A three-phase model of the social emotional functioning in eating disorders

Treasure, Janet; Corfield, Freya; Cardi, Valentina

doi:10.1002/erv.2181

Cited by 128Eating Disorders and BehaviorsNutrition, Health and Food BehaviorAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

A three-phase model of the social emotional functioning in eating disorders

Treasure, Janet, Corfield, Freya, Cardi, Valentina·2012·European Eating Disorders Review

DOI 10.1002/erv.2181

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Problems with social emotional functioning are an important part of eating disorder psychopathology. AIM: This study aimed to propose a model of social emotional functioning before and during the illness and to explain the consequences for those involved. METHOD: We propose a three-phase model of social and emotional processes as both causal and maintaining factors in anorexia nervosa. The predictions from this model are examined, and we consider the relevance for treatment. RESULTS: The evidence base for the theoretical model is presented: Phase 1 describes causal predispositions and environments, Phase 2 notes the way in which the symptoms themselves impact on brain function and social cognition and Phase 3 explains the reactions of close others. CONCLUSIONS: A three-phase model including interpersonal and socio-emotional elements can be used to shape and plan treatment interventions. Understanding causal chains and consequences can give a rationale for change and frame therapeutic interventions.

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Current models recognize the importance of social and emotional difficulties in the development, maintenance, and recovery from eating disorders.
“Beyond reward difficulties in relation to food, current models also recognize the importance of social and emotional difficulties in the development, maintenance, and recovery from eating disorders (91, 92).”
From A transdiagnostic perspective on social anhedonia (2019) · cites this paper as [91]

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Foley, D. L., Thacker, L. R., Aggen, S. H., Neale, M. C., & Kendler, K. S. (2001) · American Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.1402 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
The interaction between perinatal factors and childhood abuse in the risk of developing anorexia nervosa
Favaro, A., Tenconi, E., & Santonastaso, P. (2009) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291709990973 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Testing a maintenance model for eating disorders in a sample seeking treatment at a tertiary care center: a structural equation modeling approach
Tasca, G. A., Presniak, M. D., Demidenko, N., Balfour, L., Krysanski, V. L., Trinneer, A., & Bissada, H. (2011) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2010.12.010 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Family Work in Anorexia Nervosa: A Qualitative Study of Carers' Experiences of Two Methods of Family Intervention
Whitney, J., Currin, L. G., Murray, J., & Treasure, J. L. (2011) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.1077 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Experimental measurement of the regulation of anger and aggression in women with anorexia nervosa
Harrison, A., Genders, R., Davies, H. A., Treasure, J. L., & Tchanturia, K. (2010) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.726 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Anorexia nervosa
McKnight, R., & Boughton, N. (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b3800 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Social Information-Processing and Coping in Adolescent Females Diagnosed With an Eating Disorder: Toward a Greater Understanding of Control
McFillin, R. K., Cahn, S. C., Burks, V. S., Levine, M. P., Lane‐Loney, S. E., & Levine, R. L. (2011) · Eating Disorders · doi:10.1080/10640266.2012.635565 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Alexithymia, type A behaviour and bulimia nervosa
Sureda, B., Valdés, M., Jódar, I., & de Pablo, J. (1999) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0968(199908)7:4 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Anorexia nervosa and the body image Myth
Zanker, C. L. (2009) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.959 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Appraisal and coping strategies in stressful situations: A comparison of individuals who binge eat and controls
Hansel, S. L., & Wittrock, D. A. (1997) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-108x(199701)21:1

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Has the time come for a staging model to map the course of eating disorders from high risk to severe enduring illness? An examination of the evidence
Treasure, J., Stein, D., & Maguire, S. (2015) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12170 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
“Another research group has attempted to empirically validate a model to describe the longitudinal course of AN as it pertains to recovery only, utilizing the terms recovery, relapse, full remission, partial remission and recurrence, against which to map the illness journey.19 These authors concluded that the terms par…”
BackgroundInfluential
A systematic review and meta-analysis of ‘Systems for Social Processes' in eating disorders
Caglar-Nazali, H. P., Corfield, F., Cardi, V., Ambwani, S., Leppanen, J., Olabintan, O., Deriziotis, S., Hadjimichalis, A., Scognamiglio, P., Eshkevari, E., et al. (2014) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.12.002 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Difficulties in emotion regulation across the spectrum of eating disorders
Brockmeyer, T., Skunde, M., Wu, M., Bresslein, E., Rudofsky, G., Herzog, W., & Friederich, H. (2013) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.12.001 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
“Recent etiological models of eating disorders (ED) emphasized the role of difficulties in emotion regulation (ER) as trans-diagnostic factors across the spectrum of ED [1–3].”
Background
A systematic review of the existing models of disordered eating: Do they inform the development of effective interventions?
Pennesi, J., & Wade, T. D. (2015) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.12.004 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
A transdiagnostic perspective on social anhedonia
Barkus, E., & Badcock, J. C. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00216 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
“Beyond reward difficulties in relation to food, current models also recognize the importance of social and emotional difficulties in the development, maintenance, and recovery from eating disorders (91, 92).”
Impulsivity and emotion dysregulation as predictors of food addiction
Pivarunas, B., & Conner, B. T. (2015) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.06.007 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Experiences of shame and guilt in anorexia and bulimia nervosa: A systematic review
Blythin, S. P. M., Nicholson, H., Macintyre, V. G., Dickson, J. M., Fox, J. R. E., & Taylor, P. J. (2018) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12198 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
“It has been suggested that early 19 adversity may contribute to a sensitivity to shame and that ED behaviours (i.e. attempts to 20 control eating) may represent means of defending against shame, for example by exercising 21 control and signalling status (Goss & Gilbert, 2002; Treasure et al., 2012).”
Background
Shame and eating disorders symptoms: A meta‐analysis
Nechita, D., Bud, S., & David, D. O. (2021) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.23583 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Out of my real body: cognitive neuroscience meets eating disorders
Riva, G. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00236 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Emotional Eating, Binge Eating and Animal Models of Binge-Type Eating Disorders
Turton, R., Chami, R., & Treasure, J. L. (2017) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-017-0265-8 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Emotion recognition deficits in eating disorders are explained by co-occurring alexithymia
Brewer, R., Cook, R., Cardi, V., Treasure, J. L., & Bird, G. (2015) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.140382 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Social Difficulties As Risk and Maintaining Factors in Anorexia Nervosa: A Mixed-Method Investigation
Cardi, V., Mallorquí-Bagué, N., Albano, G., Monteleone, A. M., Fernández-Aranda, F., & Treasure, J. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00012 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
MDMA-assisted therapy significantly reduces eating disorder symptoms in a randomized placebo-controlled trial of adults with severe PTSD
Brewerton, T. D., Wang, J. B., Lafrance, A., Pamplin, C., Mithoefer, M., Yazar-Klosinki, B., Emerson, A., & Doblin, R. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.03.008 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
An Exploration of Social Functioning in Young People with Eating Disorders: A Qualitative Study
Patel, K., Tchanturia, K., & Harrison, A. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0159910 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Intranasal oxytocin attenuates attentional bias for eating and fat shape stimuli in patients with anorexia nervosa
Kim, Y., Kim, C., Cardi, V., Eom, J., Seong, Y., & Treasure, J. L. (2014) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.02.019 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“Second, there are similar patterns of neuropsychological functioning (Zucker et al., 2007; Oldershaw et al., 2011; Treasure et al., 2012).”
Background
An examination of the impact of care giving styles (accommodation and skilful communication and support) on the one year outcome of adolescent anorexia nervosa: Testing the assumptions of the cognitive interpersonal model in anorexia nervosa
Salerno, L., Rhind, C., Hibbs, R., Micali, N., Schmidt, U. H., Gowers, S., Macdonald, P., Goddard, E., Todd, G., Coco, G. L., et al. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.11.016 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“These findings are consistent with the cognitive interpersonal model which argues that social functioning and interpersonal relationships are both risk and maintaining factors for AN (Treasure et al. 2012; Treasure and Schmidt, 2013).”
Result
Rank perception and self‐evaluation in eating disorders
Cardi, V., Matteo, R. D., Gilbert, P., & Treasure, J. L. (2014) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22261 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Alexithymia in anorexia nervosa: the mediating role of depression.
Torres, S., Guerra, M., Lencastre, L., Miller, K. M., Vieira, F., Roma-Torres, A., Brandão, I., & Costa, P. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.10.023 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“temperament, such as low novelty seeking and high harm avoidance behaviors (Treasure et al., 2012), hyper-sensitivity to negative emotional cues (Hatch et al.”
Background
Lower body weight is associated with less negative emotions in sad autobiographical memories of patients with anorexia nervosa
Brockmeyer, T., Holtforth, M. G., Bents, H., Herzog, W., & Friederich, H. (2013) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.06.024 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“Recently, emotion regulation difficulties have been hypothesized to play a central role in the etiology and maintenance of AN (Hatch et al., 2010; Haynos and Fruzzetti, 2011; Treasure et al., 2012).”
BackgroundResult
A theoretical review of interpersonal emotion regulation in eating disorders: enhancing knowledge by bridging interpersonal and affective dysfunction
Christensen, K. A., & Haynos, A. F. (2020) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-020-00298-0 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Abnormal social reward responses in anorexia nervosa: an fMRI study
Via, E., Soriano-Mas, C., Sánchez, I., Forcano, L., Harrison, B. J., Davey, C. G., Pujol, J., Martínez-Zalacaín, I., Menchón, J. M., Fernández-Aranda, F., et al. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0133539 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“Current theoretical models describe AN as a multifactorial disorder [7,8] and, social factors, including both the impact of social environment and how individuals interact and process social information, are considered highly relevant to the development, maintenance and prognosis of the disorder [1,9].”
Background
Emotional Processing, Recognition, Empathy and Evoked Facial Expression in Eating Disorders: An Experimental Study to Map Deficits in Social Cognition
Cardi, V., Corfield, F., Leppänen, J., Rhind, C., Deriziotis, S., Hadjimichalis, A., Hibbs, R., Micali, N., & Treasure, J. L. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0133827 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
The Role of Psychotropic Medications in the Management of Anorexia Nervosa: Rationale, Evidence and Future Prospects
Frank, G., & Shott, M. E. (2016) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-016-0335-6 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“3 Social Cognition Social cognition has long been suspected of involvement in the psychopathology of AN, and the disorder has been compared with autism spectrum disorder [163, 164].”
The Impact of Intranasal Oxytocin on Attention to Social Emotional Stimuli in Patients with Anorexia Nervosa: A Double Blind within-Subject Cross-over Experiment
Kim, Y., Kim, C., Park, S. J., Pyo, J., & Treasure, J. L. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090721 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“These studies suggest that social factors may be contributing to the causal and the maintenance factors of AN [7,11].”
Background
Seeing things differently: An experimental investigation of social cognition and interpersonal behavior in anorexia nervosa
Ambwani, S., Berenson, K. R., Simms, L., Li, A., Corfield, F., & Treasure, J. L. (2015) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22498 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Core eating disorder fears: Prevalence and differences in eating disorder fears across eating disorder diagnoses
Brown, M. L., & Levinson, C. A. (2022) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.23728 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Eating disorders and psychosis: Seven hypotheses
Seeman, M. V. (2014) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v4.i4.112 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Computerised analysis of facial emotion expression in eating disorders
Leppänen, J., Dapelo, M. M., Davies, H. A., Lang, K., Treasure, J. L., & Tchanturia, K. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0178972 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“Thus, the ED would function as a maladaptive emotion regulation strategy numbing the expression of emotions, which leads to social isolation and family conflicts [4, 8].”
Background
Alexithymia, dissociation and emotional regulation in eating disorders: Evidence of improvement through specialized inpatient treatment
Meneguzzo, P., Garolla, A., Bonello, E., & Todisco, P. (2021) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2665 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“Email: paolo.meneguzzo@unipd.it The research into emotional regulation in eating disorders (EDs) has shown specific impairments and maladaptive coping strategies in patients, and there is an increasing interest in the role of the emotional domain in the treatment outcome.”
ResultInfluential
Social cognition in anorexia nervosa: Specific difficulties in decoding emotional but not nonemotional mental states
Brockmeyer, T., Pellegrino, J., Münch, H. M., Herzog, W., Dziobek, I., & Friederich, H. (2016) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22574 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Building on the partial phenomenological overlap between AN and autism spectrum disorders (where impaired social cognition constitutes a hallmark feature) (5, 6), several studies have examined social cognition in AN.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Investigation of Oxytocin Secretion in Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa: Relationships to Temperament Personality Dimensions
Monteleone, A. M., Scognamiglio, P., Volpe, U., Maso, V. D., & Monteleone, P. (2015) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.2391 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Social and Emotional Processing as a Behavioural Endophenotype in Eating Disorders: A Pilot Investigation in Twins
Kanakam, N., Krug, I., Raoult, C., Collier, D. A., & Treasure, J. L. (2013) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.2232 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Some aetiological models of eating disorders propose that this emotional profile exists premorbidly, as a consequence of genetic factors, and can be modified by environmental factors such as birth complications, adverse perinatal events, attachment styles and interpersonal events (Kaye, 2008; Treasure et al., 2012).”
Background
Differences in the use of emotion regulation strategies between anorexia and bulimia nervosa: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Puttevils, L., Vanderhasselt, M., Horczak, P., & Vervaet, M. (2021) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2021.152262 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Perception of Peripersonal and Interpersonal Space in Patients with Restrictive‐type Anorexia
Nandrino, J., Ducro, C., Iachini, T., & Coello, Y. (2017) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.2506 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Socializing problems and low self‐esteem enhance interpersonal models of eating disorders: Evidence from a clinical sample
Raykos, B. C., McEvoy, P. M., & Fursland, A. (2017) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22740 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
An updated transdiagnostic review of social cognition and eating disorder psychopathology
Mason, T. B., Lantz, E. L., Dolgon-Krutolow, A., Wonderlich, S. A., & Smith, K. E. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.11.019 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Effects of Intranasal Oxytocin on the Interpretation and Expression of Emotions in Anorexia Nervosa
Leppänen, J., Cardi, V., Ng, K. W., Paloyelis, Y., Stein, D. J., Tchanturia, K., & Treasure, J. L. (2017) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.12458 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Development of the “Recovery from Eating Disorders for Life” Food Guide (REAL Food Guide) - a food pyramid for adults with an eating disorder
HART, S. G. E., Marnane, C. L., McMaster, C. M., & Thomas, A. (2018) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-018-0192-4 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“[72] suggests that in addition to eating, interventions should target the social environment to produce change.”
Background
Inpatients with Severe Anorexia Nervosa and Their Siblings: Non‐shared Experiences and Family Functioning
Dimitropoulos, G., Freeman, V., Bellai, K., & Olmsted, M. P. (2013) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.2230 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Significant interpersonal difficulties in EDs are thought to be related to impaired social cognition, which can be understood in EDs by a three-phase model that posits predisposing factors for impairment exacerbated by decreased functioning during the acute phase of the illness, which can in turn affect relationships…”
Background
Emotion Coupling and Regulation in Anorexia Nervosa
Fox, J. R. E., Smithson, E. A., Baillie, S., Ferreira, N. B., Mayr, I., & Power, M. (2012) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.1823 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Facial expression of positive emotions in individuals with eating disorders
Dapelo, M. M., Hart, S., Hale, C., Morris, R. G., Lynch, T. R., & Tchanturia, K. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.08.019 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“It has been proposed that socio-emotional difficulties may contribute to the maintenance of the eating disorder psychopathology (Treasure et al., 2012; Schmidt and Treasure, 2006; Speranza et al., 2007) and in the case of AN, that eating disorder symptoms function, in part, to help the individual…”
Background
Interpersonal dysfunction and affect-regulation difficulties in disordered eating among men and women
Ambwani, S., Slane, J. D., Thomas, K. M., Hopwood, C. J., & Grilo, C. M. (2014) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2014.08.005 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Grey matter correlates of autistic traits in women with anorexia nervosa
Björnsdotter, M., Davidovic, M., Karjalainen, L., Starck, G., Olausson, H., & Wentz, E. (2018) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.170072 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Benefits of yoga in the treatment of eating disorders: Results of a randomized controlled trial
Brennan, M. A., Whelton, W. J., & Sharpe, D. (2020) · Eating Disorders · doi:10.1080/10640266.2020.1731921 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
The Neuropeptide Hormone Oxytocin in Eating Disorders
Plessow, F., Eddy, K. T., & Lawson, E. A. (2018) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-018-0957-0 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Emotions mediate the relationship between autistic traits and disordered eating: A new autistic-emotional model for eating pathology
Mansour, S., Rozenblat, V., Fuller‐Tyszkiewicz, M., Paganini, C., Treasure, J. L., & Krug, I. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.08.021 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“However, the majority of studies (Westwood et al., 2015) investigating the relationship between EDs and autistic traits have focused on clinical Anorexia Nervosa (AN) populations.”
BackgroundInfluential
Time Course of Leptin in Patients with Anorexia Nervosa during Inpatient Treatment: Longitudinal Relationships to BMI and Psychological Factors
Stroe‐Kunold, E., Buckert, M., Friederich, H., Wesche, D., Kopf, S., Herzog, W., & Wild, B. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0166843 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Social cognition in children at familial high-risk of developing an eating disorder
Kothari, R., Barona, M., Treasure, J. L., & Micali, N. (2015) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00208 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“…to the wealth of evidence highlighting the importance of social cognition in ED, several theoretical models have implicated social and emotional difficulties as playing a key role in the development and maintenance of ED (Connan et al., 2003; Kaye, 2008; Hatch et al., 2010; Treasure et al., 2012).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
An exploratory study of evoked facial affect in adolescent females with anorexia nervosa
Rhind, C., Mandy, W., Treasure, J. L., & Tchanturia, K. (2014) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.07.057 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Recent models of anorexia nervosa (AN) have emphasised the importance of social and emotional difficulties as maintenance factors (Treasure et al., 2012; Treasure and Schmidt, 2013).”
Deliberately generated and imitated facial expressions of emotions in people with eating disorders
Dapelo, M. M., Bodas, S., Morris, R. G., & Tchanturia, K. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.10.044 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“It has been proposed that problems in socio emotional processing may contribute to the maintenance of the ED (Treasure et al., 2012).”
Background
Self-Help And Recovery guide for Eating Disorders (SHARED): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Cardi, V., Ambwani, S., Crosby, R. D., Macdonald, P., Todd, G., Park, S. J., Moss, S. A., Schmidt, U. H., & Treasure, J. L. (2015) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-015-0701-6 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Relatedness is also gravely compromised in anorexia nervosa, with loneliness [30] and poor social relationships [31] serving as causal and maintaining factors [31].”
Background
Anxiety and Social-Emotional Processing in Eating Disorders: Examination of Family Trios
Goddard, E., & Treasure, J. L. (2013) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-013-9535-2 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
‘The body is a battleground for unwanted and unexpressed emotions’: exploring eating disorders and the role of emotional intelligence
Foye, U., Hazlett, D. E., & Irving, P. (2018) · Eating Disorders · doi:10.1080/10640266.2018.1517520 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Health-related quality of life assessment in eating disorders: adjustment and validation of a specific scale with the inclusion of an interpersonal domain
Meneguzzo, P., Todisco, P., Calonaci, S., Mancini, C., Brun, D. D., Collantoni, E., Donini, L. M., Tenconi, E., & Favaro, A. (2020) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-020-01081-5 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The use of guided self-help incorporating a mobile component in people with eating disorders: a pilot study
Cardi, V., Clarke, A., & Treasure, J. (2013) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.2235 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“The low self-confidence reported by the participants in this study suggests that self-help alone will be insufficient, and ‘watchful’ guidance is essential given the high medial risk and the detrimental effect that starvation has on brain function (Treasure et al., 2012).”
Background
Emotional processing in recovered anorexia nervosa patients: A 15 year longitudinal study
Castro, T. F., Miller, K. M., Araújo, M., Brandão, I., & Torres, S. (2021) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.2858 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Attention Biases for Eating Disorder-Related Stimuli Versus Social Stimuli in Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa – An Eye-Tracking Study
Sfärlea, A., Radix, A. K., Schulte‐Körne, G., Legenbauer, T., & Platt, B. (2022) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-022-00993-3 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“, 2022) and these difficulties have also been proposed to contribute to the disorder’s development and maintenance (Treasure & Cardi, 2017; Treasure et al., 2012).”
Background
Expression of positive emotions differs in illness and recovery in anorexia nervosa
Dapelo, M. M., Hart, S., Hale, C., Morris, R. G., & Tchanturia, K. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.09.014 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Improving emotion recognition in anorexia nervosa: An experimental proof‐of‐concept study
Preis, M. A., Schlegel, K., Stoll, L., Blomberg, M., Schmidt, H., Wünsch‐Leiteritz, W., Leiteritz, A., & Brockmeyer, T. (2020) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.23276 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“This may then further increase interpersonal distress, resulting in a vicious cycle in which patients eat less to downregulate negative emotions resulting from interpersonal distress (Brockmeyer et al., 2016; Oldershaw et al., 2011; Treasure et al., 2012).”
Background
Family, friends, and feelings: the role of relationships to parents and peers and alexithymia in adolescents with anorexia nervosa
Lukas, L., Buhl, C., Schulte‐Körne, G., & Sfärlea, A. (2022) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-022-00661-3 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Factorial Validity of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) in Clinical Samples: A Critical Examination of the Literature and a Psychometric Study in Anorexia Nervosa
Torres, S., Guerra, M. P., Miller, K. M., Costa, P., Cruz, I., Vieira, F. M., Brandão, I., Roma‐Torres, A., & Rocha, M. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-018-9562-y · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Blunted emotion‐modulated startle reflex in anorexia nervosa
Brockmeyer, T., Pellegrino, J., Maier, C., Münch, H. M., Harmer, C. J., Walther, S., Herzog, W., & Friederich, H. (2019) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.23022 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Justice sensitivity and rejection sensitivity as predictors and outcomes of eating disorder pathology: A 5‐year longitudinal study
Bondü, R., Bilgin, A., & Warschburger, P. (2020) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.23273 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Blunted neural response to implicit negative facial affect in anorexia nervosa
Leppänen, J., Cardi, V., Paloyelis, Y., Simmons, A., Tchanturia, K., & Treasure, J. L. (2017) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.07.010 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The Interaction Between Mentalizing, Empathy and Symptoms in People with Eating Disorders: A Network Analysis Integrating Experimentally Induced and Self-report Measures
Monteleone, A. M., Corsi, E., Cascino, G., Ruzzi, V., Ricca, V., Ashworth, R., Bird, G., & Cardi, V. (2020) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-020-10126-z · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The Relationship between Emotional Intelligence, Obesity and Eating Disorder in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Mapping Review
Giusti, E. M., Manna, C., Scolari, A., Navas, J. M. M., Prevendar, T., Castelnuovo, G., & Pietrabissa, G. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18042054 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Although impaired emotional functioning and alexithymia traits are core elements of AN [53,54], no associations were found between TEI and anorexic symptoms in adolescents’ clinical and non-clinical populations [36].”
Background
The peril and promise of sensitivity in eating disorders
Sim, L. A., & Peterson, C. B. (2021) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.23606 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The Role of Mindfulness, Self‐Compassion, and Emotion Regulation in Eating Disorder Symptoms Among College Students
Meyer, L., & Leppma, M. (2019) · Journal of College Counseling · doi:10.1002/jocc.12138 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Virtual Rejection and Overinclusion in Eating Disorders: An Experimental Investigation of the Impact on Emotions, Stress Perception, and Food Attitudes
Meneguzzo, P., Meregalli, V., Collantoni, E., Cardi, V., Tenconi, E., & Favaro, A. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15041021 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“For participants’ perception of their overinclusion or exclusion in the game, more significant differences emerged during the overincluding paradigm, confirming that social comparison is a vulnerability aspect that should be carefully considered when treating ED patients [52].”
Background
Computer-aided therapeutic diagnosis for anorexia
Spińczyk, D., Bas, M., Dzieciątko, M., Maćkowski, M., Rojewska, K., & Maćkowska, S. (2020) · BioMedical Engineering OnLine · doi:10.1186/s12938-020-00798-9 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Emotion in Eating Disorders
Treasure, J. L. (2012) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.2211 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Shame facets as predictors of problematic eating behaviors: An ecological momentary assessment study
Nechita, D., & David, D. O. (2023) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2023.104381 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The emotional face of anorexia nervosa: The neural correlates of emotional processing
Halls, D., Leslie, M. R., Leppänen, J., Sedgewick, F., Surguladze, S., Fonville, L., Lang, K., Simic, M., Nicholls, D., Williams, S., et al. (2021) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.25417 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Despite this uncertainty, models of AN have characterised a range of social – emotional difficulties which may constitute a possible maintenance mechanism in AN, as well as a barrier to treatment (Oldershaw, Startup, & Lavender, 2019; Treasure, Corfield, & Cardi, 2012; Treasure & Schmidt, 2013).”
Loneliness is associated with eating disorders among a national sample of U.S. college students during the COVID-19 pandemic
Ganson, K. T., Cuccolo, K., & Nagata, J. M. (2023) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2023.2232872 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“5 Socio-emotional difficulties are theorized to play an important role in eating disorder development, and maintenance, 6 with research indicating that people with eating disorders are highly sensitive to social rejection, 7 are hypervigilant to social threats (i.e. angry faces), 7,8 engage in…”
The cognitive‐interpersonal model of disordered eating: A test of the mediating role of alexithymia
Giles, S., Hughes, E. K., Fuller‐Tyszkiewicz, M., & Krug, I. (2020) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.2720 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Inviting eating disorder patients to discuss the academic literature: a model program for psychoeducation
Belak, L., Deliberto, T. L., Shear, M. K., Kerrigan, S., & Attia, E. (2017) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-017-0178-7 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Furthermore, a lack of trust in treatment can result in a poor therapeutic alliance [21, 22], while patients’ anosognosia, disordered thoughts about eating and shape and weight or cognitive inflexibility can inhibit treatment adherence [5, 10, 23].”
Background
Reduced emotion recognition from nonverbal cues in anorexia nervosa
Blomberg, M., Schlegel, K., Stoll, L., Febry, H., Wünsch‐Leiteritz, W., Leiteritz, A., & Brockmeyer, T. (2021) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.2860 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Time course of adiponectin and its relationship to psychological aspects in patients with anorexia nervosa during inpatient treatment
Buckert, M., Stroe‐Kunold, E., Friederich, H., Wesche, D., Walter, C., Kopf, S., Simon, J. J., Herzog, W., & Wild, B. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0189500 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Watch out! A path from anxiety to anorexia nervosa through biased attention?
Radix, A. K., Sfärlea, A., Rinck, M., Becker, E. S., Platt, B., Schulte‐Körne, G., & Legenbauer, T. (2023) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.2994 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Early evaluation of a DBT-informed online intervention for people with eating disorders
Vuillier, L., Greville-Harris, M., Talbot, C. V., May, L., & Moseley, R. L. (2024) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-024-00974-5 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
How Narrative Engagement with Young Adult Literature Influences Perceptions of Anorexia Nervosa
Collins, M. K. R., & Lazard, A. J. (2020) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2020.1785375 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Attachment Insecurity Predicts Punishment Sensitivity in Anorexia Nervosa
Keating, C., Castle, D. J., Newton, R., Huang, C., & Rossell, S. L. (2016) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000569 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Individuals with AN often experience notable interpersonal challenges (Treasure et al., 2012) that impact on treatment outcome (Goodwin and Fitzgibbon, 2002).”
Background
Interactional Effects of Multidimensional Perfectionism and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies on Eating Disorder Symptoms in Female College Students
Tng, G. Y. Q., & Yang, H. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11111374 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“To this end, cognitive-behavioral [13] and socio-emotional [14] models of eating disorders highlight the role of emotion regulation (i.”
Background
Rationale and development of a manualised dietetic intervention for adults undergoing psychological treatment for an eating disorder
McMaster, C. M., Wade, T. D., Basten, C., Franklin, J., Ross, J., & HART, S. G. E. (2020) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-020-00955-y · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Movement Toward Dimensional Symptom Models of Comorbid Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder and Eating Disorders
Levinson, C. A., Kapadia, A., Sandoval-Araujo, L. E., Vanzhula, I. A., & Machry, K. (2025) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081423-020831 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Autistic Traits and Social Responsiveness: The Relationship Between Autistic Traits and Comorbid Psychiatric Symptoms in Adolescents With Anorexia Nervosa
Kalaycı, B. M., NALBANT, K., & Akdemir, D. (2021) · Nöro Psikiyatri Arşivi · doi:10.29399/npa.27175 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“As a result, the studies based on experimental data and clinical observations show that these cognitive, socio-emotional and interpersonal problems may be both a cause and a contributing factor in the course of the disease (14).”
Background
Trajectories of interpersonal problems in residential eating disorder treatment: Exploring the influence of primary diagnosis
Harris, B. A., Scharff, A., Smith, M., Brooks, G. E., Thompson‐Brenner, H., & Boswell, J. F. (2022) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2795 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Look me in the eyes! A preliminary study on eye‐contact in adolescents with anorexia nervosa
Nuding, L., Lukas, L., Platt, B., Schulte‐Körne, G., & Sfärlea, A. (2023) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.3016 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Psychodynamic Theory of Eating Disorders
Zerbe, K. J. (2015) · doi:10.1002/9781118574089.ch20 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
ADRA2B and HTR1A: An Updated Study of the Biogenic Amine Receptors Reveals Novel Conserved Motifs Which Play Key Role in Mental Disorders
Papageorgiou, L., Christou, E., Louka, E., Papakonstantinou, E., Diakou, I., Pierouli, K., Dragoumani, K., Bacopoulou, F., Chrousos, G. P., Eliopoulos, E., et al. (2023) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-31978-5_7 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The Influence of Personality Traits on Emotion Expression in Bulimic Spectrum Disorders: A Pilot Study
Giner‐Bartolomé, C., Steward, T., Wolz, I., Jiménez‐Múrcia, S., Granero, R., Tárrega, S., Fernández‐Formoso, J. A., Soriano‐Mas, C., Menchón, J. M., & Fernández‐Aranda, F. (2016) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.2446 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“These impairments are believed to play a pivotal role as a maintenance factor of disturbed eating behavior (Treasure et al., 2012) and seem to be underpinned by overlapping alterations in brain circuits processing reward and social cognition (Via et al.”
Background
Homosexualidad y trabajo social. Herramientas para la reflexión e intervención profesional: Herramientas para la reflexión e intervención profesional
Sáez, Á. L. M. (2006) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The effect of training to target cognitive biases towards social rejection in eating disorders
An, Z., Kwag, K. H., Kim, M., Yang, J., Moon, J., Treasure, J. L., & Kim, Y. (2024) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.3083 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Social functioning and its association with accompanying psychiatric symptoms in adolescents with anorexia nervosa
Kalaycı, B. M., Nalbant, K., Akdemir, D., Akgül, S., & Kanbur, N. (2019) · Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1080/24750573.2019.1595867 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“As a result, a vicious cycle leading to the deterioration in social functioning was suggested to occur [10].”
Background
“Walk a mile in my shoes”. Mentalising ability in patients with eating disorders – literature review „Przejdź milę w moich butach”. Umiejętność mentalizacji u pacjentów z anoreksją i bulimią – przegląd literatury
Kordynska, K., Kostecka, B., & Kucharska, K. (2019) · Neuropsychiatria i Neuropsychologia · doi:10.5114/nan.2019.87728 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“These days, researchers pay more and more attention to social-cognitive deficits in the aetiology and maintenance of eating disorders (Brockmeyer, 2016; Treasure et al. 2012).”
Background
Psychodynamic Improvement in Eating Disorders: Welcoming Ignored, Unspoken, and Neglected Concerns in the Patient to Foster Development and Resiliency
Zerbe, K. J., & Satir, D. A. (2016) · Journal of Infant Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/15289168.2016.1228379 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Emotional imagination of negative situations: Functional neuroimaging in anorexia and bulimia
D’Agata, F., Caroppo, P., Spalatro, A. V., Lavagnino, L., Daga, G. A., Boghi, A., Bergui, M., Cicerale, A., Vitiello, B., Fassino, S., et al. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0231684 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Although not included in the current diagnostic criteria of ED (DSM-5 and ICD-10), emerging evidence points to deficits in socioemotional functioning [9].”
Background
Exploratory Factor Analysis, Criterion and Psychometric Properties of a Proposed Scale to Measure the Risk of Eating Disorders in Adolescents (PETCA)
Hernández, M. M., Garrido, Á. A., Olmos, J. C. C., García, D. S., & Tarifa, J. (2023) · Societies · doi:10.3390/soc13070156 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A systematic review of social rank perception and contribution to eating disorder psychopathology in individuals with eating disorders
Calissano, C., Thompson, A., Treasure, J. L., Cardi, V., & Ward, T. (2023) · Mental Health Science · doi:10.1002/mhs2.45 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Superior facial emotion recognition in adolescents with anorexia nervosa – A replication study
Sfärlea, A., Buhl, C., Lukas, L., & Schulte‐Körne, G. (2024) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.3103 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Building a model of the aetiology of eating disorders by translating experimental neuroscience into clinical practice
Southgate, L., Tchanturia, K., & Treasure, J. L. (2005) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638230500347541 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Emotionally Driven Behaviors (Expressed Emotion, Accommodating, Enabling, and Splitting) and how to Manage them in the Social Network of People with Eating Disorders
Treasure, J. L., Willmott, D., & Cardi, V. (2020) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780429429484-7
Social function in adolescent eating disorders: lived experience framework for clinical practice
Nicholls, D., Boules, D., Julius, N., Sheridan, E., & Burmester, V. (2025) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2025.10816
The role of interpersonal functioning in the maintenance of eating psychopathology: A systematic review and testable model
Arcelus, J., Haslam, M., Farrow, C., & Meyer, C. (2013) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.10.009 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Social emotional functioning and cognitive styles in eating disorders
Harrison, A., Tchanturia, K., Naumann, U., & Treasure, J. L. (2011) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.2011.02026.x · Cited by 86 · see citing works

Authors: Treasure, J., Corfield, F., & Cardi, V.
Affiliations: Eating Disorders Unit Institute of Psychiatry London UK
Corresponding author: Treasure, Janet
ORCID: Treasure, Janet
Cardi, Valentina
Venue: European Eating Disorders Review
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2012-04-27
Volume: 20
Issue: 6
Pages: 431-438
ISSN: 1072-4133 (ISSN-L)
1099-0968
DOI: 10.1002/erv.2181
OpenAlex: W2112436671
Cited by: 128
References: 101
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 2
FWCI: 1.54
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: European Eating Disorders Review (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: anorexia nervosa, eating disorders, social-emotional functioning, three-phase model, social cognition, interpersonal reactions, brain function, treatment planning
MeSH terms: Feeding and Eating Disorders, Emotions, Humans, Models, Psychological, Object Attachment, Social Adjustment, Social Environment, Temperament

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A three-phase model of the social emotional functioning in eating disorders

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