Observation to Intervention
Sheeran, P., Klein, W. M. P., & Rothman, A. J. (2016) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010416-044007 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
How do habits guide behavior? Perceived and actual triggers of habits in daily life
Neal, D. T., Wood, W., Labrecque, J. S., & Lally, P. J. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2011.10.011 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Self-citation
Hand Movement Direction Decoded from MEG and EEG
Waldert, S., Preissl, H. T., Demandt, É., Braun, C., Birbaumer, N., Aertsen, A., & Mehring, C. (2008) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5171-07.2008 · Cited by 415 · see citing works
Keeping pain in mind: A motivational account of attention to pain
Damme, S. V., Legrain, V., Vogt, J., & Crombez, G. (2009) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.01.005 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
The Problem of Media Habits
LaRose, R. (2010) · Communication Theory · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2885.2010.01360.x · Cited by 404 · see citing works
The importance of habits in eating behaviour. An overview and recommendations for future research
Riet, J. V., Sijtsema, S. J., Dagevos, H., & De Bruijn, G.-J. (2011) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2011.07.010 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
Avoidance learning: a review of theoretical models and recent developments
Krypotos, A.-M., Effting, M., Kindt, M., & Beckers, T. (2015) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00189 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Reflective and Automatic Processes in the Initiation and Maintenance of Dietary Change
Rothman, A. J., Sheeran, P., & Wood, W. (2009) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-009-9118-3 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
Self-citation
Attitudes, habits, and behavior change
Verplanken, B., & Orbell, S. (2022) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-020821-011744 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
The Anatomy of Anger: An Integrative Cognitive Model of Trait Anger and Reactive Aggression
Wilkowski, B. M., & Robinson, M. D. (2010) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00607.x · Cited by 357 · see citing works
The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework
Hobson, N. M., Schroeder, J., Risen, J. L., Xygalatas, D., & Inzlicht, M. (2018) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868317734944 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
Identifying the characteristics of effective teacher professional development: a critical review
Sims, S., & Fletcher-Wood, H. (2021) · School Effectiveness and School Improvement · doi:10.1080/09243453.2020.1772841 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
A habit-goal framework of depressive rumination.
Watkins, E. R., & Nolen–Hoeksema, S. (2014) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0035540 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Purchase and consumption habits: not necessarily what you intend
Ji, M. F., & Wood, W. (2007) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1016/s1057-7408(07)70037-2 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Self-citation
Weakness of the will: Is a quick fix possible?
Gollwitzer, P. M. (2014) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-014-9416-3 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Understanding the determinants of online repeat purchase intention and moderating role of habit: The case of online group-buying in Taiwan
Hsu, M., Chang, C., & Chuang, L.-W. (2014) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2014.09.002 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Habitual behaviors or patterns of practice? Explaining and changing repetitive climate‐relevant actions
Kurz, T., Gardner, B., Verplanken, B., & Abraham, C. (2014) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Climate Change · doi:10.1002/wcc.327 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Habit and physical activity: Theoretical advances, practical implications, and agenda for future research
Hagger, M. S. (2018) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.12.007 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Creatures of habit: accounting for the role of habit in implementation research on clinical behaviour change
Nilsen, P., Roback, K., Broström, A., & Ellström, P.-E. (2012) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/1748-5908-7-53 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
The Pull of the Past: When Do Habits Persist Despite Conflict With Motives?
Neal, D. T., Wood, W., Wu, M., & Kurlander, D. (2011) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167211419863 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Self-citation
Ten considerations for effectively managing the COVID-19 transition
Habersaat, K. B., Betsch, C., Danchin, M. H., Sunstein, C. R., BOHM, R. M., Falk, A., Brewer, N. T., Omer, S. B., Scherzer, M., Sah, S., et al. (2020) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-020-0906-x · Cited by 300 · see citing works
The Impact of Psychological Science on Policing in the United States: Procedural Justice, Legitimacy, and Effective Law Enforcement
Tyler, T. R., Goff, P. A., & MacCoun, R. J. (2015) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1177/1529100615617791 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Habits without values.
Miller, K. J., Shenhav, A., & Ludvig, E. A. (2019) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/rev0000120 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
The downward spiral of chronic pain, prescription opioid misuse, and addiction: Cognitive, affective, and neuropsychopharmacologic pathways
Garland, E. L., Froeliger, B., Zeidan, F., Partin, K., & Howard, M. O. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.08.006 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
A systematic review of the effects of non-conscious regulatory processes in physical activity
Rebar, A. L., Dimmock, J. A., Jackson, B., Rhodes, R. E., Kates, A., Starling, J., & Vandelanotte, C. (2016) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2016.1183505 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
How do people adhere to goals when willpower is low? The profits (and pitfalls) of strong habits.
Neal, D. T., Wood, W., & Drolet, A. (2013) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0032626 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Self-citation
Review of the theoretical underpinnings of loyalty programs
Henderson, C. M., Beck, J. T., & Palmatier, R. W. (2011) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2011.02.007 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Forming a flossing habit: An exploratory study of the psychological determinants of habit formation
Judah, G., Gardner, B., & Aunger, R. V. (2012) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8287.2012.02086.x · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Evolving the future: Toward a science of intentional change
Wilson, D. S., Hayes, S. C., Biglan, A., & Embry, D. D. (2014) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x13001593 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Can’t Control Yourself? Monitor Those Bad Habits
Quinn, J. M., Pascoe, A., Wood, W., & Neal, D. T. (2010) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167209360665 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Self-citation
Determinants of behaviour and their efficacy as targets of behavioural change interventions
Albarracín, D., Farkhad, B. F., & Samayoa, J. A. G. (2024) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-024-00305-0 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
What are dual process models? implications for cultural analysis in sociology.
Lizardo, O., Mowry, R., Sepulvado, B., Stoltz, D. S., Taylor, M. A., Van Ness, J., & Wood, M. (2016) · Sociological Theory · doi:10.1177/0735275116675900 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Toward a Functional View of the p Factor in Psychopathology
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Habits–A repeated performance
Neal, D. T., Wood, W., & Quinn, J. M. (2006)
Self-citation
Habits—A Repeat Performance
Neal, D. T., Wood, W., & Quinn, J. M. (2006) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2006.00435.x · Cited by 553 · see citing works
Self-citation
How do habits guide behavior? Perceived and actual triggers of habits in daily life
Neal, D. T., Wood, W., Labrecque, J. S., & Lally, P. J. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2011.10.011 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Self-citation
Beyond deliberate self-control: Habits automatically achieve long-term goals
Stojanovic, M., & Wood, W. (2024) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2024.101880 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citation
Balancing control: A Bayesian interpretation of habitual and goal-directed behavior
Schwöbel, S., Marković, D., Smolka, M. N., & Kiebel, S. J. (2020) · Journal of Mathematical Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jmp.2020.102472 · Cited by 28 · see citing works

Authors: Wood, W., & Neal, D. T.
Affiliations: Duke University (US)
ORCID: Wood, Wendy
Venue: Psychological Review
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2007
Volume: 114
Issue: 4
Pages: 843-863
ISSN: 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
1939-1471
DOI: 10.1037/0033-295x.114.4.843
OpenAlex: W2103676101
Cited by: 1,470
References: 153
Citations by year: 2026: 141 · 2025: 69 · 2024: 115 · 2023: 81 · 2022: 89 · 2021: 75 · 2020: 182 · 2019: 71 · 2018: 87 · 2017: 78 · 2016: 68 · 2015: 88 · 2014: 88 · 2013: 49 · 2012: 72
FWCI: 36.46
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Duke University
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Keywords: habit, habit formation, goal-directed behavior, habit change
MeSH terms: Automatism, Cues, Goals, Habits, Humans, Motivation, Social Control, Informal

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A new look at habits and the habit-goal interface.

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